La presente investigación tiene como finalidad encontrar la relación que existe entre el empleo materno y la desnutrición crónica infantil para niños entre los 13 a 59 meses en el Perú. Para ello, se utilizó la base datos de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar (ENDES) del 2019 donde se obtuvo la información de la madre y su hijo, así como sus medidas antropométricas. Adicionalmente, se emplearon las metodologías de Logit y Probit para cuantificar el impacto que tienen estas variables entre sí. En base a los criterios de selección del modelo, el modelo Probit fue el que mejor se ajustó para poder explicar la relación entre estas dos variables. El resultado que se obtuvo fue que para una madre el hecho de trabajar reduce la probabilidad de que su hijo sufra de desnutrición crónica. Asimismo, se encontraron otras variables que afectan a la desnutrición crónica infantil: nivel socioeconómico, urbanidad, número de hijos en el hogar y tipo de trabajo de la madre. / This research aims to find the relationship between maternal employment and chronic child malnutrition for children between 13 to 59 months in Peru. For this, the database that we used was the Demographic and Family Health Survey of 2019, where we can find the information of the mother and her child, as well as their anthropometric measurements. In addition, the Logit and Probit methodologies were used to quantify the impact that these variables have to each other. Based on the model selection criteria, the Probit model was the one that had the best adjusted to be able to explain the relationship between these two variables. The result was that for a mother, working reduces the probability that her child will suffer from chronic malnutrition. Also, this investigation found other variables that affect the chronic child malnutrition such as urbanity, socioeconomic status, urbanity, type of work of the mother and number of children in the home. / Trabajo de investigación

This diploma thesis deals with the creation of a bankruptcy model for the manufacturing industry in the Czech Republic using logit analysis. The theoretical part defines the concept of bankruptcy model, financial distress and financial health of the company. This section is focused on the influence of macroeconomics on the accuracy of these models, a look into their history and description of selected models. The practical part of the thesis is initially focused on determining the reliability of selected bankruptcy models, and then a new bankruptcy model is compiled.

Master of Agribusiness / Department of Agricultural Economics / Vincent Amanor-Boadu / Beans and cowpeas are considered nutritionally dense and good sources of protein. In this sense, they are considered excellent food in poor households, especially in those that exhibit high levels of malnutrition or under-nutrition. To address food security and nutrition security in poor countries, there has been an increasing interest in encouraging farmers to grow beans and cowpeas. This has spurred research in value chains for these crops in many countries, especially those that do not traditionally grow them as primary staples. Most of these research efforts have focused on the producer and consumer issues, with little or no attention paid to traders who operated between these two players in the value chain. The objective of this study, therefore, is to contribute to the literature on the bean and cowpea value chain research by identifying the factors influencing the participation decisions of traders in this segment of the agricultural economy in Zambia. Using data collected by the Pulse Value Chain Initiative – Zambia in 2011, a probit model was used to analyze data. The dependent variable trader participation in wholesale marketing of beans and cowpeas in Lusaka and its principal food markets. The explanatory variables encompass trader demographic characteristics and available assets or resources. The research explored the effect of the assets or resources on the choice to trade cowpeas or beans at the wholesale level in Lusaka with and without controlling for traders’ demographic characteristics. Three procurement sources are identified in the study: the local market within which the traders operate; producers/suppliers within Lusaka District; and producers/suppliers outside Lusaka District. The results indicate that the procurement source for beans and cowpeas influenced trader decision to operate at the wholesale level. For example, traders who purchased their produce from locations outside Lusaka District were about 37% more likely to participate in wholesale trade compared to those sourcing their produce within the market in which they operate when demographic characteristics of traders are not controlled for in the model. When the demographic factors are controlled, the likelihood of those procuring from outside Lusaka District participating in the wholesale trade declines slightly to about 34%. These coefficients were both statistically significant at the 1 percent level. The results also showed that traders using credit from friends and family were nearly 18% less likely to participate in wholesale trade than those borrowing from other traders, significant at the 5% level. Controlling for demographic characteristics led to a reduction of this likelihood to about 16.7%, significant only at the 10% level. There were no statistical differences between traders for all education levels and those without any education except for respondents with lower primary and lower secondary education. Traders with lower primary and lower secondary education had a 31% higher likelihood of operating at the wholesale level compared to those without any formal education while those with upper secondary education had about 26.7% higher likelihood of operating at the wholesale level compared to those without any formal education. Marital status was not a discriminant in the decision to operate at the wholesale level. However, males had about a 9% higher probability than females in operating at the wholesale level. Wholesalers tend to move larger volumes of produce and, hence, create wealth much quickly than retailers. Wholesalers are also more likely to be engaging processors when these exist in the supply chain. Given that traders sourcing their produce from outside Lusaka District are more likely to engage in wholesale trading, it recommended that further research into the intricate characteristics of these traders are explored. This future research will do well to explore the factors that specifically differentiate these traders from the others. Understanding these and their potential effects could allow policymakers to provide support and services to this class of traders to engage in structured relationships with larger organizations such as processors and exporters.

