In the highly competitive aerospace industry, engine manufacturers must react very quickly and precisely to any demand emerging from aircraft manufacturers if they want to be positioned on the offer. This is especially true when answering to Requests For Information (RFI) based on preliminary design investigations of first level. In order to reduce the time needed to perform these costly operations while improving the performances achieved, Snecma wishes to develop tools for dimensioning the engine and also for assessing key parameters such as mass, emissions, fuel burn, costs, etc. Unfortunately, the set of tools and the process used at the present time for preliminary design investigations of first level are not sufficient to meet the high standards sought-after by the company in terms of time and performances. As a consequence, efforts must be spent on redefining the whole process and the tools it is based on; here is the mission that has been conferred upon me.   Multiple exchanges with performances engineers and specialists allowed to draw the current process for preliminary design investigations of first level and raise all the associated concerns. At the same time, a status of the existing tools (called modules in this report), mainly developed under Excel, has been realised in order to identify the range of action for today's investigations. A prototype has been developed under SDK Python with the aim of proving the feasibility of a solution to a difficulty that shows up in the process for each new investigation: the one of generating the workflow on the optimisation software Optimus. A target process has finally been discussed considering all the information collected, and would allow dividing by five the time needed to perform investigations compare to now. The prototype developed lead to interesting results and this solution could thus probably be integrated in the target process as it would allow saving one day of work for an engineer for each study to be carried out.   Solutions have been proposed to all the concerns identified in the process and they will have to be discussed with many actors and investigated further in the near future in order to set the target process that will allow meeting the final objective of answering all types of RFIs emitted by aircraft manufacturer in a very short time with a high level of confidence in the results.

Titel: “Ska vi arbeta hårdast eller smartast?” – En kvalitativ studie med fokus på IT-företag i Växjö och deras arbete med processinnovationer.  Bakgrund: Företag arbetar dagligen i processer. Det blir väsentligt för företag att utveckla sina processer för att säkerställa att de bedriver sitt arbete på det mest effektiva arbetssättet - med fokus på att arbeta smartare snarare än hårdare. Processinnovationer innebär att vara innovativ med fokus på att förändra sina befintliga processer och dess arbetssätt för att säkerställa effektiva processer. Resultatet av processinnovationer kan exempelvis innebära minskade kostnader, tidsbesparing och ökat kundvärde. IT-branschen har visat sig vara den mest innovationsaktiva bransch i Sverige där processinnovationer var den mest förekommande.  Syfte och problemformulering: Syftet med studien är att skapa förståelse kring hur IT- företag i Växjö arbetar med processinnovationer. Studiens två problemformuleringar är: 1. Hur bedrivs processinnovationer på IT-företag i Växjö? 2. Vilka likheter respektive skillnader går att identifiera i processinnovationerna på IT-företag i Växjö?  Teori: Den teoretiska referensramen bygger på processinnovation med stöd av genomgång av innovation och processer. Dessutom görs en djupare redogörelse för centrala och essentiella delar inom arbetet med processinnovationer: öppenhet, samarbete, processkartläggning och IT-system vid processinnovationer.  Metod: Studien bygger på en fallstudiedesign med tre fall (tre IT-företag i Växjö). Den empiriska insamlingen bestod av totalt elva semistrukturerade intervjuer med representanter fördelat mellan studiens tre företag. Urvalet av respondenter gjordes via ett målstyrt urval och snöbollsurval för att säkerställa medverkande respondenter som hade inblick i företagens arbete med processinnovationer.  Slutsats: Resultatet av studien visar att samtliga företag arbetar tydligt och strukturerat med processinnovation. Vi har kunnat skapa en god förståelse samt kunskap om arbetssättet kring processinnovationer på IT-företag i Växjö. Studien har även identifierat likheter och skillnader kring företagens arbetssätt vid processinnovationer.

