O desenvolvimento da tecnologia da informação e das comunicações em todo o mundo propicia condições para que a comunidade internacional possa vir a se relacionar sem enfrentar os obstáculos oferecidos pelas barreiras geográficas ou temporais, bem como possa vir a atuar diretamente na defesa de seus interesses, acrescentando novas formas de disciplina do seu comportamento além dos tradicionais mecanismos normativos oferecidos pelo Estado. O direito fundamental de livre acesso à informação por intermédio da tecnologia digital deve ser garantido em igualdade de condições a todos os indivíduos, na qualidade de participantes da sociedade global, em obediência aos princípios e disposições contidos na Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos, bem como da Declaração do Direito do Desenvolvimento e sua atualização na Declaração do Milênio. Ocorre, que, os países em desenvolvimento não participam dos beneficios da evolução tecnológica e por não estarem conectados à rede mundial, estão alijados do processo e excluídos do acesso à informação transmitida por via digital. Os Estados, que originalmente foram considerados os únicos sujeitos de direito na ordem internacional, não se mostram mais aptos a gerir, com eficácia, os interesses da sociedade, tornando-se incapazes de oferecer as condições necessárias para o exercício pleno da cidadania. O presente estudo visa ampliar os limites da discussão acadêmica a respeito dos efeitos produzidos pelo avanço tecnológico e pela globalização transpondo o debate para a ordem jurídica internacional. O exame dos documentos produzidos pela Cúpula Mundial da Sociedade da Informação, organizada pela UIT, por intermédio da ONU, demonstra que os representantes dos países membros, juntamente com a iniciativa privada e a sociedade civil foram capazes de produzir Declarações de Princípios e Planos de Ação contendo regras de utilização da tecnologia da informação e das telecomunicações de forma a eliminar as desigualdades, e criando a possibilidade de que a humanidade possa, finalmente, vir exercer seu direito ao desenvolvimento. Ademais, criação do Fórum de Governança da Internet, como decorrência da Cúpula Mundial da Sociedade da Informação, evidencia que as regras para a utilização da rede mundial dos computadores permanecem sob a responsabilidade da comunidade internacional, restando, portanto, demonstrado que atuação da sociedade civil, através de mecanismos próprios para proteger seus interesses, repercute diretamente na esfera internacional e merece ser levada em consideração no estudo das fontes de Direito Internacional. / The development of information technology and communications all over the world created the ideal conditions for the international community to the improvement of relationship without any of the obstacles caused by geographical or chronological barriers, and turned possible to civil society to act directly in the defense of its own interests, adding new forms of ruling its behaviors besides the traditional legal mechanisms offered by the State. The free and direct access to information in digital format must be guaranteed in equal conditions as a fundamental right to all individuals, in their condition of members of global society, in accordance with the principles and provisions established by the Universal Human Rights Declaration, as well as of the Declaration of the Right to Development, dully amended by the Millennium Declaration. Nevertheless, the developing countries cannot benefit from technological revolution and since they cannot not connect to the Internet they are maintained apart from this process and therefore are prevented to exercise their right of access to information transmitted in digital format. On the other hand, the States that originally were considered the sole subjects of rights in the international order are not capable anymore to efficiently manage the interests of civil society and therefore cannot offer the necessary conditions to the plain exercise of citizenship. This paper intends to wide the limits of the academic discussion already in place analyzing the effects of the technological revolution and globalization enlarging the debate to the level of the international legal order. The exam of the documents produced by World Summit of Information Society, organized by ITU, dully authorized by UN, demonstrates that the representatives of the member States, jointly with the private sector and the civil society, were able to prepare the Declaration of Principles, Plan of Action and other related documents disciplining the use of information technology and communications in order to eliminate the differences and conduct the human beings to the plain exercise to of their right to development. Furthermore, the establishment of the Internet Governance Forum as a consequence of the World Summit of Information Society provides strong evidences that the rules for Internet access shall remain in the hands of Non Governmental Organizations and moreover demonstrates that the utilization by civil society of specific legal mechanisms in order to protect its own interests, may generate important consequences for the international legal order and therefore deserves to be examined as a phenomenon affecting the sources of International Law.

