The thesis focuses on the relationship between the European Union and platform companies, and it tries to explore a debate about binding regulations regarding the moderation of illegal content online. The Regulation on preventing the dissemination of illegal terrorist content online from 2018 was applied as the case to test the arguments. The thesis applies the concept of platform governance triangle to analyse whether the Regulation has the potential to be effective. The research argues that the effectiveness of the Regulation depends on the actors competencies, the legitimation of the Regulation and how it was contested during the decision-making process, and finally on the power relations between actors and the tools to monitor and enforce the Regulation. The research shows that the EU has extensive competencies in areas of independence, representativeness and expertise due to the work of EU specialised agencies. Platform companies, on the other hand, possess unique technical competencies to moderate terrorist content online. Furthermore the specific design of the Regulation, and the fact that it was designed under the ordinary legislative procedure and was contested by various actors, suggest the Regulation is legitimate. Finally, the monitoring and enforcement tools in terms of sanctions could...

Vår värld som vi känner den håller på att förändras på grund av klimatförändringar som berorav mänskliga aktiviteter. För att minska effekterna av stigande halter växthusgaser måste alladelar av våra samhällen minska utsläppen, där byggandet av bostäder och transporter är storautsläppsområden som måste förändras i grunden. Det har lett till en växande insikt omeffekterna för urbana transporter, som har resulterat i ökad efterfrågan på lösningar som kanförbättra mobiliteten i städerna och dessutom sänka utsläppen av växthusgaser. En av delösningar som har fått ökad uppmärksamhet är mobilitetshubbar. Dessa hubbar beskrivs somsamlingsplatser för olika färdmedel och tjänster som främjar hållbart resande, som till exempelkollektivtrafik, delningsfordon och aktiv mobilitet. En identifierad problematik medmobilitetshubbar är den bristande erfarenheten i att ta beslut om vilka funktioner som ska ingå,hur de ska finansieras och hur kostnader och intäkter ska fördelas. Detta skapar ett behov avsamverkan mellan offentliga och privata aktörer. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka hur byggherrar och kommun kan samverka kringmobilitetslösningar på områdesnivå. Studien baseras på en fallstudie avstadsutvecklingsprojektet Sege Park i Malmö. Resultaten visar att staden ställt höga krav föratt Sege Park ska bli ett attraktivt bostadsområde där hållbara resor prioriteras och blir enklaatt nyttjas av de boende. Det har lett till att områdets parkeringsbehov och mobilitetstjänstersamlats i ett gemensamt parkeringshus. Samtidigt har byggherrarna behövt arbeta fram olikainnovativa gemensamma mobilitetsåtgärder för att få boende i området att välja bort att äga enegen bil. För första gången har en mobilitetsplan som omfattar flera fastigheter skrivits, vilkethar krävt högre grad av samverkan mellan byggherrar och staden. Studiens material har samlats in genom de olika metoderna: litteraturstudie, fallstudie,dokumentdata och intervjuer. Det teoretiska ramverket som används i studien utgår från enmodell om samverkansstyrning (collaborative governance), som har utvecklats av Emerson,Nabatchi och Balogh (2012). Studien identifierar ett flertal drivkrafter för att samordnautveckling och drift för delade mobilitetsåtgärder på områdesnivå. Däribland en ekonomiskvinning, en bättre helhet och större nytta för de boende. Det har också identifierats ett antalhinder, som olika förutsättningar och tidsperspektiv samt bristande ledarskap, vilket har lett tillonödigt tidskrävande processer. Studien visar på vikten av samverkan mellan byggherrar ochstaden, samt behovet av ledarskap och tydlig struktur för att underlätta samarbetet ochmöjliggöra en effektiv implementering av hållbara mobilitetslösningar på områdesnivå. / Our world, as we know it, is undergoing changes due to climate change caused by humanactivities. To mitigate the effects of rising greenhouse gas emissions, all sectors of our societymust reduce their emissions, with housing construction and transportation being significantareas that require fundamental transformation. This has led to a growing recognition of theimpacts on urban transportation, resulting in an increased demand for solutions that canimprove mobility in cities while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. One solution that hasgained attention is mobility hubs. These hubs are described as gathering places for variousmodes of transportation and services that promote sustainable travel, such as public transit,shared vehicles, and active mobility. A challenge with mobility hubs is the lack of experiencein making decisions about which functions to include, how to finance