La civilisation de l’Indus marque les esprits par une apparente uniformité de la culture matérielle sur la totalité de son territoire (environ 1 million de km carré) durant sa période d’apogée (2600-1900 av. J.-C.). Cette étude cherche à tester deux hypothèses qui pourraient expliquer cette homogénéité : 1) Un pouvoir centralisateur contrôlant la production artisanale; et 2) Un vaste réseau d’échanges et de distribution de la production. Dans ce but, la grande majorité des publications accessibles portant sur la production artisanale d’objets en céramique, en pierres semi-précieuses, en coquillage et en métal ont été inventoriées et analysées. Axée sur la spécialisation du travail artisanal, l’étude a identifié quelques objets dits de prestige (perles classiques harappéennes, bracelets en grès cérame) très probablement liés à une élite. La nature de cette élite est ensuite examinée et un nouveau modèle d’organisation sociopolitique de cette civilisation est proposé. / The Indus civilization puzzles archaeologists in that it shows a seeming uniformity in its material culture during the period from 2600 to 1900 BC and over its huge geographical extent (approximately 1 million square km). In this study two hypotheses are tested: 1) This uniformity in material culture is due to a central political force monitoring craft production; or 2) This uniformity results from an extensive trade and distribution network of craft production. In order to assess these, all available data concerning the craft production of ceramic, lapidary, shell-working and metal artefacts were inventoried and analyzed. A study of craft specialization identified a few wealth items (long carnelian beads, stoneware bangles), which were most probably related to an elite. After reassessing the nature of this elite, a new model of sociopolitical organization for this civilization is proposed.

Anotace: The thesis "The motivation for the teaching profession" dealt with fundamental problems of motivation to the teaching profession. In the theoretical part, we have focused on general characteristics of terms that pertain to the teaching profession, particularly the theory of the teaching profession, the choice of the teaching profession, the phase of the teaching profession, teacher typology, the role of teacher training and professionalization of teachers, but also washed into the teaching profession, status of teachers in society, the prestige of the teaching profession, on motivation and disincentives to the teaching profession, teachers' job satisfaction and coping in the teaching profession. Based on this theoretical target was set of thesis and research work was carried out. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the motivation of students second and 3 year master's program, major in Teaching for elementary schools, the Faculty of natural sciences, humanities and teaching Technical University in Liberec, which leads to the choice and the teaching profession. Research has therefore focused mainly on the circumstances of the election of teacher training, assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of the teaching profession, the prestige of the teaching profession, etc. The research was...

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企業社會責任(corporate social responsibility，簡稱CSR)的概念與實務發展在近年來已成為一門企業永續經營的顯學。本研究認為，有別於一般組織外部利害關係人的觀點，身為內部觀察者的員工身分具有特殊性，不僅較外部利害關係人更接近公司核心，亦有機會參與公司的企業社會責任政策制定與活動。因此，本研究旨在建構一研究模型，以員工觀點了解企業社會責任認知及企業志工參與對組織公民行為之影響過程與結果，包含探究員工對企業社會責任認知與企業志工參與程度是否與組織認同有正向影響？員工企業社會責任認知與組織認同是否為知覺外部聲望所中介？當員工組織認同提高時，是否增進其工作滿足、組織承諾、顧客導向？ 　　本研究以Kim et al.(2010)所提出的企業社會責任影響員工企業認同模型概念為基礎，並拓展員工可能展現的反應及工作態度構念，以便利抽樣法回收有效紙本問卷201份、有效網路問卷115份，共計獲得316份樣本。經由驗證性因素分析與結構方程模式(Structural Equation Modeling, SEM)分析後得出研究結論如下： 1.知覺外部聲望確實為企業社會責任認知程度與組織認同之中介變數，員工的企業社會責任認知程度對知覺外部聲望有正向的影響，而更進一步影響組織認同。 2.企業志工參與和組織認同具有正向關係，佐證當企業的社會責任相關活動能滿足員工的心理需求時，員工將會傾向認同該企業。 3.組織認同與顧客導向、工作滿足及組織承諾皆存有正向的影響關係。 4.顧客導向、工作滿足和組織承諾皆與組織公民行為有正向的影響關係，其中顧客導向和組織承諾的影響力皆大於工作滿足。 / The increasing development of corporate social responsibility has become a prevalent concern for business sustainability practices. In comparison to the viewpoint of outside stakeholders, employees play unique roles for their company for two reasons: (1) employees are closer to corporate core business (2) employees participate more easily in CSR activities and policy formulation. Therefore, this study aims to establish a model to understand how employees’ perceived CSR and participation in employee volunteer program (EVP) relate to their organizational citizenship behavior. This study also investigates whether perceived CSR and EVP participation has positive effects on organizational identification; whether perceived external prestige mediates the relationship between perceived CSR and organizational identification; and whether organizational identification acts as the antecedent of job satisfaction, organizational commitment and customer orientation. The model concept is based on the model of CSR and employee-company identification established by Kim et al. (2010), and modified by adding some employees’ attitude constructs. The survey, conducted by convenience sampling, consists of a total of 316 participants whose companies have EVP. Utilizing confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM), the results are as follows: 1.Perceived external prestige is a partial mediator between perceived CSR and organizational identification. Meanwhile, perceived CSR positively affects perceived external prestige, and perceived external prestige has positive relationship with organizational identification. 2.The relationship between EVP participation and organizational identification is positive, which means employees tend to identify with their company when they are mentally satisfied by CSR activities. 3.Organizational identification positively affects variables, such as customer orientation, organizational commitment and job satisfaction. 4.The attitude factors that positively affect employees’ organizational citizenship behavior include customer orientation, organizational commitment and job satisfaction. Further, the impact of customer orientation and organizational commitment are greater than job satisfaction.

Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida na comunidade lingüística ítalo-brasileira de Nova Pádua, situada Nordeste do Rio Grande do Sul, fundada em 1885 por imigrantes italianos. Esse grupo etnolingüístico convive com uma situação de línguas em contato e bilingüismo. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar atitudes lingüísticas dos bilíngües em relação aos sistemas de fala utilizados pelo grupo étnico-social: a língua portuguesa standard, o dialeto italiano (Coiné) e a variedade de fala de língua portuguesa local. A investigação partiu do pressuposto de que os bilíngües adotam atitudes positivas ou negativas, de prestígio ou estigma, em relação às variedades lingüísticas. Além disso, pressupõe-se que o comportamento dos bilíngües é regulado por valores atribuídos às línguas. Os resultados mostraram uma gama de valores positivos e negativos atribuídos e percebidos nas variedades lingüísticas, e esses valores orientam o uso dessas variedades. Não só a avaliação positiva ou negativa orienta o comportamento lingüístico dos bilíngües, mas também fatores extralingüísticos como situações de interação formal ou informal e a solidariedade ao interlocutor. Inesperadamente, a pesquisa mostrou um conflito de valores e de identidade lingüísticos entre os participantes da amostra. Esse conflito revelou-se na contradição existente nos juízos de valor atribuídos às variedades lingüísticas, nas duas situações de avaliação propostas pela pesquisa. Na primeira, em que o falante seria uma terceira pessoa e não o sujeito da pesquisa, o dialeto italiano é o sistema de fala de maior prestígio, e a língua portuguesa standard, a língua de menor prestígio. As atitudes positivas em relação ao dialeto italiano ou dialeto vêneto (Coiné) apontam para uma ligação afetiva entre o sentimento étnico italiano e a identidade lingüística da amostra. Contraditoriamente, para uma situação interpessoal, em domínios usuais como: casa, Capela, escola, em que o próprio bilíngüe deveria falar, os valores divergiram. Isto é, os sistemas de fala de língua portuguesa, local e standard, receberam maior prestígio do que o dialeto italiano. Essas atitudes foram justificadas, entre outros motivos, pela necessidade de domínio da língua portuguesa, pela solidariedade ao interlocutor e pelo reconhecimento de uma forma lingüística de língua portuguesa local, língua portuguesa com marcas italianas. Dessa forma, os dados mostraram que a identidade lingüística italiana é mais idealizada e/ou nostálgica do que real. Em contrapartida, parece surgir um latente reconhecimento de uma prática lingüística ítalo-brasileira local. