published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration

電子發票自2000年推行以來，多為企業對企業的相關研究，幾乎沒有文獻從政府與企業在電子發票政策中合作的角度進行研究。因此本研究以政府在2010年底才推動的企業對消費者實體通路電子發票試辦作業為個案，並以公私協力關係的角度，針對政府與企業的相關人員進行個別深度訪談。首先了解企業加入電子發票試辦作業的原因，接著描繪出電子發票試辦作業中，政府與企業的互動情形；再者，找出政府與企業合作的困難，據以提出政策建議，做為政府日後推動公私協力政策之參考，最後歸納公私協力關係的條件，以驗證、補充或強化公私協力關係的文獻。 企業加入電子發票試辦作業的原因包含高階管理者的支持、成本降低、提升企業形象、資訊化程度高，導入障礙低、關係企業的引介與同業競爭等因素。企業在加入電子發票試辦作業後，與政府形成水平互補之互動模式。研究發現高階管理者的領導與支持、共同且清楚的目標、公開、互相尊重與信任、明確且完善的法律規範、持續溝通協商、公平合作與彈性、關注利害關係人、長期穩定關係等是有利政府與企業協力合作的因素；與文獻不同的是，監測績效這項因素對政府與企業合作順利與否影響並不大。另外對電子發票格式的認知差距、法令規章不完備、行政規則制定太慢、電子發票格式規定變動頻繁、政策規劃不周、資訊壟斷於大型企業、服務品質降低等因素則是政府與企業合作所碰到的困難，其中政策規劃不周導致電子發票格式規定變動頻繁是本研究在文獻以外之發現。 基於以上研究成果，本研究提出相關建議，首先，讓更多中小企業改用電子發票，亦必須注意跨機關間的合作與協調，方能讓電子發票的使用更為普及與順利；而政府在推動政策前應有完善的政策規劃，如果有經費委請顧問廠商，在遴選上須更加嚴謹，使資源更能有效運用。本研究認為後續研究者可以以中小企業為主體，甚至比較不同行業之企業採用電子發票的情形，亦可以朝電子發票其他利害關係人，像是社福團體、資訊服務業者以及稅務代理業者等著手；另外，探討政府機關間的合作或是從企業對政府電子發票的角度著手，俾能對電子發票有更全觀的了解。 / Since 2000, most research about e-invoice has focused on the topic of business to business (B2B). Just few studied in connection with the cooperation of government and business (G2B) in e-invoice policy. This thesis attempts to understand the process of business to citizen (B2C) e-invoice pilot operation, from the perspective of public-private partnership (PPP). The author adopts in-depth interviews with government and enterprise related personnel.The purpose is, first, to find out the reasons why the enterprises participate in e-invoice pilot operation. Second, the thesis describes G2B interaction in e-invoice pilot operation process; and then to find out the difficulties in G2B cooperation as well as policy suggestions. Finally, the thesis trys to conclude with conditions of PPP as well as its verification and improvement. Based on the empirical data, the reasons why the enterprises join e-invoice pilot operation include: the support from top manager, cost down, promotion of corporate image, high degree of computerization, recommendation from conglomerate and relative competitive advantage. The G2B cooperation is horizontal complementary interaction model. The findings discover eight benefical factors for PPPs including (1) the leadership and support from top managers, (2) shared goals, (3) transparent execution process and mutual respect and trust, (4) well and clear legislation and standard, (5) the lasting communication, (6) a fair collaborationship and elasticity, (7) understanding of stakeholders, (8) long-term and stable relationship. The difficulties in G2B cooperation include: (1) the different opinions of e-invoice format between government and business, (2) slow formulation of administrative direction, (3) the e-invoice format instability, (4) the incompleteness of policy planning, (5) the information monopoly by big enterprises, (6) the reduction of service quality. Based on the previous findings, this thesis recommends government to make more small and medium enterprises (SMEs) adopt e-invoice. The e-invoice authority should also pay attention to coordinate with other government organizations, to plan for public policy more solidly, and to pick and choose consulting business exactly. The author anticipates that follow-up research may focus on SMEs, with comparision of different enterprises that adopt e-invoice. More studies are suggested to involve public welfare groups, information service providers, and tax agents. The future studies may also discuss the cooperation between governments and for the perspective of business to government (B2G) e-invoice.

