A dissertação propõe a discussão acerca da participação dos tutores no Projeto Caminhos do Cuidado - Formação em crack, álcool e outras drogas para Agentes Comunitários de Saúde e Auxiliares e Técnicos em Enfermagem e a contribuição da formação em Saúde Mental para a vida profissional desses tutores. Por meio dessa discussão, a autora analisou as mudanças possíveis de acontecer na saúde mental e atenção básica a partir do processo de trabalho dos tutores, como resultado dessas novas aprendizagens. Para embasar a discussão, foi realizado um resgate histórico relativo às políticas sobre drogas até a atual política de formação incentivada pelo Ministério da Saúde. Dentro desse referencial teórico foi destinado um capítulo à discussão da saúde mental na atenção básica e à caracterização do cenário das ações voltadas aos usuários de álcool e outras drogas na atenção básica, por meio dos dados dos dois ciclos do PMAQ-AB. Esses dados foram analisados de acordo com estatística descritiva através do software SPSS. A participação dos tutores foi analisada conforme banco de dados secundários, organizado a partir de formulários preenchidos por eles como dispositivo de avaliação do Projeto. Do total de 890 questionários preenchidos, foram analisadas três questões abertas. Para a organização e análise dos dados qualitativos optou-se pela Análise de Conteúdo, sendo operacionalizada por meio da categorização temática com apoio do Software NVivo 10. Ao analisar os dados do PMAQ-AB, ficou evidente a necessidade de ações de saúde na Atenção Básica voltadas aos usuários de álcool e outras drogas. Partindo desta constatação e das falas dos tutores, evidenciou-se que o Projeto Caminhos do Cuidado se mostrou como potente ferramenta de mudanças das práticas de cuidado em Saúde Mental na Atenção Básica. Para a análise dos efeitos do Projeto Caminhos do Cuidado nos sistemas locais de saúde serão necessários estudos envolvendo outros atores. Mas, é possível afirmar que a formação recebida pelos tutores mostrou-se capaz de transformar a imagem de receio e preconceito em relação aos usuários de álcool e outras drogas, essa mudança possibilitou novas formas de cuidado e a compreensão da Atenção Básica como espaço privilegiado para esse cuidado. O espaço de Educação Permanente em Saúde proporcionado pelo Projeto possibilitou, o acúmulo de novas aprendizagens, potencializado pela metodologia problematizadora, sendo a temática da Redução de Danos a mais citada entre os tutores. / The present dissertation proposes a discussion about the tutor’s participation in the Project Caminhos do Cuidado (Care Ways) studies on crack; alcohol and other drugs in communitarian health agents and nursing technicians along with the formation contribution in Mental Health to the professional lives of these tutors. Through this discussion, the author analyzed possible changes in Mental Health and Basic Attention from the tutor’s work process, as a result of these learning processes. To base this discussion a historic data rescue about drug policies was formed until the present training policies incentivized by the Brazilian Health Ministry. In this theoretical referential, one chapter was destined to discuss mental health in basic attention and the characterization of the scenery of the actions towards the alcohol and drugs users in basic attention, according to data of both cycles PMAQ-AB (Brazilian National Program of Improvement of Access and Quality in Basic Attention). These data were analyzed according to the descriptive statistics in Spss Software. The tutor’s participation was analyzed as second data base, organized from forms previously filled by them as a device of Project Evaluation. From 890 filled forms, three questions were analysed. For the organization and quality data analysis, content analysis was chosen and operated by means of theme categorization with the support of NVivo10 Software. By analyzing PMAQ-AB data, it became evident the necessity of health actions in Basic Attention towards alcohol and drug users. From this conclusion and the tutor’s testimonials, it became evident that the Caminhos do Cuidado Project has shown itself as a potent tool of change in care practices in Mental Health in Basic Attention. To the effect analysis of Caminhos do Cuidado Project in local systems of health, more studies involving other subjects will be necessary. Although it is possible to state that the formation received by the tutors was capable of transforming the image of fear and prejudice towards the drug and alcohol users, this change enabled new forms of care and comprehension of Basic Attention as a privileged space for this care. The space of Permanent Education in Health provided by the Project enabled the accumulation of new leanings, enhanced by the investigation methodology, and Harm Reduction being the most quoted among authors.