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-12T16:34:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Mirian Peccatti Toscan.pdf: 3947798 bytes, checksum: a5d257f3d33157c295cb83d4aebe92a3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-12T16:34:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Mirian Peccatti Toscan.pdf: 3947798 bytes, checksum: a5d257f3d33157c295cb83d4aebe92a3 (MD5) / This reasearch was developed in an Italo-Brazilian linguistics community of Nova Pádua, located in the northeast of Rio grande do Sul, which was founded in 1885 by Italian imigrants. This etnolinguisitcs group lives with a situation of bilinguism and languages in contact with each other. The aim of our work was to investigate the linguistics attitudes of the bilingual speakers in relation to the used speaking systems by the ethnic-social: the standard Portuguese language, the Italian dialect (Coiné) and the variety of the local speaking Portuguese language. The investigation began with the presupposition that bilingual speakers have positive or negative attitudes, prestige or stigma, in relation to the linguistics varieties. Besides this, we presupposed that bilingual speakers behaviour is measured by the values given to the languages. The results showed a series of positive and negative values related and perceived in the linguistics varieties. Not just the positive and negative evaluation guides the linguistics behaviour of bilingual speakers, but also extra-linguistics factors as a formal interation situation or the speaker s solidarity. Surprisingly, the research showed a conflict of values and linguistics identity in the sample. This conflict was revealed in the contradiction of the values judgement given to the linguistics varieties in the two evaluation proposals suggested by the research. In the first proposal, where the speaker is a third person, not the one belong to the research, the Italian dialect is the speaking system of the greatest prestige and the standard Portuguese language, the language of minor prestige. The positive attitudes in relation to the Italian dialect direct to an afective link between the Italian ethnic feeling and the sample s linguistic identity. Contradictorily, for an interpersonal situation, in usual dominions as house, school, chapel where the own bilingual should speak, the values differ. It means that the regional and standard Portuguese language speaking systems receive more prestige than the Italian dialect. Among other aspects, these attitudes were justified by the necessity of the Portuguese language dominium, by the speakers solidarity and by the recognition of a linguistics form of a local Portuguese language, Portuguese with Italian marks. By all these, the dates showed that the Italian linguistics identity is more idealized and/or nostalgic than real.On the other side, it seems appearing a latent recognition of a local Italo-Brazilian linguistcs practice.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:20:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Mario Rene Schweriner.pdf: 1860815 bytes, checksum: 975dc1b7d47c23bb610c6facf206fd44 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-03 / This thesis has the purpose to prove that, in the consumer society, consumerist individuals transcend their functional relation toward merchandises, trying to obtain, through prestige brands, a spiritual dimension that replaces or complement the traditional religious experiences, and that is fetished. Consumerism is a superlative of purchases, belongings and use, a dependence of non essential goods (superfluous) to satisfy endless desires. It is impossible to satisfy endless desires: therefore the expression transcendental goal of consumption, beyond the capacity to be achieved. The transcendental dimension of consumption, through the symbolism of merchandises potencialized by the prestige brands, give enchantment and sense to the individual, and fulfills the territory that belonged to the family, Church and community. The subject tries to obtain, with the brand-fetished merchandise, a satisfaction of his mimetic desire, and/or compensate absent or fragile values, which is strengthened by advertising. The ultimate meaning of life of materialistic individuals produces immediate effects which are positive for them as well for the economy, but in the future potentially negative for the planet, for the society, as well as for the individuals. / Esta tese objetiva comprovar que, na sociedade de consumo, indivíduos consumistas transcendem sua relação funcional com as mercadorias, buscando nas marcas de prestígio uma dimensão espiritual, que substitui ou complementa as experiências religiosas tradicionais, e que se revela fetichizada. O consumismo