Collaboration between academic and corporate entities has increased in recent years. On many occasions Government actors (e.g. federal laboratories) will participate in these collaborations, especially when advanced technologies are involved. The following inquiry considers the degree to which the federal entities add (scientific) value to University-Industry partnerships and how this value is spatially mediated. Quantifying degrees of the value that Government actors induce across the spectrum of University-Industry collaborative arrangements is useful for identifying scales at which intervention by federal agents is more effective and/or justified. It is anticipated that the value-added by federal agents in University-Industry collaboration is not spatially uniform but will exhibit greater profitability across specific scales of interaction. Comparing these against actual scales of interaction provides room for discussion on whether Government actors engage Universities and Industry at scales that optimize the value they introduce to these partnerships.

The Community Broadband Investment Act, introduced in the Georgia legislature in 2012 and 2013 is a reflection of a broader national debate over the role of government investment in broadband infrastructure. The bill would limit local governments' ability to invest in broadband infrastructure for their communities because of arguments that government entry into the telecommunications sector crowds-out private competition, does not serve the public adequately, and lacks a comprehensive business model or best practices. A closer look at the history of utility regulation and various economic perspectives on the proper government role in utility provision reveals that government has had an extensive historical role in utility infrastructure investment and regulation, and several economic doctrines support the conclusion that government can be helpful in facilitating effective broadband service to their communities. Case studies of different models of municipal broadband networks in Georgia reveal that government entry can facilitate private sector competition, often provides quality service, and has a set of best practices. The success of municipal broadband reveals an evolution in the approach to telecommunications regulation from a regulated monopoly approach to a public-private cooperation approach which considers public participation with private entities on a dynamic scale. Government-entry into the broadband market was a rational decision for several Georgia communities due to their unique set of circumstances, and while municipal broadband may not be the answer to many communities' problems with meeting public demand, communities should be allowed to maintain flexibility in their decision-making about how to best serve their residents, effectively allowing them to decide which combination of public and private advantages they can leverage to meet the demand of their communities in relation to their unique local characteristics.

Inovacijos yra svarbus šalies, regiono, organizacijos plėtros ir konkurencingumo didinimo veiksnys šiuolaikinėje ekonomikoje. E.valdžios inovacijos iš vienos pusės yra viešojo sektoriaus tobulinimo ir plėtros variklis, iš kitos – procesas, reikalaujantis aukšto lygio kompetencijos, investicijų ir politinės valios. Šiai problemai atskleisti buvo atlikta literatūros, teisinių dokumentų, vykdomų projektų analizė bei kokybinė ekspertų apklausa. Išanalizavus e.valdžios ir inovacijų sampratas, inovatyvų procesą viešajame sektoriuje konstruojančius veiksnius, e.valdžios inovacijų praktines kryptis ir strateginius ES ir Lietuvos prioritetus inovacijų e.valdžioje politikoje, interpretuotas e.valdžios inovacijų apibrėžimas, nustatytos vystymosi tendencijos ir strategijos, skatinančios e.valdžios inovacijų plėtrą. / Innovations are important for country, region and organization competitiveness growth in nowadays economic. E-gov innovations on one hand are a driver of public sector improvement and development, in other hand it is a process, which expect high competence, investments and political power. In order to disclose the topic of the paper, the analysis of literary sources, legal documents, projects under implementation was carried out and qualitative questionnaire of experts was done. Having analysed the concepts of e-gov and innovation, factors constructing innovative process in public sector, trends of e-gov innovations in practice and priorities of EU and Lithuania’s strategy and policy, the definition of e-gov innovation was interpreted, the trends for development and the strategies for e-gov innovation promotion were identified.