近年來由於國內機動車輛數不斷增加，使得市區道路服務水準於尖峰時段常在D級以下，市區道路擁擠已成為都市交通管理主要課題。目前以道路定價方式實施擁擠收費，已逐漸成為世界各大都市，用來解決交通擁擠主要手段。然國外汽車使用量多於機車，相關擁擠收費研究亦是汽車為主，反觀國內恰好相反，機車使用大過於汽車，成為市區主要交通工具。因此本研究乃以居住於臺北縣市之機車使用者為研究對象，分析市區道路實施擁擠收費，機車使用者改乘大眾運輸之意願，以瞭解影響其搭乘大眾運輸意願之因素。首先假設臺北市信義計畫區實施擁擠收費，建立機車使用改乘大眾運輸意願模型後，於信義計畫區周邊機車停車場、停車格位及信義計畫區外進行機車使用者問卷調查。調查內容包含市區道路實施擁擠收費是否願意改搭大眾運輸、不同收費方式願付最高擁擠費用、相關配套措施有否助於改乘大眾運輸及機車使用者個人社經背景資料。經蒐集資料後進行模型實證分析，結果發現性別、年齡、每週使用機車天數及搭乘大眾運輸習慣等變數影響顯著，在不同收費方式下，性別、職業、每週使用機車天數、到信義計畫區目的為上班學等變數將減低搭乘大眾運輸之意願，而有搭乘大眾運輸習慣，則可增加搭乘大眾運輸之意願，其餘變數影響不確定。另機車使用者到信義計畫區目的為購物休閒者，較至該區目的為上班學者有意願改搭大眾運輸。在相關擁擠收費配套措施方面，有八成以上受訪者表示配套措施對於改乘大眾運輸是有幫助的，其中又以乘車優惠措施被認為最有幫助。而就有意願搭乘大眾運輸之機車使用者而言，提昇大眾運輸服務品質是所有配套措施最有幫助。不願意搭乘大眾運輸之機車使用者，以大眾運輸車站周邊停車費減免、大眾運輸車站周邊設置停車場提供停車轉乘措施，較能增加其搭乘大眾運輸意願。

本文利用行政院衛生署國民健康局於民國92 年所進行之「台灣地區 中老年身心社會生活狀況長期追蹤第五次調查」資料，實証模型採用 Orderd Probit Model，分別檢驗全體樣本以及依所有權屬分類的樣本(房 屋自有者、房屋子女所有者、租屋者)，探討個人特性、房屋所有權屬、 房屋及周遭環境特性對於台灣地區老年人房屋滿意度的影響。 全體樣本實証結果顯示，在個人特性變數中，年齡愈大、教育年數愈 長、有伴侶、自覺健康狀況較佳及滿意居住安排者，對於房屋滿意度有顯 著正向的影響，而男性及外省籍則對房屋滿意度有顯著負向的影響。而在 所有權屬的不同來源中，有趣的發現是部分自己購買比全額自己購買影響 程度為大，全額資助子女比部分資助子女影響程度為大。在房屋及周遭環 境特性上，居住在鄉鎮、平均每人坪數愈大、居住時間四年以上、覺得居 住環境安全有保障、滿意周遭環境、參與社會活動皆對於房屋滿意度有顯 著正向的影響。 在不同樣本群的房屋滿意度，構成自有屋主的滿意度因素，與全體樣 本的因素相差不遠。而在房屋為子女所有以及租屋者的樣本群，顯著影響 的變數則不太相同，這顯示了構成不同樣本群房屋滿意度的因素並不相 同。 關鍵字：房屋滿意度、所有權屬、Orderd Probit Model

Thèse diffusée initialement dans le cadre d'un projet pilote des Presses de l'Université de Montréal/Centre d'édition numérique UdeM (1997-2008) avec l'autorisation de l'auteur. / In spite of considerable research on Kenya’s fertility, questions remain. This dissertation examines three of these issues - the national and sub-national trend patterns in the country’s fertility and related proximate determinants, factors in the transitions to second and third conceptions, and the determinants of contraceptive use. Results, presented below, are based upon data which comprised five sample surveys conducted between 1977 and 2003 among women of reproductive age, as well as a community and health facility survey implemented in 1999. First, an exploratory analysis of trends in fertility and its proximate determinants shows that a pattern of later family formation and of a higher level of fertility control is associated with the more modernized and developed regions (urban areas and rural Central Province). Secondly, using survival analysis, the relative hazards of transition to the second and third conceptions for the 12-year periods during which fertility fell rapidly (1977-1989) and the pace of decline reduced (1991-2003) are compared. Among the findings, although child survival has significant effects during both periods, its influence is more pronounced during the recent period. Thirdly, multivariate analysis of the determinants of contraceptive use shows that motivation for fertility control is significant, while access to family planning services is not. That proximity to family planning services might nevertheless be important is shown by the significance of exposure to family planning messages, many of which are often communicated from the health facilities. This dissertation makes contributions in three areas. One, it confirms the dichotomy in the pattern of fertility change and its proximate determinants in the country, not so much along the usual rural-urban separation, but rather between urban areas and rural Central versus the rest of rural Kenya. Two, it shows that the decreased pace of the fertility transition in Kenya, including constant fertility over 1998-2003, might be associated with the rise in infant and child mortality since the 1990s. Three, it shows the significance of education, motivation for fertility control, and exposure to media messages about family planning