Le droit des sociétés a été depuis sa création et de façon encore plus prononcée de nos jours, un ensemble de règles stratégiques au service d’entrepreneurs et d’associés désireux d’exceller dans le monde des affaires. Le portage d’actions est l’une des techniques juridiques développées par le droit des sociétés qui manifeste le plus justement le caractère stratégique de cette matière.Le portage d’actions est une convention dite sui generis qui permet de prendre temporairement et indirectement une participation au sein d’une société. Le portage est la convention par laquelle un porteur, généralement une personne morale (société ou organisme financier), convient avec une personne physique ou une autre personne morale, dite donneur d’ordre, qu’il souscrira ou achètera des actions pour le compte de celle-ci à charge pour elle de les lui racheter au terme d’une période déterminée et moyennant un prix convenu par avance.L’utilité de cette convention est double : elle permet, d’une part, de décharger le donneur d’ordre de la propriété des actions pendant une période déterminée en la confiant au porteur, et d’autre part, d’assurer au donneur d’ordre un certain contrôle sur les actions pendant la durée du portage, ainsi que leur appropriation à l’expiration de cette durée. Le portage d’actions connait d’innombrables applications licites et répond ainsi à de nombreuses finalités. En effet, cette convention peut avoir pour but de garantir une certaine discrétion au donneur d’ordres étant donné qu’elle permet de cacher son identité que ce soit dans un but offensif (prise de participation agressive dans une société où le donneur d’ordre serait mal perçu) ou défensif (faire face à une éventuelle prise de contrôle inamicale en confiant à un porteur allié la propriété d’actions constituant un noyau dur). Le portage d’actions permet également l’arbitrage entre deux groupes d’actionnaires, lorsque le capital d’une société est détenu par6moitié par deux groupes d’actionnaires, mais aussi l’appropriation par le porteur d’actions proposées à la vente, en cas de refus d’agrément du cessionnaire et dans l’attente de trouver un substitut à ce dernier. Toutefois, la technique du portage connaît également quelques pratiques douteuses, à la limite de la fraude à la loi qui remettent manifestement en cause ce type de convention. En effet, il a été observé que le portage pouvait être utilisé pour servir à remplir les conditions légales relatives au nombre minimum d’actionnaires, ou pour permettre à un donneur d’ordre qui ne peut avoir la qualité d’actionnaire d’accéder à terme au capital d’une société.La technique du portage d’actions du fait des diverses applications plus ou moins licites qu’elle connait et du fait de son caractère stratégique amène à se poser de nombreuses questions. Les principales problématiques qui ressortent sont, d’une part, celles ayant attrait à l’évolution juridique du mécanisme même du portage et à sa compatibilité avec la qualité et le statut d’associé et, d’autre part, celles ayant attrait au contexte juridique entourant cette technique et au caractère stratégique de l’utilisation de ce type de convention. Enfin, cette thèse sera également l’occasion d’étudier les parallèles existant entre le portage d’actions et la technique de la fiducie. / Summary not transmitted

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Em empresas responsáveis por serviços de encomenda expressa a concorrência é bastante acentuada. Neste caso, o planejamento e a adoção de estratégias eficazes de gerenciamento de recursos produtivos e humanos assume uma importância ainda maior. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi o de estudar os problemas ergonômicos nas etapas e subetapas do processo produtivo em uma empresa pública de serviços de encomendas expressas e propor melhorias. Este documento contempla uma sequência de três artigos que abordam o tema produção e Ergonomia no processo produtivo de encomenda expressa. O primeiro artigo caracteriza a estrutura da empresa pública, objeto do estudo, e verifica como esta gerencia a Ergonomia. O referido artigo mostrou que algumas áreas, como a de encomendas expressas, carecem de estudos ergonômicos mais detalhados. Já o segundo artigo contextualiza o segmento de encomenda expressa brasileiro, as estratégias adotadas e as principais variáveis presentes na captação, tratamento e entrega. O estudo evidenciou que este mercado é muito acirrado com as empresas utilizando estratégias agressivas, como por exemplo, o atendimento 24 horas e a postagem de encomendas sem limite de peso para conquistar o cliente e que estas estratégias têm relação direta com o processo produtivo. No terceiro artigo, foi feito um comparativo entre as subetapas identificadas como gargalos produtivos do processo de encomenda expressa, incluindo a avaliação da carga de trabalho ou da penosidade em cada uma das subetapas gargalo. Isto permitiu estabelecer as prioridades das ações necessárias para a melhoria no contexto produtivo e ergonômico. / In companies responsible for express delivery, competition is highly pronounced. In this case, the planning and adoption of effective strategies for managing production and human resources take on even greater importance. The general goal of this work was to study ergonomic problems in the steps and substeps of the production process in a public express delivery company and to propose improvements. This paper looks at a set of three articles addressing the topic production and Ergonomics in the production process of express delivery. The first article describes the structure of the public company that is the object of study and verifies how it manages Ergonomics. The said article showed that some areas, such as express delivery, lack more detailed ergonomic studies. The second article puts the Brazilian sector of express delivery into context, the strategies adopted and the main variables present in the collection, treatment and delivery. The study indicated that this market is quite competitive, with companies using aggressive strategies, such as 24-hour service and shipping of parcels without weight limits, in order to win over customers. These strategies have straight relation with some aspects of production process. In the third article, a comparison was made between the substeps identified as production bottle necks in the express delivery process, including the evaluation of the workload or burden in each of the bottleneck substeps. This allowed for the establishment of priority actions needed to improve the productive and ergonomic setting.