Šiuolaikinės socialinės ekonominės šalies plėtros tendencijos socialinių pokyčių vertinimo požiūriu reikalauja iš naujo įvertinti valdžios institucijų vaidmenį ekonomikoje. Valstybei, vykdant reguliacines ir kontrolės funkcijas, nustatant norminiais teisiniais aktais bendradarbiavimo taisykles tarp viešojo ir privataus sektorių, jos vaidmuo iš esmės keičiasi, kadangi viešasis sektorius vis dažniau turi būti aktyvus rinkos dalyvis, o ne tik stebėtojas. Disertaciniame tyrime analizuojama viešojo ir privataus sektorių sanglauda, kuri integruoja dviejų sektorių institucines ir veiklos galimybes bei absorbuoja teisinio statuso problemas, kurios kyla dėl to, kad vienas sektorius vadovaujasi daugiau viešosios, kitas privatinės teisės normomis. Nors kiekvienas sektorius turi savo tikslus, sektoriniame bendravime turi juos abipusiai derinti, ieškoti kompromisų, pasitelkti ne tik žmogiškuosius resursus, bet ir turimą socialinį bei ekonominį kapitalą. Administracinis teisinis reguliavimas turi padėti išlaikyti pusiausvyrą tarp privataus sektoriaus pagrindinio tikslo – pelno ir viešojo sektoriaus pareigos – užtikrinti viešojo intereso apsaugą. Disertacijoje kapitalas tiriamas per tris jo galimas socialinio, ekonominio ir žmogiškojo kapitalo vartojimo reikšmes, akcentuojant labiausiai teisiškai reikšmingus sektorinio bendravimo ypatumus. Kadangi iš viešojo sektoriaus kyla ekonominių, socialinių santykių valstybinio reguliavimo sprendimai, įvairūs teisiniai reguliavimo būdai ir metodai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The state trends of modern social-economic development require re-evaluation of the economic role of public institutions in order to assess social changes. As the state implements its regulatory and control functions, and establishes cooperation rules for public-private sectors by normative legal acts, its role essentially changes, because the public sector increasingly needs to be an active market participant, and not just an observer. Dissertation research analysis public-private sectors’ cohesion which integrates institutional and operational opportunities of the both sectors and absorbs the problems of legal status, which arise because one sector relies more on the norms of public law, and the other – on private law norms. Although each sector has its own goals, sectorial cooperation should involve counter-balancing and search for compromises. Administrative legal regulation has to help keep balance between the private sector, which has the main objective – profit and public sector goal’s to ensure protection of the public interest. The dissertation analyses the social, economic and human capital focusing on three possible notions of its use, stressing the most legally significant peculiarities of sectorial communication. The decisions on state regulation of economic and social relations arise from the public sector, which also produces various legal regulatory methods. Therefore, this dissertation aims at analysing and suggesting the proper ways of taking use of the... [to full text]

Viešojo ir privataus sektorių bendradarbiavimas yra kontraversiškas dalykas. Iš vienos pusės, į rinką pritraukiama naujovių, tobulinamas viešojo sektoriaus darbas, skatinamas verslo ir regionų konkurencingumas, tačiau tokia partnerystė gali turėti ir neigiamų pasekmių, tokių kaip politiniai ir demokratiniai kaštai, iškreipta viešojo administravimo reikšmė visuomenėje ir neracionalūs ar neskaidrūs sprendimai. Todėl svarbu, kad visi partnerystės dalyviai teisingai suprastų projektų tikslus, norus, ar kiekvienas partneris pajėgus investuoti į partnerystę tiek materialinius, tiek ir nematerialinius resursus bei atliktų projektų vertinimą. Magistro baigiamojo darbo tikslas - išanalizuoti viešojo ir privataus sektoriaus partnerystės raidą, privalumus bei trūkumus ir įvertinti partnerystės projekto naudą visoms viešojo ir privataus sektorių partnerystės pusėms. Teorinėje dalyje išanalizuota mokslinė literatūra ir įvertinta viešojo ir privataus sektorių partnerystės raida, privalumai, trūkumai, efektyvumas ir nauda visoms pusėms: viešajam sektoriui, privačiam sektoriui ir visuomenei bei pateikti pasiūlymai kaip spręsti iškilusias problemas. Teoriniu aspektu analizuojama viešojo ir privataus sektorių partnerystės samprata, akcentuojant tokios formos bendradarbiavimo atsiradimo priežastis, išskiriami privalumai ir trūkumai, galimybės ir grėsmės. Pateikiami partnerystės projektų pavyzdžiai, apibendrinti statistiniai duomenis apie projektų raidą, pokyčius ir tendencijas bei pateikiamos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The collaboration between public and private sectors is a controversial object. On one hand, there are innovations that are being attracted to the market, and the work process in the public sector is improved, as well as the competitive ability between the business and regions is motivated, on the other hand such partnership may have negative results like political and democratic costs, distorted authority of the public administration in the society, and unreasonable or ambiguous decisions. Therefore, it is essential, that not only all the parties involved in the partnership would take the aims and intentions of the projects properly, but also each partner is able to invest into the partnership tangible and intangible resources, and could make the estimation of the projects. The aim of the Master's thesis is to analyze the development, as well as the pros and cons of the public - private sectors, and to estimate the advantage of the partnership projects in regard to all the parties of private and public sectors. The theoretical part of final thesis deals with the analyzed scientific literature and the estimated development, pros and cons, efficiency of the partnership with respect of the public and private sectors, as well as the advantage to all the parties including public - private sectors and the society, additionally the potential suggestions and the occurrence of possible problems is given. The conception of public and private sectors is analyzed from the theoretical... [to full text]

