Den psykiska ohälsan bland Sveriges befolkning har ökat och i takt med den även internetanvändandet. Den ständiga tillgången till internet har öppnat upp för människor att söka hjälp och publicera egna livsberättelser om sitt mående. På internetbaserade mötesplatser har det skapats en gemenskap och öppnats upp för informella stödgrupper, som vem som helst kan ta del av då behovet uppstår. Internet erbjuder snabba svar på användarnas frågor, och den som använder mötesplatserna kan vara anonym när den kommenterar. Detta har skapat en utmaning för dagens socialarbetare, då klienterna väljer det informella stödet på internet istället för det professionella. För att samla in material till denna studie har den svenska influencern Therese Lindgrens YouTube-kanal använts, där kommentarsfälten till två av hennes filmer använts som empiriskt case. Studiens resultat visar på en kravlös gemenskap vid den digitala mötesplatsen, där användarna själva styr innehållet. Mötesplatsen har visat sig användas som ett ställe dit användarna vänder sig för att ge och ta emot råd, stötta andra och berätta om egna erfarenheter av ångest. Genom att studien synliggör den mediala utvecklingen och de informella stödgrupperna som finns på internet, kan den bidra till en förståelse av den utmaning som socialarbetare står inför. Efter att genomförd studie redogjorts, ges förslag om hur socialarbetare kan anpassa sig till den utveckling som skett. Detta förslag grundar sig i ett samarbete mellan influencers och professionella. Syftet med studien är att ge en inblick i digitala forum och hur dessa nyttjas som informell support av dess användare.

As stated in the Children’s Act 38 of 2005, learners with behavioural programmes are accommodated in child and youth centres (former industrial schools), and require professional and specialised support. These learners generally display challenging, unacceptable and anti-social behaviour, which must be addressed and handled by teachers and professional support staff. A holistic perspective is needed to meet these learners’ needs and in order to support learners with behavioural problems in child and youth centres, educational services, as well as medical, psychological and other support services must be available. These specialised support services are crucial in the efforts to address the behavioural problems of the learners. The aim of the support to learners with behavioural problems in child and youth centres is to improve the learning ability of the learners with behavioural problems, as well as to change their behavioural patterns in order for them to embrace opportunities in which they will be able to re-enter society successfully and live as well-adapted and functional individuals. Child and youth centres need to make interest groups aware of the challenges with which teachers and professional support staff are confronted on a daily basis in their efforts to support learners with behavioural problems. The aim of this study is to determine what the experiences are of the teachers and professional support staff with regard to the support to learners with behavioural problems in a child and youth centre. To reach the goal of this study, one research question was formulated: “What are the experiences of teachers and professional support staff with regard to the support of learners with behavioural problems in a child and youth centre?” A purposive sample was used, namely the teachers and professional support staff in a child and youth centre in the Ekurhuleni District, were chosen to participate in the research study. The teachers’ group includes the principal, the head of the department and teachers, while the professional support staff included an educational psychologist, a nurse, a social worker and a child and youth worker. The researcher used semi-structured individual interviews which were recorded with the consent of the participants. The recordings were transcribed, interpreted and refined to codes, themes, categories and subcategories. Ethical procedures were followed and approval of the Faculty of Educational Sciences’ Ethics Committee at the North-West University was obtained. Since qualitative studies, which investigates and describes the daily experiences of the teachers and professional support staff in supporting learners with behavioural problems in child and youth centres, are limited, a phenomenological approach, which included an interpretivist paradigm was used to investigate and describe the phenomenon. Meaningful factual conclusions related to the study’s findings, were identified, namely: learners with behavioural problems are provocative and several factors influence the support to the learners negatively; teachers and professional support staff experience uncertainty with regard to their respective responsibilities in the child and youth centre; verbal and physical attacks by the learners on the teachers and professional support staff; and lastly, positive experiences with regard to the support to the learners in a child and youth centre are few and far between. Conceptual findings are enlightened and supported by means of the radical behaviouristic theory, the cognitive social theory, the bio-ecological theory and the social capital theory. In conclusion of the phenomenological qualitative interpretivist study, the researcher offers valuable suggestions with regard to the support to learners with behavioural problems in a child and youth centre. / MEd (Learner Support), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