Em empresas responsáveis por serviços de encomenda expressa a concorrência é bastante acentuada. Neste caso, o planejamento e a adoção de estratégias eficazes de gerenciamento de recursos produtivos e humanos assume uma importância ainda maior. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi o de estudar os problemas ergonômicos nas etapas e subetapas do processo produtivo em uma empresa pública de serviços de encomendas expressas e propor melhorias. Este documento contempla uma sequência de três artigos que abordam o tema produção e Ergonomia no processo produtivo de encomenda expressa. O primeiro artigo caracteriza a estrutura da empresa pública, objeto do estudo, e verifica como esta gerencia a Ergonomia. O referido artigo mostrou que algumas áreas, como a de encomendas expressas, carecem de estudos ergonômicos mais detalhados. Já o segundo artigo contextualiza o segmento de encomenda expressa brasileiro, as estratégias adotadas e as principais variáveis presentes na captação, tratamento e entrega. O estudo evidenciou que este mercado é muito acirrado com as empresas utilizando estratégias agressivas, como por exemplo, o atendimento 24 horas e a postagem de encomendas sem limite de peso para conquistar o cliente e que estas estratégias têm relação direta com o processo produtivo. No terceiro artigo, foi feito um comparativo entre as subetapas identificadas como gargalos produtivos do processo de encomenda expressa, incluindo a avaliação da carga de trabalho ou da penosidade em cada uma das subetapas gargalo. Isto permitiu estabelecer as prioridades das ações necessárias para a melhoria no contexto produtivo e ergonômico. / In companies responsible for express delivery, competition is highly pronounced. In this case, the planning and adoption of effective strategies for managing production and human resources take on even greater importance. The general goal of this work was to study ergonomic problems in the steps and substeps of the production process in a public express delivery company and to propose improvements. This paper looks at a set of three articles addressing the topic production and Ergonomics in the production process of express delivery. The first article describes the structure of the public company that is the object of study and verifies how it manages Ergonomics. The said article showed that some areas, such as express delivery, lack more detailed ergonomic studies. The second article puts the Brazilian sector of express delivery into context, the strategies adopted and the main variables present in the collection, treatment and delivery. The study indicated that this market is quite competitive, with companies using aggressive strategies, such as 24-hour service and shipping of parcels without weight limits, in order to win over customers. These strategies have straight relation with some aspects of production process. In the third article, a comparison was made between the substeps identified as production bottle necks in the express delivery process, including the evaluation of the workload or burden in each of the bottleneck substeps. This allowed for the establishment of priority actions needed to improve the productive and ergonomic setting.

