This bachelor's thesis is based on a Minor Field Study (MFS) conducted in Rabat and Casablanca, Morocco, April and May 2015. The aim is to study Moroccan journalists' attitudes towards citizen journalism and its impact on the role of the journalist: 1) With what claims do they define citizen journalists and journalists respectively? and 2) In what ways do these claims relate to the impact citizen journalists can be expected to have on the role of the journalist and freedom of expression in Morocco? In the discussion, theories on discourse, professionalism, journalistic ideals, and development journalism are applied. Semi-structured interviews in French were conducted with five journalists working within five different print and online publications. The material was analyzed according to a model of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). The interviewed journalists give accounts of how they are "condemned to be connected" to the vox populi that citizen journalists constitute. There is a prevalence of professionalism discourse where verification and objectivity are described as what characterizes a journalist. But respondents also emphasize "teamwork", and that "all journalists are citizen journalists", and these themes are interpreted as characteristic of development journalism. Within professional discourse in a development journalism context, the reliability of citizen journalists is downplayed. At the same time, citizen journalists are described as freer than professional journalists. In conclusion, it is considered likely that development journalist discourse sets an obstacle to the liberalizing impact of citizen journalism.

This study addressed three research objectives related to non-Muslim nurses’ experiences providing health care to Muslim patients in Saudi Arabian hospitals. These objectives included: first, understanding what it is like to care for Muslim patients considering both religion and culture; secondly, exploring what it is like being cared for by non-Muslim nurses. In order to address these objectives, the study has employed a qualitative approach, represented in hermeneutic phenomenology. The target groups in this study were Muslim patients and non-Muslim nurses who were interviewed using interviews and focus group discussions. The study found that religious, cultural and linguistic factors have a negative effect on non-Muslim nurses’ experience of care in Saudi Arabia, which included a personal impact, and a practical impact resulting from working practices. However, the results indicated that nurses had some problems with family members who interfered in decisions related to patients, and that they also encountered disrespect from patients’ relatives and friends. The study results indicated that non-Muslim nurses, to some extent, have an understanding of the different aspects and practices of Islam, such as praying, fasting and spirituality. The study results also revealed a significant relationship between spirituality (Islamic faith) and the provision of health care. Nurses believe that religious and spiritual practices have an effect on care. However, they failed to understand the importance of religion and spirituality to Muslims in general and patients in particular. The lack of training and orientation concerning specific issues of religion and culture negatively affected not only the communication between nurses and patients, but also the provision of health care. It was envisaged that this study would have a positive impact on the delivery of nursing training and education, because it highlights the need to tailor this to specific contexts. The study distinguishes itself from other studies conducted in the same field by investigating non-Muslim nurses’ and Muslim patients’ confusion between religion and culture. The study stressed an overlap between religion and culture in Saudi society, which consequently affected nurses’ provision of health care. It was essential in this study to investigate the differences between religion and culture, to see of non-Muslim nurses would understand religion and culture are not the same; while in some cases they complement one another, in other cases they contradict. Furthermore, the study addressed the issue of professionalism when caring for Muslim patients’ and non-Muslim nurses’ point of view. Although nurses claimed to provide healthcare in professional way, they were not fully aware of Saudi local culture or the impact of religion on patient’s daily life It can be concluded, in general, that non-Muslim nurses are facing challenges to providing healthcare to Saudi Muslim patients, due to a lack of understanding of the importance of cultural values and religious practices, and the lack of training and alignment on such issues.

The aim of this study was to get a better understanding of social workers experiences of supervisions impact on social work with children and families. The two research questions where: Which are social workers needs of supervision? And does social workers perceive supervision as a tool for professional development and learning? The study´s empirical findings were a result of semi-structured interviews with five social workers in the social service department. The study´s theoretical framework was based on two different theories: new institutionalism, which is a specialization within organizational theory, and system theory perspective. The result found that social workers experiences supervision as an opportunity for support and reflection, which encourages them to develop professional skills in their daily work. Supervision had an effect on social workers self-confidence and wellbeing by adding expertise, which gave more structure, energy and stress relief in their work. The interviews also showed that supervision had a direct impact on the interaction and the team climate within a working group. However, certain terms and conditions must have been considered to call supervision successful. The supervisors responsibility to lead, see the groups needs and have an over all perspective was mentioned as one condition for good supervision. Another term was that the group cooperated and showed professionalism and respect towards one another. It was very important that supervision took place in a safe environment and that all group members felt trust towards their colleagues and supervisor. This way they where able to learn from each others experiences and show vulnerability and emotions which could contribute to reflection and professional development. Furthermore, social workers emphasise supervision as positive and a necessary tool in order to achieve an efficient and well functioning workplace.