As stated in the Children’s Act 38 of 2005, learners with behavioural programmes are accommodated in child and youth centres (former industrial schools), and require professional and specialised support. These learners generally display challenging, unacceptable and anti-social behaviour, which must be addressed and handled by teachers and professional support staff. A holistic perspective is needed to meet these learners’ needs and in order to support learners with behavioural problems in child and youth centres, educational services, as well as medical, psychological and other support services must be available. These specialised support services are crucial in the efforts to address the behavioural problems of the learners. The aim of the support to learners with behavioural problems in child and youth centres is to improve the learning ability of the learners with behavioural problems, as well as to change their behavioural patterns in order for them to embrace opportunities in which they will be able to re-enter society successfully and live as well-adapted and functional individuals. Child and youth centres need to make interest groups aware of the challenges with which teachers and professional support staff are confronted on a daily basis in their efforts to support learners with behavioural problems. The aim of this study is to determine what the experiences are of the teachers and professional support staff with regard to the support to learners with behavioural problems in a child and youth centre. To reach the goal of this study, one research question was formulated: “What are the experiences of teachers and professional support staff with regard to the support of learners with behavioural problems in a child and youth centre?” A purposive sample was used, namely the teachers and professional support staff in a child and youth centre in the Ekurhuleni District, were chosen to participate in the research study. The teachers’ group includes the principal, the head of the department and teachers, while the professional support staff included an educational psychologist, a nurse, a social worker and a child and youth worker. The researcher used semi-structured individual interviews which were recorded with the consent of the participants. The recordings were transcribed, interpreted and refined to codes, themes, categories and subcategories. Ethical procedures were followed and approval of the Faculty of Educational Sciences’ Ethics Committee at the North-West University was obtained. Since qualitative studies, which investigates and describes the daily experiences of the teachers and professional support staff in supporting learners with behavioural problems in child and youth centres, are limited, a phenomenological approach, which included an interpretivist paradigm was used to investigate and describe the phenomenon. Meaningful factual conclusions related to the study’s findings, were identified, namely: learners with behavioural problems are provocative and several factors influence the support to the learners negatively; teachers and professional support staff experience uncertainty with regard to their respective responsibilities in the child and youth centre; verbal and physical attacks by the learners on the teachers and professional support staff; and lastly, positive experiences with regard to the support to the learners in a child and youth centre are few and far between. Conceptual findings are enlightened and supported by means of the radical behaviouristic theory, the cognitive social theory, the bio-ecological theory and the social capital theory. In conclusion of the phenomenological qualitative interpretivist study, the researcher offers valuable suggestions with regard to the support to learners with behavioural problems in a child and youth centre. / MEd (Learner Support), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Bakgrund: Barnmorskor bör eftersträva en god vårdrelation för att överbrygga den sårbarhet och osäkerhet graviditeten skapar. Inskrivningsbesöken vid graviditet är omfattande, det är mycket information som ska hanteras, vilket försvårar möjligheten till en god vårdrelation. Syfte: Belysa hur barnmorskor vid mödrahälsovården genomför inskrivningsbesöken för att skapa en god vårdrelation. Metod: Datamaterial samlades in via intervjuer och analyserades genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats. Resultat: Barnmorskorna beskriver vikten av att skapa balans mellan graviditeten i fokus och de medicinska riktlinjerna i inskrivningsbesöken. Graviditeten är den centrala anledningen till besöken så fokus behöver ägnas åt att stärka den gravida/partnern i övergången till föräldrablivandet. Inskrivningsbesöken innebär hantering av medicinska uppgifter, vilka är centrala för vårdplaneringen men kan försvåra den gravidas/partnerns fokus på graviditeten. Den gravidas/partnerns möjlighet till delaktighet vid inskrivningsbesöken beskrivs som central. Avgörande för delaktighet är möjligheten till berättande, kroppsspråk, miljön och stöd av metoder för att främja besökens genomförande. För att främja samtalet används olika former av mallar och fraser samt strategier kring hur dokumentationen handhas. Konklusion: Barnmorskorna beskriver strategier och metoder som centrala för att främja den gravidas/partnerns delaktighet i inskrivningsbesöken. / Background: Midwives should strive for a secure care relationship to overcome the vulnerability of pregnancy. Booking interviews contains lot of information which makes it harder to accomplish a secure care relationship. Purpose: To illustrate how midwives at antenatal care conducts the booking interviews to create a secure care relationship. Method: The data was collected by interviews and analyzed by qualitative content analysis with inductive approach. Result: Midwives describe the importance to create balance between keeping the pregnancy in focus and the medical guidelines during the interviews. The pregnancy is the central reason for the interviews, thus the focus needs to be aimed strengthen the transition to parenthood. The booking interviews involve gathering medical information which is central for the care planning, but it can complicate the pregnant/partners focus on the pregnancy. It’s described as central that the pregnant/partner participates in the interviews. Crucial for participation is the possibility of narration, body language, the environment and support of methods to carrying through the visit. Various templates and phrases are used to help the conversation, and also various strategies how the documentation are handled. Conclusion: Midwives describe strategies and methods as central to promoting the pregnant/partners participation in the booking interviews.