Em empresas responsáveis por serviços de encomenda expressa a concorrência é bastante acentuada. Neste caso, o planejamento e a adoção de estratégias eficazes de gerenciamento de recursos produtivos e humanos assume uma importância ainda maior. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi o de estudar os problemas ergonômicos nas etapas e subetapas do processo produtivo em uma empresa pública de serviços de encomendas expressas e propor melhorias. Este documento contempla uma sequência de três artigos que abordam o tema produção e Ergonomia no processo produtivo de encomenda expressa. O primeiro artigo caracteriza a estrutura da empresa pública, objeto do estudo, e verifica como esta gerencia a Ergonomia. O referido artigo mostrou que algumas áreas, como a de encomendas expressas, carecem de estudos ergonômicos mais detalhados. Já o segundo artigo contextualiza o segmento de encomenda expressa brasileiro, as estratégias adotadas e as principais variáveis presentes na captação, tratamento e entrega. O estudo evidenciou que este mercado é muito acirrado com as empresas utilizando estratégias agressivas, como por exemplo, o atendimento 24 horas e a postagem de encomendas sem limite de peso para conquistar o cliente e que estas estratégias têm relação direta com o processo produtivo. No terceiro artigo, foi feito um comparativo entre as subetapas identificadas como gargalos produtivos do processo de encomenda expressa, incluindo a avaliação da carga de trabalho ou da penosidade em cada uma das subetapas gargalo. Isto permitiu estabelecer as prioridades das ações necessárias para a melhoria no contexto produtivo e ergonômico. / In companies responsible for express delivery, competition is highly pronounced. In this case, the planning and adoption of effective strategies for managing production and human resources take on even greater importance. The general goal of this work was to study ergonomic problems in the steps and substeps of the production process in a public express delivery company and to propose improvements. This paper looks at a set of three articles addressing the topic production and Ergonomics in the production process of express delivery. The first article describes the structure of the public company that is the object of study and verifies how it manages Ergonomics. The said article showed that some areas, such as express delivery, lack more detailed ergonomic studies. The second article puts the Brazilian sector of express delivery into context, the strategies adopted and the main variables present in the collection, treatment and delivery. The study indicated that this market is quite competitive, with companies using aggressive strategies, such as 24-hour service and shipping of parcels without weight limits, in order to win over customers. These strategies have straight relation with some aspects of production process. In the third article, a comparison was made between the substeps identified as production bottle necks in the express delivery process, including the evaluation of the workload or burden in each of the bottleneck substeps. This allowed for the establishment of priority actions needed to improve the productive and ergonomic setting.

O presente trabalho de dissertação tem por objetivo estudar a mudança em curso em uma empresa pública, de modo a fornecer subsídios para que a direção da organização faça uma condução eficaz do processo de mudança. Para atingir o objetivo desta pesquisa, foi conduzido um estudo da literatura especializada, buscando caracterizar mudança organizacional, os fatores que a afetam e as técnicas conhecidas para sua gestão eficaz. Em seguida, foi desenvolvido e aplicado um instrumento de pesquisa que possibilitou identificar na empresa estudada, os fatores que afetam as mudanças organizacionais em curso. Os resultados mostram que os autores pesquisados atribuem grande relevância aos fatores que são obstáculos às mudanças organizacionais e que a aplicação do questionário permitiu conhecer os obstáculos reais e potenciais da empresa pesquisada. Conclui-se que os obstáculos identificados pelos diversos autores podem ser sintetizados nos oito erros que as empresas cometem em processos de mudanças, descritos por John Kotter, e que os obstáculos identificados na empresa pesquisada podem servir de subsídios para auxiliar a direção da mesma a gerir de forma eficaz as mudanças. / This paper aims to study the change in course in a public company, in way to supply subsidies so that the direction of the organization makes an effective transport of the change process. To reach the objective of this research, a study of specialized literature was lead, searching to characterize organizational change, the factors affect that it and the known techniques for its effective management. After that, it was developed and applied a research instrument that it made possible to identify in the studied company, the factors that affect the organizational changes in course. The results show that the researched authors attribute great relevance to the factors that are obstacles to the organizational changes and that the application of the questionnaire allowed to know the real and potential obstacles of the researched company. One concludes that the identified obstacles for the several authors can be synthesized in the eight mistakes that the companies commit when managing changes, described by John Kotter, and that the identified obstacles in the researched company can serve as subsidies to aid the direction of the same to manage in an effective way the changes.

