Air power has shown its usefulness throughout many wars and has been an effective tool for military interventions during the last decades. How airpower should be applied has been a highly debated topic for as long as it has been around. However, its use in humanitarian interventions is comparatively unresearched. One theorist that have received a lot of attention is John Warden and his five-ring-model. The purpose of this thesis is to test Wardens theory in humanitarian interventions, in order to contribute with research on the use of airpower in humanitarian interventions. This thesis is a comparative case study examining two similar and successful humanitarian interventions, Operation Deliberate Force and Operation Odyssey Dawn/Unified Protector. Results show that Wardens theory can not explain the success of the use of airpower in the operations. There are however some interesting similarities between the two operations that could be the key to success in humanitarian interventions. Further research is required to investigate this conclusion. / <p>Uppsatsen skriven VT 2018 under Termin 4 Officersprogrammet 16-19 med inriktning mot flyg. Examen genomförs VT 2019.</p>

Air power has shown its usefulness throughout many wars and has been an effective tool for military interventions during the last decades. How airpower should be applied has been a highly debated topic for as long as it has been around. However, its use in humanitarian interventions is comparatively unresearched. One theorist that have received a lot of attention is John Warden and his five-ring-model. The purpose of this thesis is to test Wardens theory in humanitarian interventions, in order to contribute with research on the use of airpower in humanitarian interventions. This thesis is a comparative case study examining two similar and successful humanitarian interventions, Operation Deliberate Force and Operation Odyssey Dawn/Unified Protector. Results show that Wardens theory can not explain the success of the use of airpower in the operations. There are however some interesting similarities between the two operations that could be the key to success in humanitarian interventions. Further research is required to investigate this conclusion.

This Thesis in Military Technology deals with experiences drawn from the forced introduction of Weapons Station 01, 2009. The work aims to identify the experiences regarding the forced procurement of military equipment to see how they can develop normal and fast procurement of equipment. The main conclusions of  this work, is to achieve greater capability and increase the military utility, are:   -          Common objectives and priorities of stakeholders -          Response and joint types shall determine requirements for system -          Ensure an integrated project team also at lower levels -          Engage the integrated logistic support early in the materiel process -          Include Armed Forces staff as early as possible in the testing and validation -          Prioritize work to facilitate the rapid development of decision on use (BOA) -          Provide back up for increased redundancy in the mission area