é superlativo de compras, posses e uso, uma dependência de bens não essenciais (supérfluos) para atender aos desejos sem fim. É impossível satisfazer a desejos sem fim: daí a expressão meta transcendental do consumo, posicionada além do alcance e da capacidade de atingi-la. A dimensão transcendente do consumo, por meio do simbolismo das mercadorias potencializado pelas marcas de prestígio, propicia encantamento e sentido ao indivíduo, e se presta a preencher o espaço outrora ocupado pela família, Igreja e comunidade. O sujeito busca, na mercadoria fetichizada pela marca, satisfazer seu desejo mimético, e/ou compensar valores frágeis ou ausentes, o que é reforçado pela propaganda. O sentido último da vida dos indivíduos materialistas produz efeitos imediatos que são positivos para eles e para a economia, mas potencialmente negativos mais à frente para o planeta, para sociedade e para os indivíduos.

Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida na comunidade lingüística ítalo-brasileira de Nova Pádua, situada Nordeste do Rio Grande do Sul, fundada em 1885 por imigrantes italianos. Esse grupo etnolingüístico convive com uma situação de línguas em contato e bilingüismo. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar atitudes lingüísticas dos bilíngües em relação aos sistemas de fala utilizados pelo grupo étnico-social: a língua portuguesa standard, o dialeto italiano (Coiné) e a variedade de fala de língua portuguesa local. A investigação partiu do pressuposto de que os bilíngües adotam atitudes positivas ou negativas, de prestígio ou estigma, em relação às variedades lingüísticas. Além disso, pressupõe-se que o comportamento dos bilíngües é regulado por valores atribuídos às línguas. Os resultados mostraram uma gama de valores positivos e negativos atribuídos e percebidos nas variedades lingüísticas, e esses valores orientam o uso dessas variedades. Não só a avaliação positiva ou negativa orienta o comportamento lingüístico dos bilíngües, mas também fatores extralingüísticos como situações de interação formal ou informal e a solidariedade ao interlocutor. Inesperadamente, a pesquisa mostrou um conflito de valores e de identidade lingüísticos entre os participantes da amostra. Esse conflito revelou-se na contradição existente nos juízos de valor atribuídos às variedades lingüísticas, nas duas situações de avaliação propostas pela pesquisa. Na primeira, em que o falante seria uma terceira pessoa e não o sujeito da pesquisa, o dialeto italiano é o sistema de fala de maior prestígio, e a língua portuguesa standard, a língua de menor prestígio. As atitudes positivas em relação ao dialeto italiano ou dialeto vêneto (Coiné) apontam para uma ligação afetiva entre o sentimento étnico italiano e a identidade lingüística da amostra. Contraditoriamente, para uma situação interpessoal, em domínios usuais como: casa, Capela, escola, em que o próprio bilíngüe deveria falar, os valores divergiram. Isto é, os sistemas de fala de língua portuguesa, local e standard, receberam maior prestígio do que o dialeto italiano. Essas atitudes foram justificadas, entre outros motivos, pela necessidade de domínio da língua portuguesa, pela solidariedade ao interlocutor e pelo reconhecimento de uma forma lingüística de língua portuguesa local, língua portuguesa com marcas italianas. Dessa forma, os dados mostraram que a identidade lingüística italiana é mais idealizada e/ou nostálgica do que real. Em contrapartida, parece surgir um latente reconhecimento de uma prática lingüística ítalo-brasileira local. / This reasearch was developed in an Italo-Brazilian linguistics community of Nova Pádua, located in the northeast of Rio grande do Sul, which was founded in 1885 by Italian imigrants. This etnolinguisitcs group lives with a situation of bilinguism and languages in contact with each other. The aim of our work was to investigate the linguistics attitudes of the bilingual speakers in relation to the used speaking systems by the ethnic-social: the standard Portuguese language, the Italian dialect (Coiné) and the variety of the local speaking Portuguese language. The investigation began with the presupposition that bilingual speakers have positive or negative attitudes, prestige or stigma, in relation to the linguistics varieties. Besides this, we presupposed that bilingual speakers behaviour is measured by the values given to the languages. The results showed a series of positive and negative values related and perceived in the linguistics varieties. Not just the positive and negative