The Big 4 global networks (Deloitte, Ernst & Young [E&Y], KPMG, and PricewaterhouseCoopers [PwC]) market themselves as providers of worldwide seamless services and consistent audit quality through their members. Under the current environment in which these auditors operate, there are three types of global network members: inspected non-U.S. affiliates (inspected affiliates, hereafter), non-inspected non-U.S. affiliates (non-inspected affiliates, hereafter), and inspected U.S. offices (U.S. offices, hereafter). The recent suspension of the China-based Big 4 affiliates from auditing U.S.-listed companies calls into question whether these global networks can deliver the same level of audit quality across all their members and whether those located in jurisdictions denying access to the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB or Board, hereafter) to conduct inspections may benefit from such inspections. This study examines the effect of being an affiliate and the effect of PCAOB inspections on perceived audit quality. I use earnings response coefficients (ERCs) as a proxy for perceived audit quality. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2015. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:21:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roberto Viana.pdf: 6428524 bytes, checksum: 9a03e335f88d49109b13e7c4580fa681 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-28 / The main proposal of this work is to offer components to help improve the public collective transport services, meant to the poorest social class citizens who live in a precarious level urban territory. For this reason, a study was made of Campo Grande Region case, in Campinas. We looked to learn about the city s history, of the collective transport development of the region and of the managing agency in charge of the collective transport system. Although the initial mark of this system begins from the railroad foundation in 1872, the public transport administration was relegated to a second plan for more than a century, once Setransp (City Department of Transport) was only created in 1980, and the company administrating the Emdec (Campinas Developing City Company) was only born in 1989. A critical evaluation showed a decrease of the lower class population s mobility caused by the tariff costs of collective transport. Thus, it seems evident that Emdec, a public company, needs to play a more efficient role towards this needy community, who needs buses but which is every day more distant of this way of transport. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo oferecer elementos que ajudem na melhoria dos servi?os de transporte coletivo p?blico, voltados para cidad?os das camadas sociais mais pobres e que vivem em um territ?rio com n?vel prec?rio de urbaniza??o. Para isso, realizou-se um estudo de caso da Regi?o do Campo Grande, em Campinas. Procurou-se conhecer a hist?ria do munic?pio, do desenvolvimento do transporte coletivo na regi?o e do ?rg?o gestor encarregado de cuidar do sistema de transporte coletivo. Apesar desse sistema ter como marco inicial a funda??o da ferrovia em 1872, a gest?o do transporte p?blico ficou relegada a um segundo plano por mais de um s?culo, pois somente em 1980 foi criada a Setransp (Secretaria Municipal de Transportes), e a empresa gestora do transporte Emdec (Empresa Municipal de Desenvolvimento de Campinas) s? surgiu em 1989. Uma avalia??o cr?tica mostrou uma diminui??o da mobilidade da popula??o de baixa renda, causada pelo custo da tarifa do transporte coletivo. Assim ficou evidente que a Emdec, uma empresa p?blica, precisa exercer um papel mais efetivo em rela??o a essa comunidade carente, que mais precisa do ?nibus e que, a cada dia, fica mais distante deste meio de transporte.