in contraceptive use, thereby pointing out where policy and program effort should be directed in order to sustain the fertility transition. / Malgré de nombreuses études consacrées à la problématique de la transition de fécondité au Kenya, des questions subsistent. Cette thèse traite de trois d’entre elles : les tendances de la fécondité et ses déterminants proches, les facteurs liés au passage à la deuxième et à la troisième grossesse, et les déterminants de l’utilisation de la contraception. Les données proviennent de cinq enquêtes menées dans ce pays entre 1977 et 2003, auprès de femmes d’âge reproductif, ainsi que d’une étude, conduite en 1999, au niveau communautaire et de centres de santé. Les résultats montrent d’abord une tendance au mariage tardif et à un niveau plus élevé de contrôle de la fécondité dans les régions les plus modernisées et les plus développées (les villes et les zones rurales de la région de la Province Central). Deuxièmement, dans la comparaison des 12 années durant lesquelles la fécondité, mesurée par l’indice de fécondité, s’est réduite (1977- 1989) et celles où le pas de sa baisse a ralenti (1991-2003), on note une augmentation des effets relatifs de la mortalité infantile pendant la deuxième période. Troisièmement, la régression multi variée utilisée pour l’analyse des déterminants proches de l’utilisation de la contraception fait ressortir le rôle important de la motivation pour le contrôle de la fécondité. Bien que l’accès aux services de planification familiale ne constitue pas un facteur significatif en soi, il pourrait jouer néanmoins un rôle dans la mesure où les résultats montrent que l’exposition aux messages de planification familiale (généralement offerts dans les centres de santé) a un effet significatif. La contribution de cette thèse s’articule autour de trois aspects. Premièrement, elle montre une opposition dans les changements de la fécondité et de ses déterminants entre 1977 et 2003, non pas entre les zones urbaines et rurales comme d’habitude, mais plutôt entre zones urbaines et partie rurale de la Province Central d’une part et le reste du Kenya d’autre part. Deuxièmement, le ralentissement de la baisse de la fécondité, y compris le niveau stable observé entre 1998 et 2003, est probablement lié à la hausse, depuis les années quatre-vingt dix, de la mortalité infantile. Troisièmement, cette thèse confirme le rôle significatif de la scolarisation, de la motivation pour le contrôle des naissances, et de l’effet positif des messages sur l’usage des méthodes de planification familiale, montrant ainsi les domaines dans lesquels doivent intervenir les politiques et programmes afin de maintenir la transition de fécondité.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur fysisk aktivitet påverkar lycka. Studien baseras på tvärsnittsdata för år 2014 och omfattar 19 Europeiska länder. Data kommer från The European Social Survey och den beroende variabeln är individens självuppskattade lycka. Modellen utgår från Grossman-modellen där fysisk aktivitet ses som en insatsfaktor i produktionen av hälsa och hälsa i sin tur är en del av nyttofunktionen. Modellen estimeras i tre versioner med både ordnad probit och minsta kvadrat-metoden. En version estimeras med en interaktionsterm för att analysera hur fysisk aktivitet och hälsa samvarierar och påverkar lycka. Resultaten visar att fysisk aktivitet har en positiv effekt på lycka. Fysisk aktivitet har både en direkt och en indirekt effekt på lycka genom efterfrågan på hälsa. Interaktionstermen visar att fysisk aktivitet och hälsa samvarierar. Den positiva effekten av fysisk aktivitet är som störst för individer med dålig hälsostatus.

