The aim of this thesis is to describe digitization of images in two Swedish museums. We want to examine their reasons to digitalize; the administrative and organizational aspects of their work and how they handle the problems of preservation and access to the digitalized images. These problems will be examined through our main questions: Why do the museums choose to digitize their image collections? How are their work organized in terms of staff and economical matters? What kind of software do they use, and which technical solutions do they choose? Which preservation and access strategies for ensuring long-term preservation and access of the digital images do the museums work with? How do the museums select material for digitization? How do they handle the matter of discarding of materials? The study was conducted both by reading text material and interviewing personnel at the two museums. The museums’ main reasons for digitization seem to be to protect fragile materials from deterioration and provide greater access to the collections. In securing long-term preservation and access, the need for well educated staff members tends to be great, but it is not always prioritized in all of the professions in the museums. Policies are needed to ensure both digital preservation and access but also selection for digitization and discarding of materials. The institutions are well aware of the problems and the need for policies and strategies, but not all of them have yet begun to develop a policy. / Uppsatsnivå: D

This paper discuss the main reasons behind selection criteria indigitistion and accessibility of phonogram at three departments atStatens musikverk (the Swedish performing arts agency). The threedepartments – Svenskt visarkiv (The swedish folk archive), Capricerecords and Elektronmusikstudion (center for electronic music andsound art) – are in different ways working with musical culturalheritage and the purpose is to analyze what underlying factors decidesthe selection criteria process in digitisation and accessibility of therecordings from the departments archives.At first i give some basic facts about phonogram history and nationaland international sound archives and the history of Statens musikverkand the departments, all public authorities. The emperical material, aninformant interview and e-mail interviews, and qualitative documentstudies, is discussed in relation to the theorethical framework createdby Sanna Talja.Based on Taljas perspectives, general education, alternative anddemand, and her discourses about culture and society, i discussdifferent key factors that is important in the selection criteria process,among them the conception cultural heritage, national cultural policy,quality, education, the global music industry, reserach strategies, usercategories and demand.

This paper aims to analyze how preservation of and access to old and rare book collections are organized in public libraries in Serbia. The paper is based on an analysis of documents, a survey and qualitative interviews with librarians in Belgrade and Novi Sad. Serbia is a country that has experienced violent historical periods with far-reaching consequences for its old and rare book collections. The interpretative background refers to documents about cultural policy in Europe and in Serbia. Serbia is a country in transition which aims to join the European Union. As a consequence, the government has an ambition to harmonize its legislation and cultural policy to EU standards. Old and rare book collections are primarily preserved at the National Library of Serbia, at the Belgrade University Library and at the Matica Srpska Library in Novi Sad. In addition to this, the Serbian Orthodox Patriarchate Library in Belgrade has many old and rare books and manuscripts, but it is not userfriendly. Digitization is a method used to both preserve and make accessible old and rare books, but it is still developed only to a limited degree. The National Library of Serbia is the pioneer of digitization in the country and it is the institution vested with responsibility for the preservation of cultural goods. The National Library has the ambition to become a portal of cultural heritage in the country. The paper concludes that the historical, political and cultural development in the country in a decisive way has influenced Serbia’s different book collections. / Program: Bibliotekarie

The purpose of this Bachelor’s thesis is twofold. Firstly it aims to make a contribution to the understanding of how five Swedish Diocesan libraries have carried out the digitizing of their rare book and manuscript collections. Problem areas related to this activity are also investigated. Secondly, it aims to examine the relative guidelines and standardization norms, which have been formulated on a national basis. The research questions posed are:Which problem areas connected to the digitizing activities carried out at the Diocesan libraries can be identified in the empirical material?Which possible discrepancies might be found comparing the digitizing activity at the Diocesan libraries and the guiding principles on a national level?In order to find answers to the research questions, interviews with six librarians at the Diocesan libraries were conducted. Furthermore, using the method of content analysis, the interviews, literature, previous research, reports and in-house documents were examined. The theoretical framework used is a triangular model formulated by the museologist, Ivo Maroević, indicating the relationship between the institutions of cultural heritage: archives, libraries and museums. The particularity of the collections of the Diocesan libraries places them in the middle of the triangle.The most important problem areas were found to be connected with: economical and personnel resources, outsourcing and open access, preservation, storage, and the national strategy for digitization. The major discrepancy with national recommendations consists in the differences of the digitization process at the Diocesan libraries, depending on whether it is related to a project or on demand. / Program: Bibliotekarie