由於當公司管理機制設計出了問題時，盈餘管理動機會較容易通過篩檢，甚至管理機制本身可能都會產生盈餘管理動機，並使得管理當局可能容易操縱公司決策或是報表數字，又從國內報章雜誌的報導，我們可以發現一些台灣管理機制上的亂象，如董監一家親、董事不懂事、監事不監視或是一個家族、機構投資包辦董事會席次的情況。 在此環境之下，為了維護股東權益、降低盈餘管理行為與促進證券市場的穩定發展，本研究擬針對三構面—與股東有關、與董監事有關、與經理人有關之管理機制，如：機構投資者持股比例、外部大股東持股比例、董事會規模大小、最大家族成員董事持股、監察人是否具獨立地位、董事長是否兼任總經理、經理人持股比例、總經理薪資總額等管理機制設計，探討其與盈餘管理程度之影響。 本研究為了達到學術與實務結合，採用會計師與會計經理之實地訪談與實證研究兩種方法，以兼具深度之訪談與廣度之實證研究，探討公司管理機制設計對盈餘管理程度之影響。 一、會計師與會計經理之訪談 本訪談目的係為了瞭解國內上市公司管理機制設計與操縱之情形，因此挑選對於實務運作有深入瞭解的執業會計師與上市公司會計經理，透過依研究問題所設計的各項訪談問題，最後依照所獲結論彙總形成研究假說。而訪談結果大部分的會計師與會計經理皆認為，有些公司的確會在股東部分、董監事部分與經理人部分的管理機制作刻意的安排，以使得其盈餘管理目的較易達成。 二、實證研究 透過以上訪談形成研究假說之後，本研究以上市公司為研究對象，蒐集民國84年至87年間盈餘管理程度與各管理機制之相關資料，進行複迴歸分析，經由會計師與資深會計經理之訪談與實證研究，本研究得出以下綜合性結論： (一)股東部分之管理機制： 1. 機構投資者持股比例：從訪談中得知，機構投資者持股對於公司盈餘管理程度有相當程度之影響，但由於其身份真假難以區分，因此較難確定其所發揮之角色，及其對盈餘管理程度之正負影響；在實證分析結果部分，此管理機制則未與盈餘管理程度成顯著關係。 2. 外部大股東持股比例：從訪談結果中得知，由於國內企業普遍存在董事席次安排的問題，因此外部大股東對於公司決策有一定程度之影響；但由於較難確定此管理機制所發揮之角色，因此較難確定其對盈餘管理程度之正負影響；在實證分析結果部分，此管理機制則未與盈餘管理程度成顯著關係。。 (二)董監事部分管理機制： 1. 董事會規模大小：從訪談結果中發現，若具有共通性的成員越多，可能越容易從事盈餘管理行為，且在實證分析部分，民國八十七年度樣本分析中發現，董事會規模大小與盈餘管理程度呈顯著正相關，即表示董事會規模越大，公司之盈餘管理程度越高。此實證分析結果與專家訪談所獲結論相符。 2. 最大家族成員董事持股比例：從訪談結果中發現，若最大家族在董事會中勢力越大，則對公司影響程度越大，而在實證分析部分，於民國八十七年度樣本分析中發現，最大家族成員董事持股比例與盈餘管理程度呈顯著正相關，表示最大家族成員董事持股比例越高，公司盈餘管理程度越高。此實證分析結果與專家訪談所獲結論相符。 3. 監察人身份是否獨立：從訪談中發現，若是機構監察人可能由於較容易操縱，不易維持獨立地位，因此較自然人監察人不易發揮監督功能，而在實證分析部分，則未與盈餘管理程度呈顯著關係。 (三)經理人部分管理機制： 1. 職務雙重性：從訪談中得知，若具有職務雙重性較不易執行相互報告與負責之制度，可能使得盈餘管理行為較易發生，但可能由於仍有其他董事會成員兼任經理人之情況未納入考慮，使得實證分析部分，未與盈餘管理程度呈顯著關係。 2. 經理人持股比例：從訪談中發現，有些產業偏好以股票招攬或鼓勵員工，因此對於經理人的激勵有相當大的誘因，但也可能因此產生盈餘管理的動機，但可能由於未能考慮不同持股來源之不同動機程度，使得在實證分析部分未能與盈餘管理程度呈顯著關係。 3. 總經理薪資總額部分： 從訪談結果中發現，總經理的薪資通常包括本薪與依照盈餘計算之紅利，因此可能由於未能詳細區分薪資內容之盈餘管理動機，使得在實證分析部分，未與盈餘管理程度成顯著關係。 目 錄 第一章 緒 論………………………………….............1 第一節 研究動機與目的…………………………………… 1 第二節 研究問題…………………………………………… 3 第三節 研究方法…………………………………………… 4 第四節 研究架構…………………………………………… 6 第二章 文獻探討…………………………………............8 第一節 盈餘管理相關文獻………………………………… 8 第二節 公司管理機制之相關文獻…………………..…….. 10 第三節 公司管理機制與盈餘管理相關文獻……………… 21 第四節 文獻彙總…………………………………………… 30 第五節 研究延伸…………………………………………… 38 第三章 資深會計經理與會計師之訪談………........ 43 第一節 訪談目的……………………………….…….……... 43 第二節 訪談問題之形成………………………….………… 43 第三節 訪談結果記錄…………………………….……….... 48 第四節 訪談內容比較與分析…………………….………… 58 第四章 研究方法論……………………………........ 61 第一節 觀念性架構………………………………...……….. 61 第二節 研究方法………………………………….…..…….. 62 第三節 研究假說…………………………………….…..….. 62 第四節 變數衡量………………………………………...….. 74 第五節 實證模式………………………………….……….... 81 第六節 研究期間與抽樣限制條件……………….………… 82 第七節 資料來源………………………………….………… 83 第八節 資料分析方法……………………………...……….. 84 第五章 實證研究結果…………………………... .........85 第一節 敘述性統計…………………………………….…… 85 第二節 複迴歸分析結果…………………………….…….... 86 第六章 結論與建議……………………….…….. .........93 第一節 研究結論………………………………………...….. 93 第二節 研究限制……………………………………………....96 第三節 建議及未來研究方向……………………….…….... 96 參考文獻………………………………............…………….99 表 次 表一、國外盈餘管理文獻彙總表………………………………. 31 表二、國內盈餘管理文獻彙總表………………………………. 31 表三、國外管理機制文獻彙總表—屬理論探討者……………. 32 表四、國外管理機制文獻彙總表—屬實證分析者……………. 32 表五、國內管理機制文獻彙總表………………………………. 34 表六、國外管理機制與盈餘管理相關性之文獻彙總表………. 35 表七、國內管理機制與盈餘管理相關性之文獻彙總表………. 36 表八、研究延伸彙總表…………………………………………. 42 表九、研究問題與訪談問題對照表……………………………. 44 表十、訪談問題形成之彙總表…………………………………. 45 表十一、問題一結論彙總表……………………………………. 49 表十二、問題二結論彙總表……………………………………. 50 表十三、問題三結論彙總表……………………………………. 52 表十四、問題四結論彙總表…………………………………… 53 表十五、問題五結論彙總表……………………………………. 54 表十六、問題六結論彙總表……………………………………. 55 表十七、問題七結論彙總表……………………………………. 56 表十八、問題八結論彙總表…………………………………… 56 表十九、問題九至十六結論彙總表……………………………. 57 表二十、會計師與會計經理訪談結果比較表…………………. 58 表二十一、變數衡量彙總表……………………………………. 80 表二十二、所有樣本之產業分布表……………………………. 82 表二十三、敘述統計分析表……………………………………. 85 表二十四、總樣本分析VIF值表……………………………… 86 表二十五、總樣本迴歸分析表…………………………………. 87 表二十六、各年度樣本獨立性假設分析表……………………. 90 表二十七、各年度樣本迴歸分析表……………………………. 90 表二十八、管理機制與盈餘管理程度之研究結果彙總表……. 94 圖 次 圖一、研究方法概念流程圖…………………………….……... 5 圖二、研究架構圖……………………………………….……... 7 圖三、訪談問題形成流程圖…………………………………… 44 圖四、股東部分管理機制與盈餘管理之觀念架構圖………... 61 圖五、董監事部分管理機制與盈餘管理之觀念架構圖……… 61 圖六、經理人部分管理機制與盈餘管理之觀念架構圖……… 62 附 錄 附錄一、國內外管理機制整理表…………………………….. 105 附錄二、統計結果彙總表……………………………….….… 110 附錄三、依照產業別估計裁決性應計項目之迴歸分析….…. 