Everyday life can be complex when next of kin of haemodialysis patients are preoccupied with taking care of the patient and his/her health, which implies the difficulties and requirements needed. The general aim of this thesis was to explore and describe everyday life among next of kin of haemodialysis patients with focus on the life situation, health, time and professional support. Two perspectives of the thesis was applied: a holistic perspective on the everyday life of next of haemodialysis patient and a social perspective with focus on human communication and understanding of next of kin’s experience of everyday life. A qualitative descriptive and explorative design, comprising a phenomenographic and content analysis was used in Studies I-IV. The data collected in the studies consisted of interviews with next of kin to haemodialysis patient and analysis of professional support for next of kin to chronic haemodialysis patients in nursing documentation from two hospitals in Sweden. The experience of time in everyday life among next of kin of haemodialysis patients demonstrated that time for them is minimised and life space contracted. Next of kin experienced ambivalence towards their own health, especially in cases of patients’ spouses When next of kin of haemodialysis patient’s became involved in the patients’ care, they experienced arduousness in relation to their own health as well as less uninterrupted time for themselves in everyday life, and their life situation was characterised by confinement and social isolation. They were aware of the prognosis of renal disease and the fact that haemodialysis is a life-sustaining treatment, which forced them to live for the moment. The everyday life among the next of kin changed when the family became involved in the care, which in turn lead to a changed life situation and restrictions in everyday life. Lack of knowledge in nursing documentation of professional support revealed necessity of the readiness of next of kin. It is therefore important to be familiar with this in the nursing process, especially when the patient and their next of kin need support and attention in everyday life. Original papers not included. / <p>Linköping University Medical Dissertation, 926, I. Ziegert K. &amp; Fridlund B. Conceptions of life situation among next of kin of haemodialysis patients. Journal of Nursing Management 2001; (9) 231-239. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2834.2001.00233.x, II. Ziegert K., Fridlund B. &amp; Lidell E. Health in everyday life among spouses of patients on haemodialysis; a content analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, Volume 20, Number 2, June 2006, pp. 223-228(6). DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-6712.2006.00400.x, III. Ziegert K., Fridlund B. &amp; Lidell E. Time in everyday life as experienced by next of kin of haemodialysis patients (Submitted for publication)., IV. Ziegert K., Fridlund B. &amp; Lidell E. Professional support for next of kin of patients receiving chronic haemodialysis treatment. A content analysis study of nursing documentation. Journal of Clinical Nursing, Volume 16, Number 2, February 2007, pp. 353-361(9). DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2006.01597.x,</p>

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD ( Language Education) / Ordinarily, Teacher Development at the level of Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) at Great Zimbabwe University (GZU) comes in two major phases spread over four years - the theoretical and the practical based phases. The theoretical phase comes in the form of courses based on pedagogical content and professional knowledge in the initial years at the university while the practical based phase comes in the form of school-based Teaching Practice (TP) for real and direct teaching experiences. The initial theoretical phase is often based on the liberal arts-like education to develop the whole teacher for adaptable life-long service. This is translated by a number of subject that can vary according the dictates of the focus of a particular national curriculum. TP on the other hand, provides student-teachers the opportunity to apply not only the knowledge acquired in the initial phase but also the schoolbased curriculum they are immersed in plus other contextual experiences they might have. If well-structured and blended, the two phases may ensure a smooth transition from a novice student teacher to an expert professional teacher for long-life practice.