them, and how to allocatecosts and revenues. This creates a need for collaboration between public and private actors. This study aims to investigate how developers and municipalities can collaborate on an arealevel for mobility solutions. The study is based on a case study of the urban development project Sege Park in Malmö. The results show that the city has set high requirements for SegePark to become an attractive residential area where sustainable travel is prioritized and easilyaccessible to residents. This has led to the consolidation of the area's parking needs and mobilityservices in a shared parking facility. At the same time, developers have had to developvarious innovative shared mobility measures to encourage residents to choose not to own a private car. For the first time, a mobility plan encompassing multiple properties has been developed,requiring a higher level of collaboration between developers and the city. The study's data has been collected through various methods: literature review, case study,document analysis, and interviews. The theoretical framework used in the study is based on amodel of collaborative governance developed by Emerson, Nabatchi, and Balogh (2012). Thestudy identifies several drivers for coordinating the development and operation of sharedmobility measures, including economic benefits, a better overall outcome, and greater benefitsfor residents. Several barriers have also been identified, such as varying conditions and timeperspectives, as well as a lack of leadership, leading to time-consuming processes. The studyhighlights the importance of collaboration between developers and the city, as well as the needfor leadership and a clear structure to facilitate cooperation and enable the effectiveimplementation of sustainable area-level mobility solutions.

Urbanization is causing increased agglomerations in cities, this in return has made urban planning an increasingly crucial element in developing cities. Simultaneously as cities are growing in size, aspiration for sustainable development arise. The contemporary planning process faces multiple challenges, one of these is that it comprises multiple actors, with different interests, which need to coordinate in an effective way. As a response to this challenge, multiple concepts have surfaced, such as collaborative planning, institutional capacity and communicative planning. What these concepts have in common is that they all emphasize the importance of collaboration. However, what these concepts lack to acknowledge is the application of digital technology by means to support collaboration. Even though digitalization has received increased recognition within multiple disciplines of our society in the last couple of decades, it still has not paved its way into the discipline of contemporary urban planning. In Sweden, multiple initiatives have been constructed for the purpose of digitalizing the planning process, both on a municipal and national level. However, these are quite recent and are thus not fully established. This master thesis focuses on collaboration supported by digitalization and aims at identifying the opportunities and difficulties brought about by this. It assembles and compares opinions from both private and public actors involved in the Royal Seaport project in Stockholm. The results are obtained from data assembled through semi-structured interviews, with both public and private actors involved in the Royal Seaport project, and literature review. The answers were analyzed, and a comparison was made of the answers of public actors on one hand and private actors on the other hand. The results indicate that opinions of the actors, involved in the Royal Seaport project, towards digitalization in general are quite positive. However, private actors seem to be more aware of the opportunities brought about by digitalization. Main opportunities regarding collaboration supported by increased digitalization include a more cohesive information flow, equal information access, increased efficiency and thus streamlining the planning process, simplified communication and reduced number of possible mistakes made in the later stages of the planning process. Whereas, the main challenges identified are that actors have different background, are of different generations and cultures, the different administrations within the municipality, information and data are not standardized, there is no one in charge of coordinating the data and implementing digitalization in practice within the municipality, it is time-consuming and the available digital tools are often too advanced. However, the results illustrated that collaboration can be enhanced by implementing a shared database accessible to all actors involved in the planning process. In that way digitalization can enhance collaboration. Overall, digitalization is seen as having potential to simplify the collaboration of diverse actors in the planning process.