114 / If there are some deficiencies on corporate governance structure, the motivations of earnings management will pass through the corporate governance easier. The corporate governance will even create some motivations, and managers (might be owners also) will tend to manage the decisions or reported earnings. Hence, whether the corporate governance of public companies be designed and works well is the hottest topic in Taiwan, in order to assert stockholders’ rights, decrease the behaviors of earnings management, and improve the stock market develop steadily. This thesis combines interviews (with CPAs and accounting managers) and empirical study to investigate the relation between corporate governance and earnings management. 4. Interviews with CPAs and accounting managers: The main purpose of interviews is to understand how the corporate governance of public companies be designed and manipulated, so the interviews are made with CPAs and accounting managers who realize the true meanings of CG more profoundly. By the conclusions of the interviews, I can further ascertain the foundations of my assumptions and give the outcomes of empirical tests stringent explanations. In the conclusions of the interviews, most CPAs and accounting managers consider that the corporate governance in stockholders, members of board, and managers’ dimensions are indeed manipulated to achieve some purposes of earnings management in many public companies in Taiwan. 5. Empirical study: My study objects are the public companies in Taiwan Stock Trade. I collect financial and corporate governance data and run regression analysis. The comprehensive conclusions of interviews and empirical tests are as followed: 3. Stockholders’ dimension: (1) Institutional stockholders’ holdings: From the contents of interviews, I realize that institutional shareholders’ holdings have some impacts on earnings management, but the real roles of institutional shareholders are hard to clarify. As the result, it’s hard to predict the relation between institutional holdings and earnings management as positive or negative. In the empirical test, there is no significant relation between institutional holdings and the level of earnings management. (2) Outside big stockholders’ holdings: From the contents of interviews, I realize that most of big shareholders of some family company have been in the board of directors, and in the empirical test, there is no significant relation between outside big stockholders’ holdings and the level of earnings management. 4. Members of board’s dimension: (1) Size of board of directors: From the contents of interviews, I realize that the more the number of members of board with similar characteristics, the easier will they manage reported earnings. In the empirical test of 1998 samples, there is significant positive relation between size of board of directors and earnings management. It means that the bigger the board of directors, the higher the level of earnings management. (2) The holdings of the biggest family members of directors: From the contents of interviews, if the biggest family has more power in the board of directors, it influences the board of directors more. In the empirical test of 1998 samples, there is significant positive relation between the holdings of the biggest family members of directors and earnings management. It means that the higher the holdings of the biggest family members of board, the higher the level of earnings management. (3) Whether the supervisors have independent roles: From the contents of interviews, I realize that because of some regulations of supervisors, the institutional supervisors are manipulated easier than natural supervisors and hard to supervise the behavior of earnings management. But in the empirical test, there is no significant relation between supervisors’ independent role and the level of earnings management. 