abstract: Research on Tyler’s process-based model has found strong empirical support. The premise of this model is that legitimacy and legal cynicism mediate the relationship between procedural justice and compliance behaviors. Procedural justice and legitimacy in particular have been linked to compliance and cooperation and a small, but growing body of literature has examined how these factors relate to criminal offending. There remains a number of unanswered questions surrounding the developmental processes and underlying mechanisms of procedural justice and legal socialization. The purpose of this study is twofold. First, this study will build upon recent trends in the literature to examine what factors influence changes in perceptions of procedural justice and legal socialization attitudes over time. In order to do so, the effects of a number of time-stable and time-varying covariates will be assessed. Second, this study will evaluate the effects of four possible mediating measures—legitimacy, legal cynicism, anger, and prosocial motivation—underlying the relationship between procedural justice and criminal offending. This section of the study will use a multilevel mediation method to assess whether mediation occurs between or within the individual. Data from the Pathways to Desistance Study—a longitudinal study of 1,354 adolescents adjudicated of a serious offense followed-up for seven years—are used to address this research agenda. Results from this study offer three general conclusions. First, results show that perceptions of procedural justice are malleable, that is, they can change over time and are influenced by a number of factors. Legal socialization beliefs, however, demonstrate only marginal change over time, suggesting these beliefs to be more stable. Second, analyses indicate differing pathways and effects for direct and vicarious experiences of procedural justice. Finally, the multilevel mediation analyses reveal that within-individual changes in direct experiences of procedural justice remains a robust predictor of offending, regardless of the presence of mediating variables. Legitimacy was found to have the strongest mediation effect on between-individual differences in direct procedural justice, whereas anger partially mediated the effects of between-individual differences in vicarious procedural justice. This study concludes with a discussion of policy implications and avenues for future research. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Criminology and Criminal Justice 2016

Magister Commercii (Industrial Psychology) - MCom(IPS) / There have been good arguments made for the development of aggressive affirmative action policies with the end goal of quickly moving black South Africans into corporate and high ranks within management of organisations. One of the central arguments in favour of aggressive AA policies is the risk of racial polarization post-apartheid should a quick fix not be initiated. It makes good business and economic sense for AA policies to be implemented as black consumers coupled with black managers will have the eventual end point of lower unemployment and crime, through job creation and security of the representative majority. / South Africa

Syftet med undersökningen var att få en bredare kunskap och förståelse för hur polisen uppfattar att de bemöter människor i sitt arbete, och hur detta bemötande kan stärka polisens legitimitet och vara en del av det brottsförebyggande arbetet, samt om poliserna upplever det möjligt att arbeta brottspreventivt genom bemötande i alla situationer. Vi utgick från teorin om procedurrättvisa och vi använde oss av en kvalitativ undersökningsmetod genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Vårt urval bestod av poliser som arbetade eller har arbetat som områdespoliser eller i polisens ingripandeverksamhet. Det viktigaste resultatet i vår undersökning är att det finns en stor medvetenhet och förståelse hos alla poliser som deltagit i studien, för hur bemötande kan påverka det brottsförebyggande arbetet på ett positivt eller negativt sätt. Det andra viktiga resultatet visar att polisen upplever att det kan finnas situationer eller faktorer som gör att det är svårare eller inte alltid möjligt, att arbeta brottspreventivt genom sitt bemötande. / The purpose of our study was to gain a broader knowledge and understanding about how the police perceive their treatment when interacting with citizens in their work. How this treatment can strengthen the legitimacy of the police and be a part of the crime prevention work. If the police feel it is possible to work crime preventing through treatment in all situations. We started from the theory of procedural justice and we chose to use a qualitative survey method. Our selection consisted of police officers who worked or had worked as community police officers or with intervention. We collected empirical data through semi-structured interviews. The most important results in our study showed that there was a great awareness and understanding among the police who participated. Understanding and awareness about how treatment can affect crime prevention work in a positive or negative way. The other important result in the study showed that the police experience situations or factors that doesn’t make crime prevention possible through their treatment.

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This paper presents a quantitative study of trust in the Swedish judiciary among minority and majority ethnic groups in Sweden. Using data from European Social Survey, with 1539 Swedish respondents,the aim of the study is to examine how factors such as belonging to a minority ethnic group,discrimination and gender affects the trust in the legal system and the police. Other variables included are age, social trust, and level of education. Previous research suggests that minority ethnic groups have lower levels of trust in the police and legal system, and that discrimination directly affects the level oftrust negatively. By examining these factors using multivariate regression analysis, this thesis seeks toexplain how these mechanisms together have the effect on the correlation between ethnicity and trustin the judiciary. The theoretical framework of the study is mainly the procedural justice model. Furthermore, an intersectional analysis is uses to examine the effect of gender and ethnicity combined.The results of the study suggest that there is no correlation between belonging to a minority ethnic groupand trust in the judiciary. However, being subjected to ethnic discrimination has shown to be the factor that affects the trust the most, even when the other variables are controlled for. It has also been shown that gender has an impact on the effect of ethnicity on trust in the judiciary where women of ethnic minorities tend to have lower levels of trust than men of ethnic minorities do. In addition to that, nosignificant results regarding the effect of gender discrimination and trust were found. Finally, this studyconcludes that ethnic discrimination affects the trust negatively, regardless of the other variables. Recommendations for future studies of discrimination and intersectionality are discussed.

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京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第25026号 / 地環博第248号 / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎環境マネジメント専攻 / (主査)教授 宇佐美 誠, 准教授 TRENCHER Gregory, 教授 竹内 憲司 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

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