Det blir allt vanligare att offentliga och privata aktörer samverkar för att bedriva stadsutvecklingsprojekt, inte minst för att främja en hållbar utveckling. Den sociala dimensionen av hållbarhetsbegreppet har på senare tid fått större utrymme i stadsplaneringen där samverkan ses som en viktig beståndsdel för att skapa socialt hållbara områden. Detta examensarbete avser att närmare undersöka hur offentliga och privata aktörer samverkar i stadsutvecklingsprojekt för att främja social hållbarhet. Syftet med studien är att bidra med kunskap om möjligheter och utmaningar med samverkan i arbetet för en socialt hållbar stadsutveckling. Detta undersöks genom en fallstudie av projektet Odde i stadsdelen Kista i Stockholm, där planläggning av cirka 2000 bostäder pågår. Odde är ett pilotprojekt för social hållbarhet där detaljplaneprocessen sker i samverkan mellan markägaren Stockholms stad och byggherren Skanska och Areim. De frågor studien avser att besvara är: hur fungerar det praktiska arbetet med social hållbarhet i en samverkansprocess? samt; vilka möjligheter och utmaningar kan identifieras för samverkan mellan offentliga och privata aktörer kring social hållbarhet inom stadsplaneringen? Det empiriska materialet bygger på intervjuer med involverade i projektet samt studier av projektets arbetsmaterial. Studiens resultat tyder på att det anses givande men utmanande att arbeta med social hållbarhet i en samverkansprocess. Det finns en stor vilja att främja social hållbarhet både hos staden och byggherren i Oddeprojektet. Upplevelsen är att samverkan kan skapa det helhetsgrepp som social hållbarhet kräver. Det kan däremot vara tidskrävande att nå en gemensam syn gällande hur samverkan kring social hållbarhet ska gå till i praktiken. Undersökningen visar att detta kan härledas till att social hållbarhet är ett abstrakt och svårmätbart begrepp, vilket försvårar en tydlig uppdelning av ansvarsområden för att realisera åtgärderna. I Oddeprojektets arbete med social hållbarhet har ett antal centrala teman identifierats, vilka är; social hållbarhet som process, social hållbarhet som mål samt förståelsen av social hållbarhet. I studien argumenteras för att dessa komponenter har skapat förutsättningar för att finna samverkansformer för social hållbarhet i planprocessen. I fallstudien kan urskiljas en stor potential för samverkan kring social hållbarhet. / It is becoming increasingly common for public and private actors to collaborate in urban development projects to promote sustainable development. The social dimension of the concept of sustainability has recently gained greater acknowledgement in urban planning, where collaboration is seen as an important element in creating socially sustainable areas. This degree project intends to investigate how public and private actors collaborate in urban development projects to promote social sustainability. The purpose of the study is to provide with knowledge about opportunities and challenges with collaboration in the work of creating a socially sustainable urban development. This is investigated in a case study of the ongoing planning process of the project Odde. The plan is to construct approximately 2000 dwellings in the district of Kista, Stockholm. Odde is a pilot project for social sustainability where the City of Stockholm and the developer Skanska and Areim, are collaborating in the process of developing a detailed development plan for the area. The study intends to explore the following research questions: how do actors work with social sustainability in a collaborative process? and; what opportunities and challenges can be identified for collaboration between public and private actors in the work of creating a socially sustainable urban development? The empirical material is based on interviews with actors involved in the project as well as studies of working material from the project Odde. The results of the study indicate that working with social sustainability in a collaborative process is considered rewarding but challenging. The two main actors desire to promote social sustainability, and experience that collaboration can assist achieving the holistic approach needed for social sustainability. However, it may be a time-consuming process to reach a shared view of how to collaborate in practice for social sustainability. The study shows that this can be explained by the fact that social sustainability is an abstract concept, and thus difficult to measure. This complicates the division of responsibilities needed to realize the suggested measures. Three themes has been identified in the Odde project that have proven to be important components in creating favourable conditions for finding a collaborative planning process around social sustainability. These are; social sustainability as a process, social sustainability as a goal and finally a common understanding of social sustainability. A great potential can be distinguished in public and private collaboration to promote social sustainability in urban developments.