Mapping is an enabler for further actions. With the map of an area available, it is possible to plan ahead. Maps of landmasses and heavily used deep waters have been produced and are in use but many shallow waters have been largely unmapped. This thesis proposes and examines two methods of control to produce depth maps of shallow waters using multiple autonomous surface vehicles. Assumptions about the environment are kept to a minimum and agents are expected to explore and map inside a given polygonal boundary. Gaussian process regression is used to guide the agents to areas with large uncertainty. A group of autonomous surface vehicles are used for experimental evaluation. Existing works in this area are compared with the method proposed in this thesis to evaluate map quality and time needed to create the map. Results show that one of the proposed methods is best suited for fast and raw map generation while the other strikes a good balance between accuracy and speed. / Att ha tillgång till en karta över ett område är en förutsättning för många olika aktiviteter, och därför har det skapats allt mer exakta kartor över de flesta landområden. För hav och sjöar har man skapat mer ungefärliga djupkartor för att undvika grundstötningar för sjöfart. Grundare områden har däremot ofta undvikits av stora djupmätningsfartyg, och är därför i hög grad okarterade.I denna rapport föreslås och analyseras en metod för att kartera djupet i grunda områden med hjälp av en grupp autonoma ytfarkoster. Givet en polygon inom vilken man vill ha botten karterad skall gruppen autonomt söka av området med få ytterligare antaganden. Gaussiska processer används för att styra farkosterna mot områden med stora mätosäkerheter, och algoritmen utvärderas i riktiga experiment.Resultaten jämförs med befintliga metoders prestanda, med avseende på kartkvalitet och tid för kartering. Resultaten visar att en av de föreslagna metoderna är snabb men mindre noggrann, medan den andra ger en bättre avvägning mellan kvalitet och uppdragstid.

Digitalization is a topic that affects most of the industries as well as the society overalltoday. Within this topic, the use of mobile technology devices, such as smartphones,allows organizations to perform tasks in an anytime-anywhere situation – usually calledenterprise mobility. The Swedish Police Authority see the potential of this technologyshift that is happening and are currently focusing on developing tools to support thedaily operations. The debriefing process for the intervention police is an area wheredigitalization and mobility could improve the efficiency. However, it is today unknownwhat technical solution could support the operations, what features it should include,and how it should look.The purpose of this study was to investigate how mobility can support the debriefingprocess in forms of efficiency for the polices in field from an exploratory point of view.An inductive research approach was chosen together with a case study researchmethod. Semi-structured and unstructured interviews were held with 35 participantsfrom different parts of the organization to get both a breadth and depth of knowledge.The delimitation was made to study the Swedish Police Authority and more in detail theintervention police. The current debriefing process was observed and mapped in thefirst part of this study, followed by part two which included a technical specification andprototyping of a mobile debriefing tool based on interviews and observations. Thefindings from part one and part two resulted in a proposed specification of a mobiledebriefing tool for what it should include and how it should look.The study shows that the proposition of a debriefing tool can increase the efficiency forthe Swedish Police Authority by reducing the duplication of work, increase the usabilityfor the users, reduce the risk for human errors, and reduce the dependency ofstationary workplaces for debriefing. The debriefing tool includes quality assurance ofthe information gathered through a structured working process at the same time. Thefactors mentioned above can also be linked to reduced time spent on the tasks whileretain or even increase the quality of the results – which in this case is the debriefingreport.

In the context of digital transformation in the cultural and heritage sector, many museums are undergoing digital- ization. This qualitative study explores the digitalization status in the selected cases, underpins the decisions behind their digitalization practices, and identifies the factors that affect the decisions. The Swedish National Museum, Hallwhyska Museum, and Gävle Museum are selected as the bounded cases for this study. Applying the Digital Curation Lifecycle Model, this study conceptualizes the process mapping for digitalization projects; employing the attribution theory, this study identifies the internal and external factors affecting digitalization decisions.  As a multiple case study with a qualitative perspective, the data is collected through multiple sources, includ- ing interview data and web content retrieved from the selected museum’s websites. Following the research tradi- tion of organizational attribution, this study first collects and examines the digitalization practices of the selected museums; with the assistance of the lifecycle model, the practices are dismantled into a list of actions to concep- tualize the process mapping for digitalization projects and to identify the critical decisions at each stage; and then based on the interview data and the empirical evidence, this study identifies the factors affecting the decisions with the theoretical support of organizational attribution theory.  This study’s outcome brings insights into the institutional aspect of performing digitalization activities, thus contributing empirical evidence to future research in this field. The findings of this study indicate that the attribu- tion of museums’ digitalization decisions is complicated and can be affected by multiple factors and can be mul- tiple attributed. By reflecting on the process mapping and attribution process, this study tries to underscore the importance of contextuality and underpin the emerging trend in museums’ digitalization practices.