Vad det innebär att vara svensk yrkesofficer i det militära har förändrats radikalt under de senaste decennierna. Förändringar i uppgift från den politiska makten har medfört nya arbetsuppgifter, en ny organisation och ökat deltagande i internationella insatser. Detta har medfört en utveckling av vilka uppgifter som en militär bör kunna hantera, med hjälp av vilka medel samt vilka karaktärsdrag som främjar framgång i arbetet. I samband med denna utveckling talas det om begreppet professionell autonomi, det handlingsutrymme politikerna ger officerarna att utföra sina uppgifter. I denna uppsats undersöks svenska officerares upplevda professionella autonomi i deras arbete under det svenska bidraget till Afghanistaninsatsen. Undersökningen utförs med stöd i två operationaliserade idealtyper utvecklade från teorier av Julia Evetts, som beskriver den organisatoriska spänning som den svenska officerskåren lyder under; å ena sidan en externt styrd professionalism där de professionella normerna bestäms av den politiska makten, och å andra sidan en internt styrd professionalism där de professionella själva styr över och formulerar de professionella normerna. Resultatet av undersökningen talar på organisatorisk nivå till fördel för den externt styrda professionalismen men på en individnivå visar resultatet att officerarna själva styr över de professionella normerna. Vad som även är avgörande är den förmåga de använder givet det handlingsutrymme de blivit tilldelade.

The medical profession in recent decades has made culture and cross-cultural competence an issue for patient – physician relationships. Many in the profession attribute the necessity of cross-cultural competence to increased diversity, globalization, and health disparities; however, a historical analysis of medicine indicates that culture’s relevancy for health care and outcome is not new. The rise of clinics, which can be traced to 17th century France, the professionalization of physicians in 18th century U.S., and the civil rights movement of the 20th century illustrate that medicine, throughout its history, has grappled with culture and health. While medicine has a history of discussing cultural issues, the profession has not defined culture cogently. Medicine’s ambivalence in defining culture raises questions about how effectively medical educators prepare residents to be cross-culturally competent. Some medical educators have expressed that many didactic and experiential efforts result in stereotyping patients. Definitions of culture and their impact on stereotyping patients are the central problems of this study. Specifically, this study hypothesized that cultural beliefs impact ones willingness to accept stereotypes. Thus, this study sought to learn how faculty members and residents define culture. Faculty members also were compared to residents to glean the impact of cross-cultural education. This study used an explanatory mixed method design where quantitative and qualitative methods work complementarily to examine a complex construct like culture. A valid and reliable survey provided quantitative data to compare the two groups, while open-ended questions and interviews with faculty members provided context. The statistical results reveal that faculty members and residents share a philosophy of culture; however, when the two groups’ definitions are contextualized, they have many different beliefs. Differences also emerged with respect to predictability; cultural beliefs predict stereotyping among residents, but not faculty members. Faculty members attribute these differences to experiences, while residents believe that they do not learn about culture during their professional education.

<p>There has been a rapid expansion of the PR and information industry during the last few years. An expansion like this might lead to structural changes in an industry. The aim of this thesis is to describe a part of this industry, namely the Swedish PR consulting industry, in terms of its development, structure and professionalism. Web sites of the consultancies in the industry has been analyzed. Furthermore, interviews have been conducted with three leading individuals in the industry. Structural changes can be seen since there is a trend towards further specialization among the consultancies. Some of the most common criteria for an industry to be characterized by professionalism are not achieved, but the industry is characterized by an aim towards increased professionalism.</p>