evaluation guides the linguistics behaviour of bilingual speakers, but also extra-linguistics factors as a formal interation situation or the speaker s solidarity. Surprisingly, the research showed a conflict of values and linguistics identity in the sample. This conflict was revealed in the contradiction of the values judgement given to the linguistics varieties in the two evaluation proposals suggested by the research. In the first proposal, where the speaker is a third person, not the one belong to the research, the Italian dialect is the speaking system of the greatest prestige and the standard Portuguese language, the language of minor prestige. The positive attitudes in relation to the Italian dialect direct to an afective link between the Italian ethnic feeling and the sample s linguistic identity. Contradictorily, for an interpersonal situation, in usual dominions as house, school, chapel where the own bilingual should speak, the values differ. It means that the regional and standard Portuguese language speaking systems receive more prestige than the Italian dialect. Among other aspects, these attitudes were justified by the necessity of the Portuguese language dominium, by the speakers solidarity and by the recognition of a linguistics form of a local Portuguese language, Portuguese with Italian marks. By all these, the dates showed that the Italian linguistics identity is more idealized and/or nostalgic than real.On the other side, it seems appearing a latent recognition of a local Italo-Brazilian linguistcs practice.

The thesis deals with the motivations that are formative for the Danish foreign aid. Denmark is one of the most generous donors and it plays an active role on the field of international development cooperation. An analysis of his motives will help us to better understand which ideological concepts are decisive for the Danish willingness to help other nations and also to identify what interests take part in formulation of Danish development programmes. The identification of the specific dimensions of motivation is based on a broad theoretical framework, which divides motives into seven categories: security, power, wealth, enlightened self-interest, prestige, obligation and humanitarianism. The author of the study maintains that it is possible to discover a wider range of motivations in Danish development assistance. It is a great simplification to assess the Danish foreign aid only in reference to commonly shared values of international solidarity, altruism and moral obligation to help others, which are the most prominent explanations in the literature. An analysis of Danish strategies reveals that the poverty reduction and sustainable growth are the main objectives of the Danish foreign aid. Based on the quantitative analysis of four basic criteria related to the aid performance (total volume,...

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Regardless of culture, socio-economic background, and quality of life, all students deserve the highest quality of education. But the reality is, many education systems around the world do not offer it. Investing in structural reforms in education has the potential to boost economic growth in countries around the world. By learning from different education systems strengths and weaknesses, policy decisions can be made that ensure students are given the opportunity for higher educational outcomes. This study analyzes high, middle, and low quality education systems around the world and the infrastructures that lead to educational success or failure. Fifteen education systems are chosen for this study which includes Shanghai-China, Singapore, Japan, Finland, Canada, Portugal, United States, Luxembourg, Spain, Hungry, Brazil, Argentina, Indonesia, Qatar, and Peru. Each system is analyzed in terms of its teacher quality, curriculum, school system structure, and educational equity. From this study, it appears that there is a high-correlation between four indicators and top- educational success. These four indicators include having a highly selective model for hiring teachers, recruiting teachers from a top-pool of graduates, having a high-level of prestige held for teachers in society, and insuring students of low socio-economic status are given equal educational opportunities for success. Recommendations for a new teacher training and selection model are discussed based on the top four indicators. These recommendations could cause educational gains for both the United States and other systems around the world.