Syfte - Syftet med detta examensarbete är att studera hur idag två helt skilda verksamheter; SAAB Training & Simulation och SAAB Avionics Systems, arbetar med spedition- och ankomstprocesser. Detta för att undersöka bakgrunden till vad som utformat processerna och för att säkerställa att dessa tillfredsställs då de tillsammans ska bedriva godsmottagning från och med 2017. I studien ingår även att ge förslag på hur godsmottagningen organisatoriskt ska bedrivas vid en integrerad struktur. Metod - En jämförelse av de båda företagens sätt att arbeta utförs genom en flödeskartläggning på vardera företag utifrån principerna för en fallstudie. För att möjliggöra kartläggningen och för att samla fakta har intervjuer genomförts löpande under studiens gång. En litteraturstudie har även genomförts för att kunna koppla verkligheten mot aktuella teorier och ge välgrundade förslag. Resultat - Studien mynnar ut i två processkartor. En för hur SAAB organisatoriskt ska bedriva godsmottagning direkt efter att SAAB Avionics flyttat sin verksamhet och en för hur godsmottagningen organisatoriskt ska bedrivas inom en femårsperiod. Till de båda processkartorna följer rekommendationer och konkreta åtgärdsförslag för hur detta ska gå till och vad som bör beaktas vid utformning av spedition- och ankomstprocesser mellan två företag. Implikationer - Eftersom resultatet är fördelat på två tidsperioder kan de förslag och resultat som avser den första tidsperioden betraktas som applicerbara, dessa resultat har fokuserats till att skapa ett funktionellt flöde. Medans de förslag och resultat som avser den andra tidsperioden kan ses som en förstudie för fortsatt forskning eller vidare fördjupning ifrån företagens sida. Begränsningar - Då en fullständig analys av hur den gemensamma godsmottagningen ska bedrivas är för omfattande, är denna studie begränsad till hur detta organisatoriskt ska bedrivas. Nyckelord - Godsmottagning, verksamhetsflytt, processkartläggning, spedition- och ankomst, kundkrav. / Purpose - The purpose of this thesis is to study how two separate operations; SAAB Training & Simulation and SAAB Avionics Systems, are managing forwarding and arrival processes. This in order to investigate the background of what have framed the processes and thereby enable them to corporate on a common goods reception starting 2017. Further, this study includes organizational suggestions on how the integrated goods reception should be managed. Method - A comparison between the two companies were made by conducting a process map on each of the operations. This approach was conducted in accordance with the principles of a case study. By continuously collecting data throughout in-depth interviews, a clear connection to the purpose was ensured. Further, a literature review was conducted in order to connect reality to current theories, and thereby present legitimate suggestions. Findings - This study propose two process maps. The first one focus on how SAAB should manage their goods reception from an organizational perspective, immediately after SAAB Avionics move their operations. Contrary to the first, the second process map aims to present a solution during a five year-period of time. Both maps include recommendations and concrete suggestions on how this should be done, as well as what companies should take into account when designing forwarding and arrival processes in general. Implications - Because of how the result is distributed between two time periods, the first time frame could only be regarded as applicable, as these are the results that have been used to create a functioning flow. The implications and results regarding the second time frame could thereby be seen as a pre-study, or suggestions for future research on the basis of the company’s own incentives. Delimitations - Due to the exhaustive character of conducting a full analysis of the common goods reception, this study is delimited to how this process should be managed from an organizational perspective. Key terms - Goods reception, moving of an operation, process mapping, forwarding and arrival processes, customer requirements.