Les politiques urbaines de « reconstruction » post-apartheid de ces dernières décennies n’ont pas permis de réduire les injustices spatiales du Gauteng et de Johannesburg en particulier. Sous l’impulsion des acteurs privés, les résidences fermées d’entrée de gamme, symbole de l’ascension sociale des classes moyennes, diffusent de nouvelles formes de relégation et de fragmentation qui questionnent fortement le lien social, l’étalement et la mobilité croissante. Le peu d’investigations menées sur cette ville « moyenne », qui se veut synonyme de progrès et de modernité, offre l’opportunité de mobiliser une réflexion nouvelle sur les interrelations qui existent entre production de la ville, pratiques et territoires. Loin d’être monolithique, le logement d’entrée de gamme s’est développé à travers maints arrangements institutionnels particuliers et géographiquement situés. Le rôle des acteurs privés impliqués dans la gouvernance urbaine, souvent méconnu et rarement étudié, est devenu la clé de voûte des transformations contemporaines de la ville. L’originalité de ce travail a été de révéler les principes de constitution de savoirs spécialisés et spatialisés, qui éclairent le processus de codification des pratiques et donc la naissance de l’urbanisme sécuritaire institutionnalisé au sein de la métropole.Le détour comparatif avec Delhi a été l’occasion de valider que ces résultats avaient une portée générale cumulable, tout en délocalisant le regard. / The post-apartheid urban policies of the last decades aiming at “rebuilding” the nation, have not led to reducing spatial injustice in Gauteng, and Johannesburg in particular. Spurred on by private actors, bottom-of-the-range closed residences, which symbolise the upward social mobility of the middle class, spread new forms of relegation and fragmentation, thereby challenging social links, urban sprawl and growing mobility. The little research carried out on this “average” city, which is meant to be synonymous with progress and modernity, is an opportunity to develop new thoughts on existing interrelations between urban production, practices and territories.Far from being monolithic, bottom-of-the-range housing is being developed through many specific and geographically located institutional arrangements. The role played by private actors involved in urban governance, which is often largely unknown and rarely being studied, has become the keystone of the city’s contemporary transformations. The novelty behind this research work is that it reveals the principles of what constitutes specialised and spatialized expertise, thereby shedding light on the codification process of practices and, as such, the birth of institutionalised security town planning within the metropolis.Comparing Johannesburg with Delhi was an opportunity to validate the fact that these results could be significantly drawn concurrently, while studying two different sites

Syftet med denna studie är att synliggöra intressekonflikter som uppstått mellan kommun och branschorganisation när en kommun ansökt om att få bli leverantör till Arbetsförmedlingen för en tjänst som tidigare endast upphandlats med privata aktörer. Vidare är vårt syfte att undersöka huruvida demokratiska eller ekonomiska incitament ligger till grund för Karlshamns kommun respektive branschorganisationens ställningstagande i denna fråga. Karlshamns kommun har med bakgrund av SOU 2020:41 Kommuner som utförare av tjänster åt arbetsförmedlingen - en analys av de rättsliga förutsättningarna, skickat in en ansökan till arbetsförmedlingen för tjänsten Kundval Rusta och matcha. Karlshamns kommun var den första kommunen i Sverige att skicka in en sådan ansökan. Genom att analysera primärkällor i form av texter från Karlshamns kommun respektive branschorganisationen Almega med hjälp av Bacchis metod WPR analys avser vi att synliggöra hur problemet representeras från respektive part. Genom att koppla dessa representationer till politisk styrning, offentligt etos och makt visar vårt resultat att Karlshamns kommun drivs av både demokratiska och ekonomiska incitament medan å andra sidan branschorganisationen nästan uteslutande drivs av ekonomiska incitament. Vidare är vår slutsats att nuvarande politiska styrning av den Svenska arbetsmarknadspolitiken inte gynnar ett gott samarbete mellan medverkande på den svenska arbetsmarknadspolitiska arenan. Fokus bör vara den arbetssökande och reformer behöver komma till stånd. Det är Arbetsförmedlingen och därmed staten som besitter ansvaret och makten. Närmare bestämt den strukturella makten att fördela vem som ska få