This thesis provides four contributions to the literature on the productivity- internationalization nexus by considering some recent developments in the literature. A well-established stylized fact is reported by this literature, which is that exporters are more productive and larger than non-exporters, and two hypotheses attempt to explain this finding. The first, often referred to as the self-selection hypothesis, suggests that more productive firms select themselves into export markets, while the learning-by-exporting hypothesis highlights the role of learning from exporting. In this thesis, first, the self-selection hypothesis is revisited, and it is shown that evidence against self-selection exists in some UK industries. Second, it is demon- strated that some UK firms experience rising marginal costs, although both tra- ditional and new trade theories assume constant marginal cost. It is then shown that the evidence against self-selection that we report can be best explained by the existence of increasing, rather than constant, marginal costs. Third, the learning by exporting hypothesis is tested empirically for UK firms. Highlighting the importance of the scale effect in total factor productivity growth, it is shown that any learning by exporting effects are predominantly attributable to a change in scale efficiency. Unlike Melitz (2003), some recent studies consider some other strategies to access foreign markets, such as foreign direct investment, and cross-border mergers. Finally, following this new branch of the literature, the productivity-internationalization nexus is examined by utilizing a two-country oligopolistic model. It is shown that more productive firm might prefer greenfield investment over cross-border merger, which contradicts the findings provided by the relevant literature.

O trabalho infantil é hoje bastante discutido nas agendas de governo do mundo inteiro. Desde que as primeiras discussões e debates acerca do tema começaram, obteve-se um grande avanço a partir da ratificação da convenção nº. 182 da OIT, que versa sobre as piores formas de trabalho infantil. Cerca de 87% dos Estados membros já ratificaram a Convenção n.º 182, incluindo o Brasil. Em 2010, firmou-se um compromisso, no âmbito da OIT, que estabelece como prioridade a eliminação das piores formas de trabalho infantil até 2016. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é identificar os determinantes da redução do trabalho infantil no Brasil, especificamente entre os anos 2000 e 2010, tendo como foco o trabalho nas atividades enquadradas na categoria \"piores formas de trabalho infantil\". Buscou-se identificar as características atuais deste tipo de trabalho no que se refere à: características da própria criança, isto é, gênero, cor e idade; características regionais de onde a criança trabalhadora está inserida, abrangendo as cinco grande regiões do Brasil, e características locais, em termos de zona rural e urbana e zona metropolitana e não-metropolitana, entre outras. Dentre os modelos econométricos disponíveis na literatura, optou-se por utilizar o modelo probit. Como variável dependente definiu-se trabalho perigoso. Esta variável assume valor 1 se a criança ou adolescente realiza algum trabalho perigoso e 0 se realiza algum outro tipo de trabalho. Fez-se também uma ampla análise descritiva do trabalho infantil ao longo da década de 2000, inclusive das piores formas de trabalho infantil. Utilizou-se os dados do Censo Demográfico 2000 e do Censo Demográfico 2010. Foram analisadas crianças nas faixas etárias de 10 a 15 anos e adolescentes ou jovens na faixa etária de 16 a 17 anos. A década de 2000 foi de mudanças para o mercado de trabalho infantil. Neste período o trabalho infantil diminui substancialmente, em todas as regiões, porém em algumas mais que em outras. As regiões Norte e Nordeste foram as que apresentaram maiores reduções relativas em casos de trabalho infantil. As regiões Sul e Centro-Oeste são as que proporcionalmente concentram mais casos de trabalho infantil. Um fato importante ocorrido ao longo da década foi que o trabalho infantil passou a ser proporcionalmente maior em zonas urbanas do que em zonas rurais, e neste movimento, os casos de trabalho infantil tenderam a se concentrar mais em regiões metropolitanas. Em geral, os casos de piores formas de trabalho infantil diminuíram ao longo da década. a face da crianças ou jovem que exerce alguma das piores formas de trabalho infantil é negra, feminina e mais próxima dos 16 ou 17 anos de idade. / Child labor is now discussed in government agendas around the world. Since the first discussions and debates on the subject began, great advance has been achieved with the ratification of Convention 182, related to the worst forms of child labor. About 87% of the country members have ratified the Convention 182, including Brazil. In 2010, a commitment was firmed in order to prioritize the