A dissertação propõe a discussão acerca da participação dos tutores no Projeto Caminhos do Cuidado - Formação em crack, álcool e outras drogas para Agentes Comunitários de Saúde e Auxiliares e Técnicos em Enfermagem e a contribuição da formação em Saúde Mental para a vida profissional desses tutores. Por meio dessa discussão, a autora analisou as mudanças possíveis de acontecer na saúde mental e atenção básica a partir do processo de trabalho dos tutores, como resultado dessas novas aprendizagens. Para embasar a discussão, foi realizado um resgate histórico relativo às políticas sobre drogas até a atual política de formação incentivada pelo Ministério da Saúde. Dentro desse referencial teórico foi destinado um capítulo à discussão da saúde mental na atenção básica e à caracterização do cenário das ações voltadas aos usuários de álcool e outras drogas na atenção básica, por meio dos dados dos dois ciclos do PMAQ-AB. Esses dados foram analisados de acordo com estatística descritiva através do software SPSS. A participação dos tutores foi analisada conforme banco de dados secundários, organizado a partir de formulários preenchidos por eles como dispositivo de avaliação do Projeto. Do total de 890 questionários preenchidos, foram analisadas três questões abertas. Para a organização e análise dos dados qualitativos optou-se pela Análise de Conteúdo, sendo operacionalizada por meio da categorização temática com apoio do Software NVivo 10. Ao analisar os dados do PMAQ-AB, ficou evidente a necessidade de ações de saúde na Atenção Básica voltadas aos usuários de álcool e outras drogas. Partindo desta constatação e das falas dos tutores, evidenciou-se que o Projeto Caminhos do Cuidado se mostrou como potente ferramenta de mudanças das práticas de cuidado em Saúde Mental na Atenção Básica. Para a análise dos efeitos do Projeto Caminhos do Cuidado nos sistemas locais de saúde serão necessários estudos envolvendo outros atores. Mas, é possível afirmar que a formação recebida pelos tutores mostrou-se capaz de transformar a imagem de receio e preconceito em relação aos usuários de álcool e outras drogas, essa mudança possibilitou novas formas de cuidado e a compreensão da Atenção Básica como espaço privilegiado para esse cuidado. O espaço de Educação Permanente em Saúde proporcionado pelo Projeto possibilitou, o acúmulo de novas aprendizagens, potencializado pela metodologia problematizadora, sendo a temática da Redução de Danos a mais citada entre os tutores. / The present dissertation proposes a discussion about the tutor’s participation in the Project Caminhos do Cuidado (Care Ways) studies on crack; alcohol and other drugs in communitarian health agents and nursing technicians along with the formation contribution in Mental Health to the professional lives of these tutors. Through this discussion, the author analyzed possible changes in Mental Health and Basic Attention from the tutor’s work process, as a result of these learning processes. To base this discussion a historic data rescue about drug policies was formed until the present training policies incentivized by the Brazilian Health Ministry. In this theoretical referential, one chapter was destined to discuss mental health in basic attention and the characterization of the scenery of the actions towards the alcohol and drugs users in basic attention, according to data of both cycles PMAQ-AB (Brazilian National Program of Improvement of Access and Quality in Basic Attention). These data were analyzed according to the descriptive statistics in Spss Software. The tutor’s participation was analyzed as second data base, organized from forms previously filled by them as a device of Project Evaluation. From 890 filled forms, three questions were analysed. For the organization and quality data analysis, content analysis was chosen and operated by means of theme categorization with the support of NVivo10 Software. By analyzing PMAQ-AB data, it became evident the necessity of health actions in Basic Attention towards alcohol and drug users. From this conclusion and the tutor’s testimonials, it became evident that the Caminhos do Cuidado Project has shown itself as a potent tool of change in care practices in Mental Health in Basic Attention. To the effect analysis of Caminhos do Cuidado Project in local systems of health, more studies involving other subjects will be necessary. Although it is possible to state that the formation received by the tutors was capable of transforming the image of fear and prejudice towards the drug and alcohol users, this change enabled new forms of care and comprehension of Basic Attention as a privileged space for this care. The space of Permanent Education in Health provided by the Project enabled the accumulation of new leanings, enhanced by the investigation methodology, and Harm Reduction being the most quoted among authors.