Course: Degree project in Logistics, the Business Administration and Economics Programme, 4FE19E, VT16 Authors: Marcus Lundgren and Tobias Nilsson Supervisor: Peter Berling Examiner: Helena Forslund Title: Product Costing in Small Craft Companies – A Case Study at Gemla Fabrikers AB Background: Today a competitive price is no guarantee to keep a company profitable. Cost control has become more central and especially cost control considering work put in to the product and tradeoffs connected to the product in question has become central to secure the company’s competitiveness. A useful tool to secure the competitiveness is product costing when making profit analysis, setting price levels as well as other decision making. The challenge is to find a product costing method which fits right and distribute the direct and indirect costs in a fair manner. Purpose: The purpose of this study is by constructing a flowchart over the production process adapt a model for product costing that supports pricing and decision making of the product assortment at Gemla Fabrikers AB, and theoretically raise the discussion of the adapted models suitability in a context of small time manufacturers that is characterized by an artisan production. Method: The study is conducted as a case study at Gemla Fabrikers AB and uses a research strategy containing both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Collected data is mainly obtained via unstructured interviews, direct observations and time studies. A process mapping was made as a start to serve as a foundation for other parts of the study. A product costing method was later adapted to fit the parameters and way of working in a company with high levels of craftsmanship. Conclusions: After mapping the process of the company it was clear that the production was characterized by a time-consuming manufacturing process with a large number of activities. This resulted in an adapted product costing method, which origins from the activity based costing model, in order to distribute the costs in a more correct way based v on the actual time consumption. The adapted model is designed with a distinct activity based distribution on product level where every activity cost is established at a given volume of production, resulting in guidance and basis for cost control and when setting prices. Based on the company in the case study the conclusion was made that this way of working with product costing can be used in other companies with similar production and high level of craftsmanship, merging support activities together and focus on the value adding activities. The cost allocation is made using cause and effect based on the actual time put into the activities where a smaller number of time related cost drivers are used. The model is therefore to consider suitable for increased cost control as well as serving as a foundation for product pricing and decision making. / Kurs: Examensarbete i logistik för Civilekonomprogrammet, 4FE19E, VT16 Författare: Marcus Lundgren och Tobias Nilsson Handledare: Peter Berling Examinator: Helena Forslund Titel: Produktkalkylering i mindre hantverksföretag – En fallstudie på Gemla Fabrikers AB Bakgrund: Ett konkurrenskraftigt pris är i dagsläget inte tillräckligt då även en noggrann kostnadskontroll som tar hänsyn till arbetskraftsinsatsen och produktrelaterade avvägningar krävs för att säkerställa konkurrensförmågan. Ett användbart verktyg för detta är upprättandet av produktkalkyler som grund för lönsamhetsanalyser, prissättningsstrategi och beslutsunderlag. Svårigheten ligger dock i att finna rätt kalkyleringsmetod gällande detaljeringsnivån som fördelar en verksamhets direkta och indirekta kostnader på ett rättvisande sätt. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att genom en kartläggning av tillverkningsprocessen anpassa en produktkalkyl för prissättning och beslutsfattande av produktsortimentet på Gemla Fabrikers AB, samt teoretiskt lyfta diskussionen om anpassad modells lämplighet i en kontext för mindre tillverkande företag som karaktäriseras av en hantverksmässig produktion. Metod: Studien utförs enligt en fallstudie på Gemla Fabrikers AB med en flerfaldig forskningsstrategi av kvalitativ art med kvantitativa inslag. Datainsamlingen bygger främst på ostrukturerade intervjuer, direkta observationer och tidsstudier. En processkartläggning genomfördes till en början för att utgöra ett underlag för resterande delar. Vidare anpassades en produktkalkyl utifrån företaget och tillverkningens karaktär vilket slutligen utgjorde ett underlag för modellens lämplighet i en hantverksmässig tillverkningskontext. Slutsatser: Efter genomförd kartläggning av tillverkningsprocessen på fallföretaget framgick det att tillverkningen karaktäriseras av en tidskrävande process med ett stort antal ingående aktiviteter. Detta resulterade i att anpassad produktkalkyl utformades enligt en ABC-modell då slutsatsen blev att fördelningen av kostnaderna skulle göras iii mer rättvisande om dessa fördelades till respektive aktivitet baserat på det faktiska tidsutnyttjandet. Anpassad modell utformades genom en tydlig aktivitetsfördelning utifrån produktnivå där varje aktivitets kostnad fastställs vid en given produktionsvolym vilket möjliggör underlag för en ökad kostnadskontroll, prissättningsstrategi och beslutsunderlag. Baserat på studerat fallföretag drogs slutsatsen att anpassad modell görs lämplig för andra företag i en liknande hantverksmässig kontext utifrån att i högre grad göra sammanslagningar av aktiviteter med ett större fokus på de värdeadderande aktiviteterna. Kostnadsfördelningen sker via ett orsak-verkan samband utifrån det faktiska tidsutnyttjandet där ett mindre antal tidsrelaterade kostnadsdrivare används. Modellen blir då lämplig för ökad kostnadskontroll samt underlag för prissättning och beslutsfattande.