During the last decades airpower has become a useful tool for military interventions. Earlier research argues that air operations during the first Gulf war proved that strategic bombing could be effective due to modern technology and precision guided munitions. John Warden developed a theory based on strategic bombing, where he sees the enemy as a system, which is illustrated by a five-ring-model. The theory is widely discussed in the modern airpower debate, and has also been criticized because it has not been proved in any large-N study. Therefore, this essay aims to test Wardens five-ring-model in a comparative case study where two modern air operations have been chosen for investigation. The two operations are Operation Deliberate Force that took place Bosnia, 1995, and Operation Odyssey Dawn/Unified Protector that took place in Libya, 2011. The two operations have many similarities but differ in the time it took to reach their designated goals. The results indicate that Wardens theory is not capable of explaining why the two operations differed in the time it took to achieve its goals. The operations did not act according to Wardens five-ring-model to a sufficiently large extent when other targets were more frequently attacked than the ones that Warden advocates to be the most effective. Warden states that his theory is very general and can be used for any opponent, but the results of this essay indicate that it may be to general to be able to explain the outcome of an operation.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2016-05-05T19:02:00Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Renato Ribeiro de Sousa - 2015.pdf: 3128241 bytes, checksum: bca24056dbea9a9bcc77e3576d3d0d76 (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-05-06T11:10:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Renato Ribeiro de Sousa - 2015.pdf: 3128241 bytes, checksum: bca24056dbea9a9bcc77e3576d3d0d76 (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-06T11:10:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Renato Ribeiro de Sousa - 2015.pdf: 3128241 bytes, checksum: bca24056dbea9a9bcc77e3576d3d0d76 (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this paper was performed a characterization of the solar protectors avobenzone and octyl methoxycinnamate and the assignments of its second order coupling. The avobenzone photostability was evaluated in different types of solvents, concentrations and time exposition to UV light. Nevertheless, it was measured the radiation absorption on near and medium infrared in four commercial solar protectors, wherein only one of them claims in its package the guarantee of such protection. The characterization of the solar protector sctructure was made by ¹H NMR using a Bucker Avance III 500 spectrometer. It was used a Gaussian 09 program to calculate and optimize the most stable molecule structure and the coupling constants of protons and the WinDNMR to simulate the theoretical spectra from the data obtained by the calculations. The photostability of the avobenzone was determined by irradiating for 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes, under a UV lamp, solutions of avobenzone in chloroform, methanol, acetone and acetonitrile in concentrations of 5,32x10-2 mol/L and 1,6x10-3 mol/L, monitoring the alterations occurred by 1H NMR. The absorption in the near and middle infrared regions was made in a PerkinElmer Frontier Dual Range FT spectrometer, where the sample was directly deposited into the equipment, without the need of previous treatment. The theoretical calculation showed itself an important tool to the attribution of second order systems, given that is not possible to manually determine the coupling constant values in this kind of system. The avobenzone presented itself photoinstable in the solution with concentration 1,6 x 103 mol/L, and in acetonitrile. On other solvents the photoinstability wasn’t observed. In the others commercial solar protectors showed similar absorption on the near and middle infrared, not existing significative difference between the product that declared having as a selling point this kind of absorption and the rest, being possible to assert that this information is used in its label for commercial reasons, not being characteristic of quality among the other products. / Nesse trabalho foi realizada a caracterização dos filtros solares avobenzona e metoxinamato de octila, e as atribuições de seus acoplamentos de segunda ordem. A fotoestabilidade da avobenzona foi avaliada em diferentes tipos de solventes, concentrações e tempos de exposições à luz UV. Além disso, foi medida a absorção da radiação no infravermelho próximo e médio em quatro protetores solares comerciais, sendo que, somente um deles declara em sua embalagem a garantia de tal proteção. A caracterização das estruturas dos filtros solares foi feita por RMN de 1H utilizando um espectrômetro Bruker Avance III 500. Utilizou-se os programas Gaussian 09 para calcular e otimizar a estrutura mais estável da molécula e as constantes de acoplamento dos hidrogênios, e o WinDNMR para simular a partir dos dados obtidos pelo cálculo os espectros teóricos. A fotoestabilidade da avobenzona foi determinada irradiando por 5, 10, 15 e 20 minutos, sob uma lâmpada UV, soluções de avobenzona em clorofórmio, metanol, acetona e acetonitrila nas concentrações de 5,32 x 10-2 mol/L e 1,6 x 10-3 mol/L, monitorando as alterações ocorridas por RMN de 1H. Já a absorção na região do infravermelho próximo e médio foi feita em um espectrômetro PerkinElmer Frontier Dual Range FT, onde a amostra foi depositada diretamente no equipamento sem necessidade de tratamento prévio. O cálculo teórico se mostrou uma importante ferramenta para a atribuição de sistemas de segunda ordem, já que não é possível determinar manualmente os valores das constantes de acoplamento nesse tipo de sistema. Já a avobenzona se apresentou fotoinstável na solução de concentração 1,6 x 10-3 mol/L e em acetonitrila. Nos demais solventes a fotoinstabilidade não foi observada. Já os protetores solares comercias apresentaram absorções semelhantes da radiação no infravermelho próximo e médio, não havendo diferença significativa entre o produto que declarou ter como diferencial esse tipo de absorção e os demais, podendo afirmar que essa informação é utilizada em seu rótulo por questões comerciais, não sendo um diferencial de qualidade entre os demais produtos.