Introdução: a violência doméstica contra crianças e adolescentes é um fenômeno complexo, multifacetado e arraigado nas relações sociais que, por vezes, apresenta-se naturalizado e até banalizado. Historicamente, ela existe nas sociedades desde os primórdios. Nas últimas décadas, porém, houve o aumento significativo de casos de violência contra a criança e o adolescente no mundo. Ao mesmo tempo cresceu, também, a preocupação com a denúncia e o enfrentamento do problema, principalmente por organismos mundiais. Tal preocupação se expressa nas políticas públicas, como tem sido no Brasil. A Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) é um dos locus em que se pode visibilizar e enfrentar a violência doméstica, pois lida com as populações do território, suas famílias, as creches e as escolas. Preparar os profissionais da APS para lidar com esse fenômeno tem sido um desafio, mas a enfermagem, por meio de sua prática social, apresenta potencial para o enfrentamento da violência doméstica. As consultas de enfermagem devem ser instrumentalizadas para tal, recomendando-se o uso de terminologia padronizada como facilitadora da boa comunicação entre os profissionais e da tomada de decisões nos serviços de saúde. Desse modo, a Classificação Internacional para a Prática de Enfermagem (CIPE®) recomenda a estruturação de subconjuntos terminológicos como estratégia para facilitar seu uso pelos profissionais. Objetivo: organizar um subconjunto terminológico de diagnósticos, resultados e intervenções de enfermagem para o enfrentamento da violência doméstica contra a criança e o adolescente. Método: pesquisa do tipo metodológica, ancorada nos referenciais da TIPESC Teoria da Intervenção Práxica da Enfermagem em Saúde Coletiva e estruturada em quatro fases interdependentes e subsequentes: 1) identificação de termos e conceitos relevantes para a prática de enfermagem em relação ao enfrentamento da violência doméstica contra crianças e adolescentes; 2) mapeamento cruzado dos termos identificados com os termos da CIPE®, versão 2011; 3) elaboração dos enunciados de diagnósticos, resultados e intervenções de enfermagem; 4) estruturação do subconjunto terminológico da CIPE® para o enfrentamento da violência doméstica contra crianças e adolescentes. Resultados: a revisão de literatura para identificação dos termos resultou em 40 artigos selecionados na base BIREME, que foram processados na ferramenta PORONTO, gerando, assim, uma lista com 17.365 termos. Estes foram normalizados e resultaram em 514 termos que foram mapeados e cruzados com os existentes na CIPE® 2011, evidenciando 214 termos constantes e 138 não constantes nessa classificação. Dessa forma, constituiu-se o banco de termos da linguagem especial de enfermagem para o enfrentamento da violência doméstica contra a criança e o adolescente, o qual, juntamente com o modelo de sete eixos da CIPE®, a norma ISO 18.104 e o modelo teórico, ancorou a elaboração de 139 diagnósticos/resultados e 222 intervenções de enfermagem. Dessa maneira, foi organizado o subconjunto terminológico. Conclusões: a produção do subconjunto ancorado pela visão de mundo da TIPESC possui potencial para aprimoramento da prática profissional no espaço da consulta de enfermagem sistematizada e no âmbito da Atenção Básica de Saúde, bem como no processo de formação de novos profissionais e na educação permanente dos atuais. Faz-se necessária a continuidade da pesquisa, visando à validação conceitual dos termos não constantes na CIPE®. / Introduction: domestic violence against children and adolescents is a complex, multifaceted phenomenon, rooted in social relations, which is sometimes featured as natural and common place. Historically, it has existed since primitive societies. However, in the past decades, there has been significant increase in the number of cases of children and adolescents abuse worldwide. Meanwhile, there has also been an increase in the concern to report it and cope with the problem mainly on the part of world organizations. Such concern has been revealed in public policies like in Brazil. The Primary Healthcare Center is one of the loci to unveil and cope with domestic violence as it deals with populations, families, day care centers and schools within its territory. Thus, training professionals to deal with such a phenomenon has been a challenge, but nursing, by means of its social practice, has the potential to cope with domestic abuse. Nursing consultations must use instruments for that, being recommended standardized terminology to facilitate effective communication among professionals and decision-making in health services. Thus, the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP®) recommends to structure terminology subsets as a strategy to facilitate their use by professionals. Objective: To organize a terminology subset on nursing diagnoses, results and interventions to cope with domestic violence against children and adolescents. Method: methodological research grounded on TIPESC (Theory of Nursing Praxis Intervention in Collective Health) background and framed in four interdependent and subsequent phases: 1) identification of terms and concepts relevant for nursing practice regarding coping with domestic violence against children and adolescents; 2) cross-checked mapping of the identified terms with the ICNP® terminology, version 2011; 3) elaboration of enunciates for nursing diagnoses, results and interventions; 4) framing of the ICNP terminology subset to cope with domestic abuse against children and adolescents. Results: literature review for term identification resulted in 40 selected articles in BIREME database, processed by means of PORONTO tool, thus generating a list of 17,365 terms. Those were standardized and resulted in 514 terms which were mapped and cross-checked with the existing ones in ICNP® 2011, evidencing 214 existing terms and 138 non-existing terms in this classification. Thus, special nursing terminology database to cope with domestic abuse against children and adolescents was framed, which anchored the elaboration of 139 diagnoses/results and 222 nursing interventions along with the ICNP® 7-Axis model, ISO 18104 and the theoretical model. Thus, the terminology subset was organized. Conclusions: the elaboration of the subset grounded on TIPESC worldview has the potential to refine professional practice in systematic nursing search and in the scope of Primary Healthcare, besides the process of training new professionals and provide ongoing education to current ones. The continuity of the research is deemed necessary aiming at the conceptual validation of non-existing terms in the ICNP®.

Background: Primary Healthcare Centers [PHC] represent the first healthcare contact that patients have, unless they are critically ill or their state is life-threathening. Distric nurse´s work in PHC requires preparedness to meet people in different ages and varying cultural and ethnical backgrounds. This preparedness includes an independent and person-centred workway. The study´s theoretical framework therefore proceeds from person-centred care. Challenging encounters occur in district nurse´s meetings with patients. The concept complex healthcare encounters exists in the competence description of the district nurses and in educational regulatory contexts. Despite of this, there is no general definition of the concept and what it is characterized by. Aim: The aim of this study is to describe district nurse´s experiences of complex healthcare encounters. Method: A qualitative, descriptive, inductive content analysis is used as the analysis method. Six focusgroup-interviews were contucted with nurses and districs nurses working in PHC. Results: District nurse´s experiences of complex healthcare encounters contains to balance unpredictable encounters with predictable organizational terms. This is described as: To meet people with varying lifesituations and To care professionally within organizational conditions. Conclusion: District nurses experience complex healthcare encounters characterized by the coexistence of unpredictable meetings with people and predictable organizational terms. By developing the knowledge about complex healthcare encounters, district nurses can streamline the care simultaneously as the mission of the district nurse can be explicated. / Bakgrund: Vårdcentraler är vårdsökandes första vårdinstans om inte vårdbehovet är akut eller livshotande. Distriktssköterskors arbete på vårdcentraler medför beredskap att möta människor i olika åldrar och med varierande kulturella och etniska bakgrunder. Denna beredskap inrymmer ett självständigt och personcentrerat arbetssätt. Examensarbetets teoretiska referensram utgår därmed från personcentrerad vård. Utmanande vårdsituationer uppstår i distriktssköterskors möten med vårdsökande människor. Begreppet komplexa vårdsituationer förekommer i distriktssköterskors kompetensbeskrivande och utbildningsreglerande dokument. Dock saknas en gemensam bild av vad detta begrepp karaktäriseras av. Syfte: Syftet är att beskriva distriktssköterskors erfarenheter av komplexa vårdsituationer på vårdcentral. Metod: En kvalitativ, deskriptiv innehållsanalys med en induktiv ansats har används som analysmetod. Sex fokusgruppsintervjuer med distriktssköterskor och sjuksköterskor som arbetar på vårdcentral har genomförts. Resultat: Distriktssköterskors erfarenheter av komplexa vårdsituationer på vårdcentral innehåller att balansera mellan oförutsägbara möten med människor och förutsägbara organisatoriska villkor. Detta beskrivs som: Att möta människor i varierande livssituationer och Att vårda professionellt med givna organisatoriska förutsättningar. Slutsats: Distriktssköterskorna erfar komplexa vårdsituationer som karaktäriseras av att oförutsägbara möten med människor och förutsägbara organisatoriska villkor samexisterar. Genom kunskapsutveckling om komplexa vårdsituationer kan distriktssköterskor effektivisera vården samtidigt som distriktssköterskors uppdrag förtydligas.