The purpose of this thesis is to compare mass digitization and qualitative digitization, to see how the digitization process and the digitalized material differ. The study emanates from the mass digitization as it is performed at the National Library in Norway, and the qualitative digitization at the Royal Library in Sweden. The method used is document studies combined with mail interviews. The focus is upon the practical operation, to which counts: “purpose & selection”, “preparation, image capturing and processing”, “metadata & text encoding”, “quality assessment”, “storage of digital originals and copies” and “display”. The result showed that the mass digitization automatize the process as far as possible and uses uniform methods of whole collections. They have minimal preparation, processing and quality controls, if it doesn’t make the digitization quicker. During qualitative digitization the most parts are done manually, where every moment and object is prepared, processed and controlled considering what is best for the original. The result of the product of digitization – the digital documents – showed that qualitative digitization prefers aspects like caution and security, as they among other things uses the well established file format TIFF, and uses sufficiently high quality in methods to preserve all information from analogue documents, and store both processed and unprocessed versions of the digitization. Mass digitization is more insecure as they use the non-established file format JPEG2000, and the digital master is processed, compressed (lossless) and cut.

Early Swedish films from the 1910’s and 1920’s are not only an important part of Sweden’s cultural heritage, but also an important part of the international film heritage. This period is often refereed to as the golden age of Swedish film history. Despite this fact, the possibility to watch Swedish films from this period is very small and the main purpose of this thesis is to examine why the availability of these films has such low priority in the Swedish film policy and at the Swedish Film Institute. With the use of policy analysis, I study governmental policies and policies from the Swedish Film Institute for early Swedish films and seek to identify the policy problem and its different parts. The conclusion of the study is that there is a lack of clarified policies and financial resources concerning early Swedish films. One of the major parts of the policy problem is that more power is used to preserve rather than make the films available for a broader audience and that digitalization of these films has a low priority. The definition of the audience and for whom the films has to be made available is also deficient in the policies. / Uppsatsnivå: D

This essay aims to examine how science fiction literature is supported and made available for readers at four public libraries. Each library has its own opinion of what a public library’s role in society is, and that affects how literature acquisition and media exposure is done at that particular library. To explore this, the author uses a modified version of Elzinga and Andersson’s theory of traditionalism, pragmatism and emancipationism. The research questions are: 1. What factors lie behind acquisition of science fiction literature? 2. How do the public libraries in question make science fiction literature available to its users? 3. Many public libraries use specific tools when classifying literature. How much are they used at the libraries in question? 4. What do the libraries in question do in order to promote science fiction literature? The methods used are interviews, text studies and observations. The author finds that the libraries are mostly driven by a pragmatic view of the role of the library, buying literature requested by the library users and relying on popularity and trends when displaying media. There is hardly any evidence of emancipationism to be found, but there are some traditionalist influences. Due to lack of popularity, science fiction books are not acquired as often as other, more popular, fiction. Science fiction and fantasy are often put on specific shelves, apart from other fiction. It is also common that those genres are placed in the part of the library where literature for young people is put. One of the libraries promotes these genres in a specific section of their web page, and another one have previously had exhibitions on science fiction. Apart from that, science fiction is rarely promoted as a genre, but is treated as a part of other literature when being promoted. All libraries use specific tools, such as BURK-sök, for classifying literature. They do, however, make their own classifications occasionally.