tillgång till kunskap och därmed aktörsmarknaden. I våra referensländer har ansvaret för arbetsmarknadspolitiken decentraliserats till lokala kommuner, vilket är ett alternativ som denna studie föreslår att Sverige bör undersöka närmare. / The purpose of this study is to make visible the conflicts of interest that have arisen between a municipality and one of Sweden's Trade associations. These conflicts arose when the municipality applied to become a provider for the Swedish Public Employment Service regarding a service that so far only has been procured with private actors. Furthermore, this study also aims to investigate whether democratic or economic incentives form the basis for Karlshamn's municipality and the Trade association's position regarding the conflict of interest. Based on SOU 2020:41 Municipalities as providers of services to the employment service - an analysis of the legal conditions, Karlshamn municipality has submitted an application to the Swedish Public Employment Service regarding the Kundval Rusta and matcha. The municipality of Karlshamn was the first municipality in Sweden to submit such an application. By analyzing texts from Karlshamn municipality and the Trade association as primary material through Bacchi's method WPR analysis, we intend to make visible how the problem is represented by each party as well as analyzing the incentives behind the representations of what is perceived as a problem. By linking these representations to political governance, public ethos and power, our results show that Karlshamn's municipality is driven by both democratic and economic incentives, while on the other hand the Trade association is almost exclusively driven by economic incentives. We also conclude that the current political governance of Swedish labor market policy does not favor good cooperation between actors on the Swedish labor market policy arena without reforms having to take place. It is the Swedish Public Employment Service and thus the state that possesses the power, responsibility and more specifically, the structural power to distribute who should have access to the player market. In our reference countries, this responsibility has been decentralized to local municipalities. Which we, after this study, consider to be an alternative that Sweden should investigate further.

Sammanfattning Syftet med studien, som grundar sig i en kvalitativ ansats, är att genom semistrukturerade intervjuer få uppfattning om vilka positiva och negativa aspekter det finns med privatisering av barn- och ungdomsvård. Dessutom grundar sig studien på att upptäcka socialarbetare upplevda skillnader i uppföljningsarbetet hos kommunalt utredda familjehem respektive konsulentstödda familjehem. Utifrån tidigare forskning framgår det att barn och vuxna är väldigt beroende av kontinuitet gällande att träffa samma socialarbetare för att uppleva situationen på ett bra sätt. Stor omsättning av socialarbetare leder till att upplevelsen med dessa inte blir lika bra och att förtroendet för socialarbetaren sjunker.   Genom tematisk analys framkom det att uppföljningen av placerade barn skiljer sig beroende på om barnet är placerat i kommunal eller privat verksamhet. I studien framkommer det att socialtjänsten besitter det yttersta ansvaret för det placerade barnet men saknar insyn i de privata aktörernas arbete. Det finns inte heller någon granskning från IVO gällande de privata verksamheterna. Detta skapar en osäkerhet om barnets behov tillgodoses på rätt sätt. / Abstract The purpose of this study is to get an idea through a qualitative method based in semi-structured interviews of which positive and negative aspects exist with the privatization of child and youth care. In addition, the study is based on discovering social workers perceived differences in the follow-up work of municipally investigated family homes and consultant-supported family homes. Previous research conclude that children and adults are very dependent on continuity in meeting the same social worker to experience the situation in a good way. A high turnover of social workers generates a bad experience and a lack of trust between the social worker and client.  Through thematic analysis, it emerged that the follow-up of placed children differs depending on whether the child is placed in a municipal or private operation. In the study it appears that the social service has the ultimate responsibility for the placed child but lacks insight into the work of the private operations. This creates uncertainty as to whether the child’s needs are being met in the right way.