No description available.

AIM: To conduct a systematic literature review on the existing literature on the prevalence of medication errors across the medicines management system in primary care; To explore the systems of error management in primary care; to investigate the prevalence and nature of medication errors in children, 0-12 years, and in older patients, ≥65 years, in primary care; and to explore community pharmacists' interventions on medicines-related problems. METHODS: 1) Systematic literature review; 2) Questionnaire survey of Primary Care Trusts (PCTs), Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCGs) and NHS Area Teams; 3) Retrospective review of the electronic medical records of a random sample of older patients, ≥65 years old, and children 0-12 years old, from 2 general practices in Luton and Bedford CCGs, England; 4) Prospective observation of community pharmacists' interventions on medicines-related problems and prescribing errors from 3 community pharmacies in Luton and Bedford CCGs in England. DATA ANALYSIS: Quantitative data from records review were analysed using Microsoft Excel on data extracted from an Access database. Statistical tests of significance were performed as necessary. Descriptive statistics were conducted on quantitative data from the studies and inductive qualitative analyses were conducted on aspects of the questionnaire survey. RESULTS: • The systematic literature review demonstrated that medication errors are common, and occur at every stage of the medication management system in primary care, with error rates between ≤1% and ≥90%, depending on the part of the system studied and the definitions and methods used. There is some evidence that the prescribing stage is the most susceptible, and that the elderly (over 65 years) and children (under 18 years) are more likely to experience significant errors, although very little research has focussed on these age groups. • The questionnaire survey of PCTS, CCGs and NHSE demonstrated that national and local systems for managing medication errors appeared chaotic, and need to be better integrated to improve error learning and prevention in general practice. • The retrospective review of patients' medical records in general practices demonstrated that prescribing and monitoring errors are common in older patients and in children. 2739 unique prescription items for 364 older patients ≥65 years old were reviewed, with prescribing and monitoring errors detected for 1 in 3 patients involving about 1 in 12 prescriptions. The factors associated with increased risk of errors were: number of unique medications prescribed, being ≥75 years old, being prescribed medications requiring monitoring, and medications from these therapeutic areas: corticosteroid, NSAID, diuretic, thyroid and antithyroid hormones, statins and ACE-I/ARB. 755 unique prescription items for 524 younger patients 0-12 years old were examined, with approximately 1 in 10 prescriptions and 1 in 5 patients being exposed to a prescribing error. Factors associated with increased risk of prescribing errors in younger patients were: being aged ≤10 years old, being prescribed three or more medications, and from similar therapeutic areas as above. Majority of the errors were of mild to moderate severity. • Community pharmacists performed critical interventions as the last healthcare professional defense within the medicines management system in primary care. However, this role is challenged by other dispensary duties including the physical aspects of dispensing and other administrative roles. CONCLUSION Prescribing and monitoring errors in general practice, and older patients and children may be more at risk compared to the rest of the population, though most errors detected were less severe. Factors associated with increased risk for errors in these age groups were multifaceted. The systems for periodic laboratory monitoring for routinely prescribed drugs, particularly in older patients, need to be reviewed and strengthened to reduce preventable hospital admissions. Antibiotic dosing in children in general practice needs to be regularly reviewed through continued professional developments and other avenues. As guidance on local arrangements for error reporting and learning systems are less standardised across primary care organisations, pertinent data from adverse prescribing events and near misses may be lost. Interventions for reducing errors should therefore explore how to strengthen local arrangements for error learning and clinical governance. Community pharmacists and/or primary care pharmacists provide an important defence within the medicines management system in primary care. Policy discussions and review around the role of the pharmacist in primary care are necessary to strengthen this defence, and harness the potential thereof.