Bakgrund:Barnmorskor som arbetar på barnmorskemottagning [BMM] upplever sig ha bristande kunskap om hur professionellt stöd kan erbjudas till kvinnor med förlossningsrädsla under graviditet. Det är viktigt att gravida kvinnor med förlossningsrädsla erhåller professionellt stöd. Syfte:Syftet med studien är att belysa barnmorskor på barnmorskemottagningens erfarenheter av att erbjuda professionellt stöd till kvinnor med förlossningsrädsla under graviditet. Metod: En kvalitativ intervjustudie med induktiv ansats valdes i denna studie för att få en bredare uppfattning av barnmorskor på BMM erfarenhet. Sju barnmorskor blev intervjuade på två olika BMM i sydvästra Sverige. Resultat: I resultatet framkom det två huvudkategorier "Kvinnans förlossningsrädsla i fokus" och "Barnmorskors behov av resurser och kunskap kring förlossningsrädsla". Det tillkom även två underkategorier "Barnmorskors erfarenheter om kvinnors bristande kunskap kring förlossningsrädsla" och "Vägleda till rätt hjälpinsats för den förlossningsrädda kvinnan". Barnmorskor erbjuder professionellt stöd utifrån sina erfarenheter när kvinnan uttrycker förlossningsrädsla. Detta genom att barnmorskorna är lyhörda vid utredning av orsaker till kvinnans förlossningsrädsla. Slutsats:Barnmorskor på BMM behöver kontinuerlig utbildning om förlossningsrädsla för att kunna erbjuda gravida kvinnor professionellt stöd. Verksamhetschefer på BMM ska erbjuda dessa barnmorskor rätt förutsättningar för att de ska kunna känna sig trygga med att erbjuda professionellt stöd till förlossningsrädda kvinnor. / Background: Midwives working at maternal care center experience insufficient knowledge about how professional support can be offered to pregnant women. It´s important that pregnant women with tocophobia receive professional care from midwives during the entire pregnancy. Purpose: The aim of the study is to highlight maternal care midwives’ experiences providing professional support for pregnant women who fear of giving birth. Method: A qualitative interview study with inductive approach was chosen for this study to gain broader view of the BMM midwives' experiences. Seven midwives were interviewed at two BMM in southwestern Sweden. Results: There were two main categories "Women's fear of childbirth tokophobia". There were two subcategories "Midwife's experiences about women's lack of knowledge about fear of childbirth" and "Guide pregnant women to correct care effort". Midwives offer professional support from their own experience when women express fear of birth. This through midwives being responsive when incuayaring causes to tokophobia women. in focus" and "Midwife's need for resources and knowledge about women`s Conclusion: BMM midwives need continuous education about fear of childbirth in order to offer women prophetic support. BMM occupational managers should offer midwives right prerequisites for midwives to feel safe by providing care to women suffering from tokophobia.

Cette étude porte sur les apprentissages professionnels en Master 2 professionnel, au sein du département de sciences de l’éducation à l’université de Toulouse II le Mirail. L’objectif est d’éclairer la construction d’une professionnalité émergente chez les étudiants pendant l’année de la formation et de caractériser le processus d’accompagnement du directeur de mémoire et du référent professionnel. Dans le contexte de formation professionnalisante, nous avons opté pour une méthodologie longitudinale, par le biais d’entretiens semi-directifs, permettant de suivre nos stagiaires sur l’année de formation. Ces entretiens mettent en lumière la construction d’une professionnalité émergente en interrogeant les éléments qui participent à cette construction. L’ensemble de nos résultats confirme que dans ce Master les étudiants-stagiaires ont vécu une expérience professionnelle très enrichissante pour leur développement professionnel, surtout lors de stage professionnel. Cette expérience permet d’entrer directement dans les pratiques du métier attendu dans le futur et d’ouvrir la porte sur le monde professionnel. La professionnalité émergente chez la plupart des étudiants- stagiaires de master 2 professionnel est observable à la fin de cette formation. Les dimensions identitaires, opératoires avec les compétences professionnelles et la dimension éthique sont présentes dans le processus de construction de cette professionnalité. En revanche, pour la plupart des étudiants-stagiaires leur professionnalité reste toujours à développer et à approfondir pendant toute la vie professionnelle. / This study concerns the professional learnings in professional Master 2 within the department of sciences of the education at the University of Toulouse II Mirail. The objective is to enlighten the construction of an emergent professionalism to the students during the year of the training and to characterize the process of support of the director of the memoire and the professional referent. In the context of a professional training, we opted for a longitudinal methodology, by means of semi-directive interviews, allowing to follow our trainees over the year of training. These interviews bring to light the construction of an emergent professionalism by questioning the elements which participate in this construction. All results confirm that in this Master’s degree the students-trainees lived a very enriching work experience for their professional development especially during professional internship. This experience allows to discover and practice directly in the work environment which is expected in the future and to open the door on the professional world. The emergent professionalism to most of the students trainees of 5th year of university (professional Master 2) preparing to work for a company is observable at the end of this training. The identical, operating dimensions with the professional skills and the ethical dimension are present in the process of construction of this professionalism. On the other hand, for most of the students-trainees their professionalism always remains to develop and to improve during all the professional life.