The aim of this Master thesis was to examine how libraries at Swedish colleges and universities make Open Access journals in physics available to users. We examined if, where, and how the 50 Open Access journals that are listed in the Directory of Open Access (DOAJ) under the heading Physics (General) were made available to the public at 19 Swedish colleges and universities. We also examined possible patterns regarding qualities in the Open Access journals and to what extent the libraries made them available. For this descriptive statistic was used. The selection of library portals that were included in the study were those Swedish colleges and universities that teach physics. The searches that form the basis for the results of the study were performed during the period 30/09/2008 -06/12/2008. The results of the study show that a majority of the libraries made at least 94% of the Open Access-journals available to users, and that this was achieved mainly by journal and/or e-journal lists. A majority of the journal lists were generated by SFX, a system libraries can use to make different e-journal packages available to the public, including the package that consists of the Open Access journals listed by DOAJ. This practice might explain the results of the study. Previous research that focuses on how e-journals are made available to the public show that the consensus regarding these resources previously was that they should be made available through library catalogues. This practice now seems to be changing, probably due to the fact that making e-journals available in journal lists instead of library catalogues demands less economic resources. These were the most consistent tendencies found in the material.

This master thesis examines the communication strategies of three municipal archives in Stockholm, Uppsala and Gothenburg. These communication strategies are specifically formulated towards the archival sector and the specific archives in question. A reoccurring theme in archival literature focuses on the need of archives to become more visible and up to date in society. Therefore, this master thesis aims to examine how municipal archives work with changing the narrative of “the dusty archive” and reaching out to the public utilising their communication strategies.In two cases, that of Stockholm stadsarkiv and Regionarkivet Gothenburg, professional communicators had been employed to work with the archive's internal and external communication including the formulation of strategic communication policies. Uppsala stadsarkiv on the other hand, had an archivist who oversaw and was in charge of the “communication process”. In interviews with the co-workers from all three archives one primary question was whether the strategies have been successfully implemented in the organisation or not. Following results were found: In some ways the communication strategies have managed to make the archive more attractive for visitors and users - especially in terms of public activities, such as publicly held lectures.Other challenges remain, for example communicating the archives in a way that is generally easy to grasp. The reason for this was described as the municipal archive's duality between being both an information management body and a cultural heritage institution. Archives are still being described as “a hidden gem of information” from an informant's point of view. This indicates that the archives' dual function as being difficult to communicate in a straightforward way. The results show us that all three municipal archives find communicating archival function to be a challenging task. This is a two years master's thesis in Archival science.

This study focuses on the Nordic model of Extended Collective Licenses (ECL) and how this model can be used in the process of digitalising and publishing archival material such as photos, letters, maps or films. The question that this study aims to deal with is what advantages, and disadvantages, there are for archives and copyright holders when an ECL is being used. To help answering this question the ‘theory of the knowledge commons’ has been applied. The research question has been answered through a text analysis based on legal texts including Swedish law. To get a wider perspective, international literature such as official and law-binding documents from the Nordic countries and the European Union have also been consulted. Policies and contributions to the debate about making cultural heritage available online have also been included to give light to the complexity of the question. In 2013 the Swedish copyright law was changed to facilitate for certain archives and libraries to sign an agreement with a so called Collective Administration Organization (CAO). There are no examples of ECLs being used by Swedish archives for classical archival materials even if the possibility to draw up this type of agreements has existed since 2005. One of the reasons might be the complexity of the law and that the archival institutions have problems of interpreting it. The institutions often avoid providing access to their materials online or choose material they know is in the public domain already. Finding copyright holders before publishing material online is time-consuming. One of the major advantages of functional ECLs is that they save time and resources – both for the archival institutions and the copyright holders. The ECLs provide an opportunity for the archival institutions to share their collections with the public and the copyrights holders get an organized way to communicate their terms and conditions. This is a two years master’s thesis in Archive, Library and Museum studies.