Advances and integration of information and communication technologies into healthcare systems offer new opportunities to improve public health worldwide. In Sweden, there are already unique possibilities for epidemiological research from registers because of a long tradition of centralized data collection into population-based registers and their allowance for linkage. The growing efficiency of automated digital storage provides growing volumes of archived data that increases the potential of analyses further. The purpose of this thesis can be divided into two parallel themes: illustrations and discussions of the use and usefulness of population-based registers on the one hand, and specific research questions in epidemiology and healthcare research on the other. The research questions are addressed in separate papers. From the Swedish Cancer Registry, 25 years of incidence data on testicular cancer was extracted for a large cohort. Record linkage to survey data on serum cholesterol showed a highly significant positive association, suggesting that elevated serum cholesterol concentration is a risk factor for testicular cancer. Since the finding is the first of its kind and because of wide confidence intervals further studies are needed to confirm the association. Östergötland County council’s administra-tive database (the Care Data Warehouse in Östergötland (CDWÖ)) provided data for preva-lence estimations of four common chronic diseases. The prevalence rate agreed very well with previous estimates for diabetes and fairly well with those for asthma. For hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the observed rates were lower than previous prevalence estimates. Data on several consecutive years covering all healthcare levels are needed to achieve valid prevalence estimates. CDWÖ data was also used to analyse the impact of diabetes on the prevalence of ischemic heart disease. Women had higher diabetes/non-diabetes prevalence rate ratios across all ages. The relative gender difference remained up to the age of 65 years and thereafter decreased considerably. The age-specific direct healthcare cost of diabetes was explored using data from the CDWÖ, the county council’s Cost Per Patient database and the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register. The cost per patient and the relative magnitude of different cost components varied considerably by age, which is important to consider in the future planning of diabetes management. The Cancer Registry was established mainly as a basis for epidemiological surveillance and research, exemplified in this thesis by a study on testicular cancer. In contrast, the newly established and planned healthcare databases in different Swedish counties are mainly for managerial purposes. As is shown in this thesis, these new databases may also be used to address problems in epidemiology and healthcare research.