The purpose of the thesis was to investigate how an enterprise pre-calculate correspond withthe measured post-calculate. This is important for the company as the product should not besold for a too low or at a too high price. The result of the study was focused on finding if thereare any driving factors and if there is any correlation between these factors which could havean affect on the process time. By finding these factors could lead to a better forecastedcalculation.The results of the study shows that the company has a good idea how long time it takes toproduce each product. However, the time study shows that the process time depends on witchoperator that manages the process. This can have an affect on the company’s product cost in anegative way and there will be variation in time for each process. Although there areprocesses which are overestimated or underestimated, this means that the predicted andmeasured results are consistent with some products. It is possible to reduce the variation inprocess time through standardization of process time as well as work methods for eachprocess.In the result chapter it is show two charts of the correlation between the width and rolling,which made the linear regression line. This regression line can be used to improve thecompany’s calculation. / Rapportens syfte var att undersöka hur ett företags förkalkyler överensstämmer med denuppmätta efterkalkylen. Det är av vikt för företag då produkterna inte ska säljas till för lågaeller för höga priser. Det ledde till att studien riktades in på att hitta om det fanns någradrivande faktorer, samt om det fanns något samband mellan faktorerna som skulle kunnapåverka processtiden vid varje operation. Genom att använda de tidsdrivande faktorerna kandet leda till ökad säkerhet vid upprättning av förkalkyler.Resultatet av studien visar att företaget som studien berör har en bra uppfattning av hur långtid varje produkt tar att producera. Dock visade tidsstudien att företagets processer skiljer sigtidsmässigt beroende på vilken operatör som använder maskinen. Det påverkar företagetssjälvkostnad på ett negativt sätt, då det blir variation i tidsåtgången för processer. Det finnsdock processer som både är överskattade och underskattade vilket leder till att resultatetöverensstämmer för några produkter vid jämförelse av för- och efterkalkylen. För att minskavariationer tidsmässigt i processerna, kan standardisering av processhastigheter ocharbetsmoment var ett sätt att minska skillnader i för- och efterkalkyler.I resultatet visas även två diagram över hur sambandet mellan tid och valsning respektivebredd vilket gav en linjär regressionslinje. Regressionslinjen kan sedan användas för attförbättra företagets förkalkyler.

The main problem with air freight handling at Arlanda is the transportation of freight on airside, that is from the freight terminal to loading process at the aircraft. To approach this problem, a mapping of the physical flow as well as information flow has been made to identify underlying reasons to this problem. This has been the purpose of the study.The mapping has also facilitated the possibilities to identify improvements in the air freight handling process. To give a recommendation of what these improvements could be was the objective of the study.The underlying reasons for the main problem were identified. These causes were space restrictions on the apron, traffic congestion, and lack of freight storage areas by the gates. This aggravates the possibility to prepare freight for each flight departure. The recommendations to Swedavia are long-term measures that should be further explored. These recommendations regard total cost analysis of using fridge containers, co-owned ground handling equipment, IT possibilities,and comparison to other airports.

O presente trabalho de pesquisa é uma proposta de modelo de mapeamento e gestão por macroprocessos. Também explora as ligações entre estratégia em operações, gestão por macroprocessos e cultura organizacional. Após revisão da literatura sobre esses temas, é proposto um modelo para o mapeamento dos processos organizacionais incluindo os orientados ao cliente, os de apoio e os de gestão do sistema. Ao modelo é agregada uma componente de cultura organizacional, propondo-se uma metáfora para incentivar os participantes ao trabalho em equipe. O modelo é testado contra dois relevantes referenciais de gestão, sendo o primeiro de “requisitos propostos pelas normas da família NBR ISO 9000" e o segundo de “estado da arte da gestão para a excelência do desempenho e o aumento da competitividade". O modelo é aplicado em sete organizações dos setores industrial, de serviços e governamental. O pesquisador participa diretamente dos trabalhos de implementação do modelo. Com base nos resultados obtidos, é explorado o relacionamento entre as estratégias em operações, a cultura organizacional e a gestão por macroprocessos. Conclui-se que a existência de uma estratégia definida favorece, mas não impõe a adoção da gestão por macroprocessos. Por outro lado, a adoção da gestão por macroprocessos induz ao estabelecimento de uma estratégia ou permite sua expansão, ao mesmo tempo em que reforça a cultura organizacional para a qualidade / This research proposes a model to process mapping and process management. It also investigates the relationship between three concepts: operations strategy, process management and organizational culture. After reviewing the literature about these three concepts, we propose a new model to represent organizational processes, including those of support, of system management, in addition to those which are client oriented. A cultural component is added to the model, and a metaphor is used in order to gather people to work in teams. The proposed model is then compared to two important management models: the first is the “requirements of ISO 9000 family", and the second is “the state of art in organizational performance management for increasing competitive goals". To test the model, we conducted a field research that encompassed seven companies belonging to manufacturing, services and governmental fields. The researcher participated directly in the implementation of the model. Based on the results, the relationship between the three previously mentioned concepts is explored. Our conclusions are that a formalized strategy is not obligatory, but benefits the implementation of process management. On the other hand, adoption of process management can provide more power to the strategies, as well as reinforce the organizational culture for quality.