Sammanfattning Av: Frida Rönnbrink Föräldrar som har förlorat ett barn under perinatalperioden – en kvalitativ studie om föräldrars upplevelser av bemötande, stöd och hjälp Studien syftade till att utifrån sex föräldrars berättelser, nå en ökad förståelse om hur de upplever bemötandet, stödet och hjälpen då de förlorat ett barn under perinatalperioden. Studien hade följande frågeställningar: Hur upplever föräldrar, som har förlorat sina barn under perinatalperioden, det bemötande och det stöd och den hjälp de fått från professionella? Hur upplever de det sociala nätverkets bemötande och stöd? För att besvara frågorna utgick intervjun från tre teman, professionellt bemötande, professionellt stöd och hjälp samt det egna sociala nätverket. Studien gjordes med en fenomenologisk vetenskapsfilosofisk position. Resultatet analyserades manuellt och tolkades hermeneutiskt med hjälp av kristeori, systemteori samt Vaux teori om socialt stöd. Studiens resultat visade att de föräldrar som nyligen förlorat sitt barn var relativt nöjda med den professionella hjälpen. Däremot kunde man se klara brister i det egna sociala nätverkets stöd. Nyckelord: Föräldrars upplevelser, perinatal död, bemötande, professionellt stöd, nätverkets stöd. / Abstract By: Frida Rönnbrink Parents who have lost a child during the perinatal period - a qualitative study of parents' experiences of how they are treated, support and help The purpose of the study was to reach a better understanding of how six parents experience how they were treated, supported and helped when they lost a child during the perinatal period. This can then be used to customize the help offered them. The study had the following questions: How do parents who have lost a child during the perinatal period, experience how they are treated and the support and help they received from professionals? And, how do they experience the social network's treatment and support? In order to answer the questions, the interview was based on three themes, professional treatment, professional support and help and support from the network on their own. The study was conducted using a phenomenological philosophical position. The results were analyzed manually and were interpreted hermeneutic using crisis theory, systems theory and Vaux's theory of social support. The results showed that parents who recently lost their infant were relatively pleased with the professional help. However, you could see deficiencies in their own social network support. Keywords: Parents' experiences, perinatal death, treatment, professional support, network support.

Bakgrund: Amning är fördelaktigt för både mor och barn och en positiv amningsstart kan gynna fortsatt amning. De senaste decennierna har amningsfrekvensen i Sverige sjunkit. Amning är ingen medfödd förmåga utan en process som måste läras in av både mor och barn. Ett professionellt stöd av personal under vistelsen på BB kan ge en god förutsättning för fortsatt amning. Syfte: Att undersöka förstagångsmammors upplevelse av professionellt amningsstöd på BB. Metod: Datamaterialet samlades in genom frågeformulär med en öppen fråga och analyserades genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats. 16 kvinnor ingick i studien. Resultat: Kvinnorna beskrev vikten av att bli sedda som unika individer under amningsrådgivningen. Den information och det stöd de fick från personalen skulle vara individanpassat för att kvinnorna skulle känna sig sedda. Studiens resultat presenteras i två kategorier: Att bli sedd som en unik individ vid professionellt amningsstöd samt Hur det professionella stödet erbjuds har betydelse för amningsstarten. Dessa kategorier bildar tillsammans temat: Individanpassat professionellt amningsstöd leder till att förstagångsmammor upplever trygghet i amningssituationen. Konklusion: Förstagångsmammor som av personalen på BB får individanpassat professionellt amningsstöd upplever sig trygga i amningssituationen och i rollen som nyblivna mammor. / Background: Breastfeeding is beneficial for mother and child. A positive lactation start may benefit breastfeeding. In recent decades breastfeeding rates in Sweden have fallen. Breastfeeding is not an innate ability but a process that must be learned by both mother and child. Professional support from the staff during the stay at maternity ward can provide a prerequisite for continued breastfeeding. Aim: To investigate first-time mothers experience of professional breastfeeding support in maternity ward. Method: Data was collected through questionnaires with an open question and analyzed by qualitative content analysis with inductive approach. 16 women participated. Results: The women described the importance of being seen as unique individuals during breastfeeding. The information and support they received from staff would be individualized to make them feel confirmed. The results of the study are presented in two categories: Being seen as unique individual in professional breastfeeding support and how the professional support offered is important for breastfeeding. These categories together form the theme: Personalized professional breastfeeding support causes first-time mothers to experience safety in the breastfeeding situation. Conclusion: First-time mothers who from the staff at maternity ward receive individualized professional breastfeeding support feel safe when breastfeeding and in the role of new mothers.