Le cyberespace a radicalement changé la donne sur le plan de la sécurité internationale, modifiant la représentation que nous pouvions avoir de la guerre. Nous assistons aujourd’hui à une nouvelle forme de conflit où l’information constitue à la fois un support d’action, mais également un actif sensible qu’il convient de maitriser. L’encadrement des comportements dans le cyberespace est donc devenu de facto un impératif pour maintenir sa stabilité. C’est ainsi que de nombreuses initiatives ont été amorcées tant par les États (par exemple avec la création du groupe d’experts gouvernementaux en charge des progrès des technologies de l’information et des communications dans un contexte de sécurité internationale), que par les acteurs privés (normes alternatives en tout genre). Cependant, leur convergence n’est que partielle leurs positionnements géopolitiques et stratégiques divergents considérablement. Alors que les États veulent préserver leur marge de manœuvre dans le cyberespace, les acteurs privés souhaiteraient quant à eux assurer la continuité et le développement de leurs activités par la création d’un cadre juridique contraignant les comportements étatiques. Notre travail de recherche vise ainsi à trouver une solution au clivage entre ces différents acteurs. Selon nous, peu importe les perceptions et les désirs de chacun ; si un encadrement juridique du cyberespace doit voir le jour en droit international, celui-ci ne pourra aboutir sans le concours des États et des acteurs privés qui doivent donc collaborer. Cependant, il est essentiel de ne pas s’abandonner dans une quête de l’idéal, et ce en adoptant une démarche pragmatique ancrée dans la réalité. La régulation du cyberespace étant multiple en ce sens où chaque acteur est la source d’un flux normatif précis (réglementation étatique et régulation technique), il convient de trouver le moyen de faire coïncider leurs approches, tout en conservant la place de chacun dans l’ordre international pour éviter tensions et conflits. Dans notre travail de recherche, nous avons fait le choix de présenter notre argumentation en quatre temps. Il s’agit tout d’abord de rappeler les spécificités du cyberespace faisant de lui un lieu de conflits à part entière (Chapitre 1). Dans un second temps, nous expliquerons cette volonté des États de vouloir rendre à tout prix applicable aux cyber-attaques, un droit international pourtant inadapté aux défis techniques posés par ces nouvelles armes (Chapitre 2). Les acteurs privés étant les grands experts du réseau, nous étudierons dans un troisième temps les initiatives normatives qu’ils ont su mettre en place, celles-ci venant d’ailleurs concurrencer le travail de réflexion mené par les États (Chapitre 3). Finalement, nous arriverons à la conclusion que la cyberpaix ne sera réellement possible que si trois éléments sont réunis : la corégulation, l’internormativité et la confiance entre les États et les acteurs privés (Chapitre 4). / Cyberspace has radically changed international security, altering our understanding of warfare. Today, we are witnessing a new form of conflict in which information is both a medium for action and a sensitive asset that must be controlled. In order to maintain the stability of cyberspace, it has de facto become imperative to regulate actions in cyberspace. For this reason, many initiatives have been started by States (for example, the Group of Governmental Experts in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security) and by private actors (various alternative norms). However, their convergence is only partial, as their geopolitical and strategic positions diverge considerably. While States want to preserve their room for maneuver in cyberspace, private actors would like to ensure the continuity and development of their activities by creating a legal framework which constrains the behavior of States. This research project seeks to find a solution to the divide between these different actors. From our point of view, regardless of one's perceptions and desires, a legal framework for cyberspace in international law will see the light of day only if States and private actors cooperate. However, it is essential that we do not abandon ourselves to a quest for the ideal and adopt a pragmatic approach that is rooted in reality. Because the regulation of cyberspace is animated by multiple sources of norms stemming from different actors (state regulation and technical rules), it is necessary to find a way to make their approaches coincide, while preserving everyone's place in the international order to avoid tensions and conflicts. In our research, we have chosen to present our argument in four chapters. We first recount the features of cyberspace that make it a place of conflict in its own right (Chapter 1). Second, we explain the desire of States to apply international law to cyber-attacks, although it is ill-suited to the technical challenges posed by these new weapons (Chapter 2). Third, given that private actors are the major experts of the network, we will examine the normative initiatives that they put in place and that compete with the work carried out by States (Chapter 3). Finally, we will come to the conclusion that cyberpeace will be possible only if three elements are brought together: coregulation, internormativity, and trust between States and private actors (Chapter 4).