The 2001 campaign in Afghanistan where precision airpower and special operation forces alongside indigenous allies were used to topple the Talibans has brought debaters to argue whether it was a revolution of warfare or a fluke. Stephen Biddle has argued that this Afghan Model is deeply dependent on the indigenous ally being at least as skilled as its enemy. Ten years later, a similar concept was used in Libya to overthrow the Gaddafi-regime. This paper examines and compares the skill of the rebels and the regime forces fighting on the ground in Libya, in order to test Biddle’s Afghan Model theory. Hence, the purpose for this study is to broaden the understanding as to when and how often the Afghan Model may be used. Initially, rebels demonstrated low levels of tactical skill in comparison to regime forces. However, rebels gradually improved their skills and by the end of the fighting, months later the skill gap had been reduced considerably. Without drawing a definite conclusion, the analysis indicates, that skill of the indigenous ally in order for the Afghan Model to work is of importance, however not to the same degree as presented by Biddle.

Airpower has shown its usefulness throughout many wars and was seen as a key instrument in the Libyan war 2011. However, the use of airpower and how it should be applied has been a highly debated topic for as long as airpower has been around. Two theorists, John A. Warden III and Robert A. Pape, have received a lot of attention and there is a debate regarding which one of these theorists has the best solution on how to use airpower. The purpose with this essay is to apply some of the two theorists’ ideas on the Libyan war 2011 and investigate their explanatory power in the conflict. To reach an answer, a case study has been used with a theory testing method which would further seek to contribute to the debate that exists between the two theorists. Results show that some parts of the theorists’ ideas have a high explanatory power in the conflict and some parts do not. As individuals, they cannot explain the whole war, but together their ideas have a high explanatory power in the conflict. Based on the ongoing debate that provides two different ways of using airpower, the conclusions suggest that a combination of the two theorists’ ideas might be the answer to how airpower can be employed in the best way for future operations. Further research is required to investigate this thesis. / <p><strong>Uppsatsen skriven VT 2017 under Termin 4 Officersprogrammet 15-18 med inriktning</strong><strong>mot flyg. Examen genomförs VT 2018. </strong></p>

John A. Warden's airpower theory, The Enemy as a System, has had a major influence on the strategic discourse ever since the foundation of this normative framework was presented in The Air Campaign in 1988. Warden’s theoretical impact was reinforced by the American successes during the Gulf War, but since then, little research has tested the theory outside the context of conventional wars of aggression. This study analyzes The Enemy as System against a peace enforcing context, characterized by multilateral cooperation. It also identifies intermediate variables that help explain why the theory is strengthened or weakened in relation to this particular context. Through qualitative methods, Operation Allied Force and Operation Unified Protector are analyzed against operational indicators within the central concepts of the five-ring model and parallel attacks. The results of the study show that NATO did not use airpower in accordance with Warden's normative theory in either of the examined operations. The absence of operational indicators could hypothetically explain why NATO failed to produce strategic effects within the operational time limits, although this remains a speculative conclusion. The result instead suggests a number of intermediate variables, such as political disagreement and strategic dissonance, which combined reduced the possibility of using airpower in accordance with Warden's theory. In addition, the fear of civilian casualties and the risk of exacerbating the post-war humanitarian situation, further reduced the possibility of attacking targets within certain subsystems of the five-ring model. The conclusion is therefore that Warden’s theoretical applicability, and thus universal validity, is weakened within the examined context.