La réussite du processus d'intégration régionale dépend essentiellement de sa réception et de sa sanction dans les ordres juridiques internes. la crainte principale réside dans l'ineffectivité des règles communes dans les Etats parties. Ceux-ci peuvent en effet refuser de tirer toutes les conséquences du transfert des compétences qu'ils effectuent librement au profit des organes communautaires.Si la CEMAC peine aujourd'hui à trouver le juste équilibre entre les objectifs ambitieux qu'elle affiche et la capacité des Etats membres à les réaliser en commun, l'OHADA arrive, dans un environnement difficile, à tracer une voie qui est porteuse d'espoirs. / X

La présente thèse a pour objet de démontrer que la conception du droit de Jean Domat (1625-1696) constitue une issue au positivisme juridique dominant aujourd'hui. Ce dernier fait obstacle à toute interrogation philosophique, n'a pas pu s'opposer à des débordements totalitaristes et contribue à une prolifération des textes qui mène à l'éclatement du lien social. Une pensée sur le droit aujourd'hui doit être facile à concevoir, toujours présente ; il faut qu'elle puisse se sentir dans l'action. Elle doit aussi animer tout le droit, privé comme public et permettre un contrôle complet des règles venant du pouvoir par les membres et responsables de la société, et être partageable par tous, de quelques croyances, religions et opinions qu'ils soient, pour éviter les critiques communautariennes. Il lui faut enfin être issue de l'examen du droit lui-même plutôt qu'être déduite d'une doctrine imposée, être capable de faire obstacle aux déviances politiques et enfin être logique dans ses développements pour être acceptée. Jean Domat découvre que le droit est animé par deux principes :"Nous ne devons pas faire à autrui ce que nous n'aimerions pas qu'autrui nous fasse ; nous devons faire à autrui ce que nous aimerions qu'autrui nous fasse". Ces principes répondent à ces critères. Il reconstruit et présente le droit privé d'une part, et le droit public d'autre part, en montrant comment ils s'organisent selon ces deux principes. Il démontre par une présentation réussie de tout le droit privé que les relations de droit entre particuliers peuvent dans le détail être toutes régies par ces deux principes. Il fait voir également comment l'action politique du Prince peut et doit être conduite par eux. Le Prince est soumis comme quiconque à ces exigences et ne dispose pas de prérogative particulière. Enfin, Jean Domat pose que le sujet n'a pas à obéir à une loi qui ne serait pas conforme à ces principes. Nous montrons que sa pensée, qui a été oubliée, présente une profonde nouveauté tant à son époque que dans le débat contemporain et permet de redonner sens au droit. / This doctoral thesis aims to demonstrate that the conception of the law developed by Jean Domat (1625-1696) constitutes an alternative to legal positivism, which is the dominant approach today. Legal positivism impedes any philosophical interrogation; it was unable to oppose totalitarian excesses, and it contributes to the multiplication of texts, which disrupts social cohesion. A theory of the law today should be pervasive and easy to conceptualize. This theory needs to be action-oriented. It needs to inspire all spheres of the Law, be it private law or public law, and should be designed to place all rules imposed by the government under the complete control of the members and leaders of society. This thought should be shareable by everyone, regardless of creed, religion and opinion, hence avoiding communautarian criticism. Moreover, this theory needs to be the result of an examination of the Law itself rather than being deducted from an imposed doctrine. It needs to be able to stand in the way of political abuses and be logical in its developments to be accepted. Jean Domat discovered that the Law is inspired by two principles: “we shall not do to others what we would not like others do to us; we shall do to others what we would like others do to us”. Both principles are in line with the above-mentioned criteria. Jean Domat reconstructs and presents both private law and public law, and shows that they are organized according to these two principles. He presents the whole of private law and demonstrates that the details of the legal relationships between private individuals are all be governed by these two principles. He also shows that they can and should inspire the political action of the Prince. The Prince does not have any particular status: he is subjected to these requirements, as everybody else. Finally, Jean Domat postulates that a subject does not have to obey a law that is not in conformity with these principles. In this doctoral thesis, I show that his thought, that has been forgotten, is highly original for his time. It is also of high relevance in contemporary debate, as it can help us give some new meaning to the law. sunti as doles dolorisintur a consedi de voluptatur molorporum audae voluptio perferovid quiaerferum aut digendus consedi.

This thesis explores how society can and should compensate those who have been wrongfully convicted after they are exonerated and how we can prevent these mistakes from happening to others in the future. It begins by presenting research on the scope of the problem. Then it suggests possible reforms to the U.S. justice system that would minimize the rate of innocent convictions. Lastly, it takes both a philosophical and political look at what just compensation would entail as well as a variety of state compensation laws.