5. Managers’ dimension: (1) Duality (whether the chairman of board and CEO are the same): From the contents of interviews, I realize that if the chairman of board and CEO are the same, there might be deficiencies of reporting and mutual responsibility and higher level of earnings management. But in the empirical test, there is no significant relation between duality and earnings management. (2) Managers’ holding: From the contents of interviews, I realize that some companies of particular industries are preferred to give stocks to recruit or encourage employees, so the holdings of managers are very incentive. But in the empirical test, there is no significant relation between managers’ holdings and the level of earnings management. (3) CEO’ compensation: From the contents of interviews, the CEO’s compensation is often included fixed salary, bonus based on the earnings, so it might has some relation with the level of earnings management. But in the empirical test, there is no significant relation between CEO’s compensation and the level of earnings management.

Many external parties such as investors, creditors, and regulatory agencies, use a company’s financial statements in their decision-making. In doing so, they rely on audit opinions on whether financial statements are fairly stated. However, evidence suggests that there are factors in the audit environment that influence auditor judgments. For example, nondiagnostic client information dilutes auditor judgments when compared to judgments based on diagnostic information alone, especially for less experienced auditors (Hackenbrack 1992; Hoffman and Patton 1997; Glover 1994; Shelton 1999). High time pressure conditions mitigate this effect by refocusing auditor attention toward relevant client information, therefore reducing the impact of nondiagnostic information (Glover 1994, 1997). This research study examines other common audit environment factors to determine if they too influence audit judgment results. An online questionnaire of 149 auditors, CPAs and other accounting professionals indicate that the inclusion of nondiagnostic client information results in a significant change in auditor judgments. The direction of this change follows a theorized pattern; risk assessments that were initially high are reduced, while those that were initially low are increased. Significance was not consistently found for a workload and PCAOB effect on auditor judgment. However, a comparison of the absolute value of dilution effect means across conditions reveals some trending for the proposed unwanted effect of high workload, and the beneficial effect of PCAOB guidance. These results have important implications for auditing research and practice. It extends previous archival research on workload effects and uses a unique questionnaire design to reexamine workload pressures in a behavioral setting. The results of hypothesis testing on workload pressure and PCAOB guidance, although lacking consistent statistical significance; exhibit trends that agree with proposed theoretical relationships. Tests on the effects of nondiagnostic information show strong statistical support for previous studies in the area of psychology and audit. This study’s greatest contribution suggests that audit pressures do not produce equivalent effects on auditor judgment; time pressure improves audit judgment, while workload pressure does not (Glover 1994, 1997). These results can be explained by examining the relationship between stress and audit judgment performance (Choo 1995, Yerkes and Dodson 1908). Different types and different degrees of audit pressures may correspond to different levels of audit pressure. Low to moderate levels of audit pressure, such as the level of time pressure used in Glover’s (1994, 1997) study improve audit performance. Higher audit pressures, such as high workload during an auditor’s busy season, may lower audit performance.