<p>This dissertation takes the paradoxical role of Colette in the canon of French and women's writing, from her earliest works to present, as an entry into a radically new interpretation of her life and literary oeuvre. This work is distinguished from previous works on Colette both in its approach and in the scope of its research, relying on extensive archival research revealing unpublished and unstudied aspects of Colette's biography and reception, and using a variety of modes of analysis to interpret this research. </p><p>This dissertation shows, in its first two chapters, how the myth of Colette as the incarnation of a particularly French brand of femininity, a spontaneous, natural writer, in no way literarily self-conscious, neither contributing to nor influenced by literary innovations, whose writing expresses her instinctive femininity, was constituted, from the earliest reviews of Colette's first novel, Claudine à l'école (1900), through feminist interpretations of Colette from the 1970s to present. Because Colette was understood to be a feminine writer of women by both misogynist conservatives of 1900 and radical feminists of the 1970's, their understanding of this writer remained remarkably homogenous and durable. The third chapter relies on contemporary celebrity theory in order to investigate Colette's own agency in the creation and policing of this durable public image, tracing both ways that Colette maintained her image, and ways that she profited from it, focusing in particular on her eponymous literary collection, the Collection Colette, and her "produits de beauté" cosmetics line and a beauty salon. This understanding of Colette's agential role in her public image inspires a new reading of the 1910 novel La Vagabonde and the relationship Colette depicts between the protagonist, Renée Néré's stage persona and her life when she is not in front of an audience.</p><p>The next two chapters suggest new ways of approaching Colette, beyond the durable myth of the spontaneous feminine writer that she worked so hard to maintain: as a consummate professional and as a literary innovator. The fourth chapter focuses on Colette's professionalism: using a Bourdieusian-inspired analysis of Colette's correspondence to uncover her role in the literary field, tracing the full extent of her social, artistic, and professional networks with other writers, journalists, and artists. This chapter then explores concrete examples of her manipulation of these networks, studying in particular her collaboration with Maurice Ravel in L'Enfant et les sortilèges and her management of the literary department at the newspaper Le Matin. The final chapter of this dissertation reads Colette in terms of discourses of modernism, from which she has long been excluded due to her imagined marginality to the literary field, focusing in particular on French conceptions of the harmonious reconciliation of classicism and literary innovation which reached their height in the 1920's, and which I have termed the "classique moderne." This dissertation makes a contribution to trends in French literature, literary history, the sociology of literature, women's studies, women's history, feminist literary criticism, and celebrity theory.</p> / Dissertation

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"The legal drama – a staple of American popular culture – has evolved as one of the "masculine" genres in the gendered landscape of television culture. A type of workplace drama focusing on professional settings historically dominated by men, it traditionally dramatizes "a world where men played the only important parts and where male bonding and inter-male conflict were dominant elements in the narrative," to adapt Kenneth MacKinnon’s general observations about "masculine" tv (69). Yet the gendering of the (traditional) legal drama goes well beyond the ubiquity of male characters: It is deeply ingrained in the figuration of the lawyer that classic instances of the genre established..." / "Der vorliegende Beitrag ist die pre-print Version. Bitte nutzen Sie für Zitate die Seitenzahl der Original-Version." (siehe Quellenangabe)

Ambitionen med denna studie var att undersöka vad som i bildjournalistiska tävlingssammanhang anses vara eftersträvansvärt och därigenom blottlägga normer och ideal inom den bildjournalistiska professionen. Vi har tittat på tävlingar som en i en rad av normgivande mekanismer och de ideal som speglas i denna form. Undersökningen bestod av en kvantitativ och en kvalitativ del. I den kvantitativa delen tittade vi på bland annat på vilka teman som gestaltas i vinnarbilder från internationella World Press Photo samt svenska Årets Bild mellan åren 1996–2016. I den kvalitativa delen gjorde vi sedan nedslag i de vanligast förekommande temakategorierna i respektive tävling med en semiotisk bildanalys. Resultaten visade på samma tendenser som tidigare forskning har konstaterat, nämligen att krig var det vanligast förekommande temat i båda tävlingarna. Men en viss skillnad gick också att se, vinnarbilder i World Press Photo representerade ett färre antal teman och det näst största temat var sociala problem, medan Årets Bild hade en större representation och andraplatsen delades av tre teman: brott/terrorism, naturkatastrof/klimathot och framstående personer. Den kvalitativa analysen visade att drabbade barn och sörjande anhöriga var två återkommande innehåll i bilder på temat krig.