elimination of the worst forms of child labor by 2016. The overall aim of this research is to identify the determinants of the reduction of child labor in Brazil, specifically between 2000 and 2010, focusing on the work activities included in the category \" worst forms of child labor \". Efforts were made to identify the current characteristics of child labor in relation to: the child\'s own characteristics, i.e., gender, race and age; regional characteristics where the working children live, covering the five major regions of Brazil, and local characteristics such as rural and urban areas and metropolitan and non- metropolitan areas. Among the econometric models available in the literature, the probit model was chosen. The dependent variable was defined as harzadous work. This variable assumes value 1 if the child works in some dangerous activity and 0 if a child works in some other activity. Furthermore, an extensive descriptive analysis of child labor throughout the 2000s was carried out, including an analysis of the worst forms of child labor. The data used in this work was extracted from the Brazilian Population Census for the years 2000 and 2010. Children were divided in two different age groups, one for those aged 10 to 15 and the other for those aged 16-17. The last decade experienced changes in the child labor market. During this period, child labor decreased substantially in all regions, but more intensively so in some regions. The North and Northeast regions showed the largest relative reductions in cases of child labor. The South and Midwest regions registered proportionately more cases of child labor. An important fact occurred during the decade was that child labor became proportionally greater in urban in comparison with rural areas, and within this movement, child labor cases tended to focus more on metropolitan areas. In general, the worst forms of child labor declined over the decade as well. The face of the child or young person who exercises some of the worst forms of child labor is black , female and closer to 16 or 17 years old.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-07-08T13:07:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiane da Silva.pdf: 656041 bytes, checksum: f54e215a353bd1fe33af95ef1363e3ca (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-08T13:07:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiane da Silva.pdf: 656041 bytes, checksum: f54e215a353bd1fe33af95ef1363e3ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-26 / CNPQ – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Este estudo utiliza de métodos econométricos para analisar o crime pela ótica da vítima e busca encontrar quais as características pessoais e municipais tornam mais propensas à atração do criminoso no Brasil. A partir de dados disponibilizados pela Pesquisa Nacional de Amostra por Domicílios de 2008 e de 2009, se estima modelos Probit para encontrar os determinantes da vitimização, e da propensão a registrar a ocorrência de três tipos de crime: furto, roubo e agressão física. Os resultados observados apontaram que o perfil do criminoso possui características contrárias ao perfil da vítima, ou seja, o indivíduo criminoso em geral possui baixa escolaridade enquanto o vitimado possui alta escolaridade. Os resultados encontrados mostram que o sexo e o estado civil dos indivíduos são características determinantes para a vitimização por estes crimes. O trabalho conclui que homens solteiros estão mais expostos a violência, o que corrobora com as teorias do estilo de vida e das atividades rotineiras na explicação da vitimização criminal. O trabalho ainda estuda o papel de outros fatores na explicação da violência no Brasil, tais como, rendimentos, idade e escolaridade e as condições macroeconômicas. / This study makes use of econometric methods to analyze crime from the perspective of the victim and seeks to find which personal and local characteristics trigger the attention of criminals in Brazil. From data provided by the National Research of Sample per Household of 2008 and 2009, Probit models are estimated to identify the reasons for victimization, and the likelihood to make a complaint of three types of crime: theft, robbery, and physical assault. Results show that the profile of the perpetrator features characteristics opposed to the profile of the victim, that is, the criminal generally has low education while the victim has high education. The findings also point that gender and marital status of individuals are crucial to victimization characteristics for such crimes. The study concludes that single men are more exposed to violence, which corroborates theories of lifestyle and routine activities in the explanation of criminal victimization. Besides that, the research takes into account the role of other factors in explaining violence in Brazil, such as, income, age and education, as well as macroeconomic conditions.