<p>Den här uppsatsen behandlar stridsvagn122 och Remote Weapon Station (RWS). Det finns ett verkansglapp mellan dagens kalibrar 120 mm och 7,62 mm. Observationsmöjligheterna i vissa situationer är begränsade. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka vilka nya förmågor och möjligheter till ytterligare ett verkansalternativ en fjärrstyrd vapenplattform kan tillföra stridsvagn 122. De frågeställningarna som behandlas är: Vad kan en fjärrstyrd vapenplattform tillföra inom området stridsteknik? Vem i besättningen skall bemanna systemet? Vad kan en fjärrstyrd vapenplattform tillföra inom området graderad verkan? Metoden som används är kvalitativ textanalys. Materialet som analyseras består av reglementen ochinstruktionsböcker från Försvarsmakten, information från försvarsindustrin samt facklitteratur om vapen och stridsvagnar. Slutsatserna som dras är att en fjärrstyrd vapenplattform kan bidra med förbättringar inom området stridsteknik. Inom området graderad verkan kan en fjärrstyrdvapenplattform tillföra olika förmågor beroende på vilket vapensystem som väljs. Moduläriteten medför att verkan kan situationsanpassas. Jag bedömer att den i besättningen som lämpligen ska bemanna systemet är laddaren, men en större flexibilitet uppnås om även vagnchefen kan operera systemet, eftersom vissa situationer kräver att laddarens hela uppmärksamhet är fokuserad på kanonen.</p> / <p>This essay studies the Swedish main battle tank stridsvagn 122 and Remote Weapon Station. There is a gap between 120mm and 7.62mm. The observation possibilities in certain situations is limited. The purpose of this essay is to investigate which new abilities a remote weapons station can bring. The following issues are investigated: How does a Remote Weapon Station affect tactics on squad level? Who in the crew is most suited to man the system? Which scalable effects can a remote weapon station bring? The method used is qualitative text analysis. The analyzed material consists of regulations and manuals from the Armed Forces, information from the defence industry. Literature about Weapons and tanks written by civilian authors will be used in order to get a source from outside the Armed Forces. The conclusions drawn are that a remote weapons platform can contribute to enhancements of battle tactics on squad level. A Remote Weapons Station can introduce different new scalable effects depending on the weapon chosen for the specific task. I believe that the loader is the person in the crew that is most suited to man the RWS-system, but a higher degree of flexibility would be reached if also the tank commander could operate the system, since the loader in some situations must direct his full attention to the canon.</p>

Den här uppsatsen behandlar stridsvagn122 och Remote Weapon Station (RWS). Det finns ett verkansglapp mellan dagens kalibrar 120 mm och 7,62 mm. Observationsmöjligheterna i vissa situationer är begränsade. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka vilka nya förmågor och möjligheter till ytterligare ett verkansalternativ en fjärrstyrd vapenplattform kan tillföra stridsvagn 122. De frågeställningarna som behandlas är: Vad kan en fjärrstyrd vapenplattform tillföra inom området stridsteknik? Vem i besättningen skall bemanna systemet? Vad kan en fjärrstyrd vapenplattform tillföra inom området graderad verkan? Metoden som används är kvalitativ textanalys. Materialet som analyseras består av reglementen ochinstruktionsböcker från Försvarsmakten, information från försvarsindustrin samt facklitteratur om vapen och stridsvagnar. Slutsatserna som dras är att en fjärrstyrd vapenplattform kan bidra med förbättringar inom området stridsteknik. Inom området graderad verkan kan en fjärrstyrdvapenplattform tillföra olika förmågor beroende på vilket vapensystem som väljs. Moduläriteten medför att verkan kan situationsanpassas. Jag bedömer att den i besättningen som lämpligen ska bemanna systemet är laddaren, men en större flexibilitet uppnås om även vagnchefen kan operera systemet, eftersom vissa situationer kräver att laddarens hela uppmärksamhet är fokuserad på kanonen. / This essay studies the Swedish main battle tank stridsvagn 122 and Remote Weapon Station. There is a gap between 120mm and 7.62mm. The observation possibilities in certain situations is limited. The purpose of this essay is to investigate which new abilities a remote weapons station can bring. The following issues are investigated: How does a Remote Weapon Station affect tactics on squad level? Who in the crew is most suited to man the system? Which scalable effects can a remote weapon station bring? The method used is qualitative text analysis. The analyzed material consists of regulations and manuals from the Armed Forces, information from the defence industry. Literature about Weapons and tanks written by civilian authors will be used in order to get a source from outside the Armed Forces. The conclusions drawn are that a remote weapons platform can contribute to enhancements of battle tactics on squad level. A Remote Weapons Station can introduce different new scalable effects depending on the weapon chosen for the specific task. I believe that the loader is the person in the crew that is most suited to man the RWS-system, but a higher degree of flexibility would be reached if also the tank commander could operate the system, since the loader in some situations must direct his full attention to the canon.