L'expansion de l'intervention des personnes publiques dans le domaine économique et du nombre d'activités de service public confiées à des entités privées a profondément modifié le droit administratif général. La question du traitement fiscal de ces activités s'est alors posée. Or, le législateur fiscal ne tient pas compte du fait que l'activité est de service public pour y répondre; d'ailleurs, lorsque la notion de service public est employée dans les textes fiscaux, elle renvoie à une définition différente de celle retenue en droit administratif général. Le législateur fiscal ne se réfère pas non plus à la distinction entre services publics administratifs et services publics industriels et commerciaux. Cependant, cela ne signifie pas qu'il ne prend pas la mesure de la multiplication des activités de service public : en effet, le régime légal d'imposition, pour appréhender le traitement fiscal d'une activité, la compare avec ce qui existe sur le marché concurrentiel, comme le fait également le droit administratif général lorsqu'il s'agit de déterminer le visage d'un service public. Ainsi, si la nature de service public d'une activité -au sens du droit administratif général -n'influence pas son traitement fiscal, son visage -administratif ou industriel et commercial -pourrait, au contraire, permettre son identification. En cela, le droit fiscal rejoint la logique du droit administratif général : accordant peu d'importance à la nature de service public d'une activité, il pourrait être amené à se servir du visage pour obtenir la solution fiscale. / The growing intervention of public figures in the economic field as well as the increasing number of public service activities entrusted to private entities has deeply changed the public law. The question thus arose as to which tax treatment should be applied to these activities. The tax legislator has not yet taken into account the nature of the activity, a public service, to respond to the question. In addition, when the concept of public service is used in tax regulations, it refers to a different definition to the one used in public law. The tax legislator does not refer to the distinction between pure public services and industrial and commercial public services. However, this does not mean that the tax legislator does not take into consideration the increase of public service activities. Indeed, in order to apprehend the tax treatment of an activity, the legal tax regime, just like public law, compares it with the activities existing in the competitive market. Thus, if the nature of the public service in the view of public law does not have any influence on its tax treatment, its administrative or industrial and commercial tainting may, on the contrary, allow its identification. As such, tax law joins the logic of public law: by granting little importance to the public service nature of an activity, it might be required to use the tainting to reach the tax solution.

Face à l'intensification des flux et échanges liés à la mondialisation, et un besoin croissant d'un développement durable encadré, les Nations Unies ont mis au point il y a quinze ans une initiative collective : le Pacte mondial. Cette Déclaration en quatre volets regroupant les enjeux environnementaux, le respect des droits de l'Homme, les normes internationales de travail et la lutte contre la corruption, est alors analysée pour en mesurer l'efficacité et l'impact sur le développement. Il s'agit d'en comprendre les mécanismes et d'identifier les outils déployés dans l'application de cette norme de soft law appartenant au corpus législatif international. / The United Nations are confronted by the intensification of the streams and exchanges linked with the globalization, as the same time as a fundamental necessity of sustainable development. That is why they developed, fifteen years ago, an international initiative: the UN Global Compact. The Declaration contains four sections on environmental protection, Human rights, International Labour standards and anti-corruption norms. This research analyses the efficacy and the impact of the Declaration on the development, in order to understand mechanisms and to identify the deployed tools in the application of this soft law norm, as member of international legal corpus.