Le handicap est multifactoriel. Toutes ses composantes sont potentiellement sources d’obstacles et de désavantages. L’originalité de cette thèse est de tenir compte de la complexité de définition du handicap dans l’analyse du recours aux soins de santé primaires. L’objectif ultime des soins de santé primaires est une meilleure santé pour tous, passant par la réduction des exclusions et des inégalités sociales d’accès au système santé. Nous appréhendons le handicap de différentes manières jusqu’à intégrer les trois dimensions d’« une situation de handicap » (dimension fonctionnelle, dimension environnementale, et participation sociale) dans un même modèle explicatif. D’abord, nous analysons la dimension fonctionnelle en considérant les personnes handicapées comme physiquement limitées. Puis, nous investiguons la dimension environnementale par une étude chez les adultes vivant en institution. Enfin, nous adoptons une vision globale du handicap en intégrant simultanément toutes les dimensions par la mesure de capabilités latentes. Le modèle estimé s’approche d’une comparabilité inter-individus révélant, toutes choses égales par ailleurs, les niveaux sur lesquels agir pour pallier les inégalités. Les analyses suggèrent qu’un environnement favorable, sociétal et/ou socioéconomique, pourrait compenser les effets négatifs des limitations et des restrictions cognitives et physiques. Nous concluons sur plusieurs voies possibles afin d’améliorer le recours aux soins primaires : agir sur la dimension environnementale et sur la participation sociale. / Disability is multifactorial. All its components are potential sources of barriers and disadvantages. The originality of this thesis is to take into account the complexity of disability definition to analyze the use of primary health care. The ultimate goal of primary health care is better health for all, reducing exclusion and social inequalities in access to the health care system. We approach disability in different ways, ending with a model that includes the three dimensions of a “disability situation” (functional dimension, environmental dimension and social participation). First we analyze the functional dimension considering people with disabilities as physically limited. Then, we investigate the environmental dimension through analysis among adults living in institutions. Finally, we adopt a global vision of disability that integrates all the dimensions simultaneously through the measures of latent capabilities. The estimated model approximates a fundamental inter-individual comparability and reveals all things being equal, the levels on which to act to overcome inequalities. The analyses suggest that favorable environment, societal and/or socioeconomic could offset the negative impact of the limitations and cognitive and physical restrictions. We conclude on several possible waysto improve the use of primary care: acting on the environmental dimension and acting on social participation.

Master of Public Health - MPH / Background: According to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) 340 000 children between 0-14years of age are living with HIV in South Africa as of 2019. Decentralization of HIV services was included in South Africa’s paediatric guidelines since 2010 in a bid to improve access to care. The current study sought to address the paucity of Eastern Cape (EC) data on the outcomes of down-referred paediatric antiretroviral therapy (ART) patients. These outcomes included retention in care (RIC) and virological suppression after 12 months Methodology: This retrospective analysis was conducted in the Buffalo City Municipality (BCM) district of the EC. The study population included HIV positive males and females, 0-14 years of age at transfer, who were initiated on ART at a tertiary or a regional hospital and subsequently down-referred, between June 2013 and June 2017. Data were collected from electronic databases at the facilities (Tier.net), patient files and patient registers. A descriptive analysis was performed using SPSS Statistics software version 26. Results: In total, 80.1% of patients successfully down-referred to a primary healthcare (PHC) facility, in a median of 42 days. Of those, 95.4% of patients were retained in care at 6 months and 93.1% at 12 months after arrival, with a median of 4 scheduled monthly visits missed. For those with results, virological suppression was maintained in 96.7% of patients at 6 months, 92.2% at 12 months and 96.2% for the entire post-transfer period of 2-14 months. In the 2-14 months post down-referral only 76.9% of patients had at least one viral load (VL) result and 50.3% had one CD4 result. For those with results, immune response (IR) to ART was maintained in 100% of patients at 6 months, 94.3% at 12 months and 97.7% in the 2-14 month period post successful down-referral. Conclusions: This study confirmed that loss to follow-up (LTFU) and treatment interruption at the point of transfer are significant risk factors for paediatric ART patients. This study also demonstrated high levels of RIC once patients had successfully down-referred. However, missed clinic visits suggest possible treatment interruptions for many patients post down-referral. While good virological and immunological responses to ART were maintained at the PHC facilities, suboptimal VL and CD4 monitoring was highlighted by the low proportion of available results. Therefore, while there are a number of issues to address, this study confirms that down-referral is a feasible option for up-scaling paediatric HIV care in the EC.

Bakgrund: Livsstilsrelaterade folksjukdomar gör att miljoner människor världen över årligen dör i förtid. En äldre befolkning i kombination med ohälsosamma levnadsvanor bidrar till ökad risk att dö i folksjukdomar, såväl globalt som i Sverige. Fysisk aktivitet har visat sig både behandla och förebygga många av dessa livsstilsrelaterade folksjukdomar. I Sverige kan all legitimerad vårdpersonal ordinera fysisk aktivitet på recept (FaR). Detta tycks dock vara en underanvänd åtgärd i svensk hälso- och sjukvård, trots att effekterna ger stora folkhälsovinster. Inom svensk primärvård arbetar distriktssköterskor som har kunskap om hur fysisk aktivitet kan behandla och förebygga sjukdomar. Eftersom distriktssköterskor inom primärvården har en betydande roll i att främja hälsa och goda levnadsvanor är det av stort intresse att djupare beskriva deras erfarenheter av att använda FaR.  Motiv: Fysisk aktivitet på recept är ett viktigt men underanvänt verktyg i den förebyggande och hälsofrämjande vården. Den föreliggande studien kan bidra till kunskap om distriktssköterskors förskrivning av FaR och därmed fungera som underlag för förändrings- och utvecklingsarbete i primärvården. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att beskriva distriktssköterskors erfarenheter av att förskriva fysisk aktivitet på recept inom primärvården. Metod: Individuella semistrukturerade intervjuer med åtta distriktssköterskor genomfördes. Intervjuerna spelades in, transkriberades och analyserades genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys.  Resultat: Erfarenheterna av att förskriva fysisk aktivitet inom primärvården varierade. Det fanns faktorer som påverkade förskrivningen i både positiv och negativ riktning. Analysen utmynnade i fyra kategorier: “Finns omständigheter som styr och påverkar”, “Kompetens och arbetsmiljö har betydelse”, “Förhållningssättet har betydelse” och “Finns variationer i rutiner kring FaR”.  Konklusion: Det fanns variationer i arbetssätt gällande FaR. Det som kunde påverka förskrivningen låg både inom och utanför distriktssköterskors kontroll. För en lyckad förskrivning var ett personcentrerat förhållningssätt betydelsefullt. Resultatet kan användas för att främja distriktssköterskors förutsättningar till ökad förskrivning av FaR. Detta kan i sin tur leda till ökad funktion och livskvalité hos enskilda individer och skulle kunna bidra till ökad folkhälsa. / Background: Lifestyle related public health diseases makes millions of people all over the world die in advance. An increasingly elderly population combined with unhealthy living habits contributes to a higher risk of dying in public health diseases, global as well as in Sweden. Physical activity has shown to both treat and prevent many of these lifestyle related public health diseases. In Sweden all legitimated health care personnel can prescribe physical activity on prescription (PAP). For some reason PAP seems to be underutilized in Swedish healthcare, even though the effects generate great public health benefits. In Swedish primary healthcare district nurses have the knowledge about how physical activity can treat and prevent diseases. Since district nurses within the primary healthcare have a significant role in promoting health and healthy living habits, it is of great interest to describe their experiences of using PAP more deeply.  Motive: PAP is an important but underutilized tool in the preventive and health promoting care.  The present study can contribute to knowledge about district nurses’ prescribing of PAP and thereby serve as a basis for change and development work in primary health care. Aim: The aim of this study is to describe district nurses’ experiences of prescribing physical activity on prescription within primary healthcare. Methods: Individual semi-structured interviews with eight district nurses were conducted. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and analyzed by qualitative content analysis. Result: The experiences of prescribing PAP in primary healthcare varied. There were factors that affected the prescription in both positive and negative directions. The analysis resulted in four categories: “There are circumstances that control and influence”, “Competence and work environment have importance”, “The approach has importance” and “There are variations in routines regarding PAP”. Conclusion: There were variations in working methods regarding PAP. Things that could affect the prescription were both within and without the control of the district nurses. A person-centred approach was important for a successful prescription. The result can be used to promote district nurses’ opportunities for increased prescribing of PAP. This in turn can lead to increased function and quality of life in individuals and could contribute to increased public health.