Le XXIe siècle se veut un siècle de la promotion et la protection des personnes vulnérables et de la lutte contre la discrimination. La communauté internationale s’intéresse davantage à la condition problématique de la femme et de l’enfant en tant que facteur révélateur de l’état global d’avancée sociale de la société. Or, l’Afrique demeure le continent ou le nombre de personnes vulnérables est le plus important de la planète. L’Organisation de l’Unité Africaine en son temps et l’Union Africaine ont déjà fait montre de leur engagement à s’attaquer aux problèmes concernant les femmes et les enfants à travers des mécanismes de protection des droits de l’homme bien définis. En effet, tout un arsenal juridique a été mis en place pour protéger les droits des femmes et des enfants. Au premier rang desquelles s’inscrivent les deux pactes de 1966 directement issus de la déclaration universelle des droits de l’homme, l’un sur les droits civils et politiques, l’autre sur les droits sociaux, économiques et culturels ; la convention relative aux droits de l’enfant ; la charte africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples, la charte africaine des droits de l’enfant ; le protocole relatif aux droits des femmes, la déclaration des droits de l’enfants de 1989.La mise en œuvre de ces instruments juridiques est encore fragmentaire. Comme dans tous les accords internationaux, le plus grand défi est de passer de l’état de ratification à l’intégration de ces accords dans les législations nationales et leur mise en application afin que tous puissent jouir de leurs droits. Le droit international relatif aux droits de l’homme, dans sa forme actuelle, prohibe la discrimination et la violence contre les femmes et les enfants. Il représente le cadre juridique dans lequel les obligations des Etats en matière de promotion et de protection des droits fondamentaux des femmes et des enfants sont déterminées et évaluées. La pierre angulaire de cet édifice juridique est la convention sur l’élimination de toutes formes de discrimination à l’égard des femmes et la convention sur les droits de l’enfant. La crise économique mondiale, les conflits en cours ont entraîné des violences systématiques commises à l’encontre des femmes et des enfants. Ces violences se sont traduites au Sénégal par une dislocation de la famille et par l’effritement des solidarités traditionnelles. La vulnérabilité des femmes et des enfants au sein de la cellule familiale a entraîné le développement de pratiques telles que la mendicité, la délinquance, la prostitution, les enfants abandonnés, le mariage forcé, … L’analyse de la condition actuelle de la femme et de l’enfant au Sénégal nous amène à nous poser des questions suivantes : Il s’agit d’évaluer le degré d’intégration par le Sénégal des normes internationales dans son droit interne. Les entraves culturelles, religieuses et politiques ne constituent-elles pas un obstacle à l’effectivité des normes internationales ? Comment amener les praticiens à tenir compte des normes internationales dans le règlement des différends dans les rapports de familles ? / The twenty-first century is a century of promoting and protecting vulnerable people and fighting discrimination. The international community is more interested in the problematic condition of women and children as a factor in revealing the overall state of social advancement of society. However, Africa remains the continent where the number of vulnerable people is the largest on the planet. The Organization of African Unity in its time and the African Union have already demonstrated their commitment to tackling issues concerning women and children through well-defined human rights protection mechanisms. Indeed, a whole legal arsenal has been put in place in order to protect the rights of women and children. Foremost, among them there are the two pacts of 1966 stemming directly from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, one on civil and political rights, the other on social, economic and cultural rights; the Convention on the Rights of the Child; the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, the African Charter on the Rights of the Child; the Women's Rights Protocol, the 1989 Declaration of the Rights of the Child.The implementation of these legal instruments is still fragmentary. As in all international agreements, the biggest challenge is to move from the ratification state to the integration of these agreements in national legislation and their implementation so that all can enjoy their rights. International human rights law, in its current form, prohibits discrimination and violence against women and children. It represents the legal framework in which States' obligations to promote and protect the human rights of women and children are determined and evaluated. The cornerstone of this legal edifice is the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The global economic crisis, ongoing conflicts have resulted in systematic violence against women and children. In Senegal, this violence resulted in a dislocation of the family and the erosion of traditional solidarities. The vulnerability of women and children in the family unit has led to the development of practices such as begging, delinquency, prostitution, abandoned children, forced marriage, etc. Analysis of the current status of women and of the child in Senegal leads us to ask ourselves the following questions: It is a question of assessing the degree of integration by Senegal of international norms into its internal law? Are cultural, religious and political obstacles not an obstacle to the effectiveness of international standards ? How to get practitioners to consider international standards in resolving disputes in family relationships ?

LLM / Department pf Public Law / Capital punishment has been widely applied by countries since time immemorial. The concept, however, is highly controversial. That is, on the one hand, the anti-abolitionist states argue that it is an effective form of punishment, on the other side; the abolitionist states contend that it is an unjustifiable infringement of people’s fundamental right to life. There have been calls, both regionally and globally, for a moratorium on the death penalty. The Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights was promulgated as a move towards the abolition of the death penalty in all countries and states in the world. Article 1 (2) of the instrument states that, “Each state party shall take all necessary measures to abolish the death penalty within its jurisdiction”. At regional level, Article 4 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights provides that all human beings are inviolable and entitled to the respect and integrity of their person. As such, no one may be deprived arbitrarily of this right. In addition, Article 1 of the Protocol to the African Charter provides that the death penalty shall not be applied by state parties in their territories or any person within their jurisdiction. Despite the current global and regional trends towards the abolition of the death penalty and its inherent controversy, Zimbabwe remains anti-abolitionist, and entrenched the death penalty in section 48 (2) of its 2013 Constitution. Adopting a doctrinal research methodology, the study critically analyses section 48 (2) (d) of Zimbabwe’s Constitution, and examines how it affects key fundamental rights as well as the way forward in the light of the international human rights standards on the death penalty. / NRF

El objeto del presente informe es brindar al jurado un resumen con las actuaciones más importantes del arbitraje bajo número de expediente 1125-187-16, llevado bajo las reglas del Centro de Arbitraje de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (en adelante, el Centro); así también, como un breve análisis y opinión del graduando sobre la decisión emitida por el Tribunal Arbitral. En el arbitraje materia del presente informe, la parte demandante fue el Consorcio Sensus Jergo (conformado por las empresas Corporación Sensus S.A y el Consorcio Jergo Contratistas y Consultores S.A.C) (en adelante, el Consorcio o el Contratista de forma indistinta) y la parte demandada es el Programa Nacional de Infraestructura Educativa – PRONIED (en adelante, PRONIED o la Entidad de forma indistinta). / Trabajo de suficiencia profesional

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