氣候變遷加劇全球各地天然災害。基於保障人民基本生活，政府主動積極管理災害風險已不可避免，而國際上亦普遍以保險機制調適氣候變遷風險，且建立公私合作關係共同承擔巨災損失。本文整理分析文獻資料作為論述基礎，並比較研究國內外天然災害保險制度，歸納整理共同特性與功能，以及建立制度之基本原則與經營基礎，以演繹我國天然災害保險制度法制化重點包括：1.立法形式：單獨特別立法建立制度；2.政府角色：兼具保險人及再保險人角色，提供天災保險保障並具風險承擔功能；3.制度模式：在公私合作關係下，由民營保險人負責銷售管理、理賠且承擔中間規模損失，而政府提供財務支持或擔保；4.制度定位及性質：屬於非社會保險之公共計畫（政策保險），人民無投保之法律上義務；5.保障範圍：規範最低承保範圍，提供人民一致且可負擔之保險；6.減災責任及誘因：保險制度應整合減災，納入個人減災誘因且於利害關係人間（政府、被保險人、保險人）適當分攤減災責任；7.主管機關與專職管理組織：減災為天然災害保險不可分割之一部分，宜跨越行政組織分工，從功能性意義上互動共同治理；並將住宅地震保險基金轉型為天然災害保險基金作為專職管理組織；8.風險分散機制：立法設置多層次風險承擔機制，由被保險人自負低層小額損失，保險人、天災基金、再保險人、資本市場承擔中間層級責任，政府則承受極端重大損失。 / Climate change has intensified natural disasters worldwide. To protect people’s basic livelihoods, it is necessary that the government actively and aggressively manages the risks of disasters. Meanwhile, insurance system is an adaptation measure generally adopted to pool the risks of climate change, and public and private cooperation is established to share the losses of huge disasters. This study compared domestic and foreign insurance systems aiming at natural disasters based on the summary and analysis of literature to develop the keys legislation regarding a natural disaster insurance system: 1. Type of legislation: individually established legislative system; 2. Government role: both the insurer and re-insurer providing protection and risk assumption for natural disasters; 3. System model: with public and private cooperation, private insurers are responsible for the sales, management, claims and assumed losses on a moderate scale, while the government provides financial support or guarantees; 4. System positioning and nature: the public plan other than social insurance, people is no generalized duty to buy cover in the system; 5. Coverage: minimum protection, providing consistent and affordable insurance to all people; 6. Mitigation and incentives: the insurance system should integrate mitigation with personal incentives for disaster reduction and share mitigation responsibilities among stakeholders (government, insured, insurer) as appropriate; 7. Competent authority and dedicated management organization: mitigation is an inseparable part of natural disaster insurance, which is appropriate for the work divisions of cross-administrative organizations and interactive governance in functions; turn the Taiwan Residential Earthquake Insurance Fund into a natural disaster insurance fund for dedicated management; 8. Risk diversification mechanism: set a multi-level risk sharing mechanism through legislation, in which the insured shall be responsible for low-level losses in small amounts; the insurer, natural disaster insurance fund, re-insurer, and capital market share the middle-level liabilities; and the government shall bear the extremely large losses.

Pastaruoju metu daugelyje šalių privatus sektorius yra vis intensyviau įtraukiamas finansuojant ir įgyvendinant valstybės ir savivaldybių investicijų projektus, susijusius su viešosios infrastruktūros plėtra ir viešųjų paslaugų teikimu. Vis dėlto Lietuvoje viešojo ir privataus sektorių partnerystė yra naujovė, bendrų projektų įgyvendinimui trukdo netobula įstatymų bazė, neigiamas visuomenės nuomonė, praktikos ir žinių šioje srityje trūkumas. Todėl tikslinga šiame darbe išanalizuoti ir įvertinti visas aplinkybes, kurios trukdo viešajam sektoriui bendradarbiauti su privataus sektoriaus atstovais, supažindinti su VPSP būkle ir perspektyvomis Lietuvoje. Darbe keliamas tikslas yra išanalizuoti viešojo ir privataus sektorių bendradarbiavimo Lietuvoje alternatyvas, daugiausia dėmesio skiriant pagal partnerystės principą įgyvendinamiems projektams. Šio tikslo siekiama pirmiausia supažindinant su viešojo ir privataus sektorių partnerystės samprata, svarbiausiais principais ir esme. Pateikiama pagal partnerystės schemas Lietuvoje įgyvendinamų projektų apžvalga ir vykdymo tendencijos, atlikta detalesnė VPSP reglamentuojančių teisės aktų analizė ir vertinimas. Taip pat pasitelkus anketinę apklausą siekiama įvertinti tarpsektorinio bendradarbiavimo savivaldose galimybes. Savivaldybėse atliktas tyrimas patvirtino iškeltą hipotezę, kad Lietuvoje nėra sudarytos pakankamos prielaidos viešojo sektoriaus institucijoms bendradarbiauti su privačiu verslu. Pastebėta tendencija, kad įtraukiant... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Recently in many countries private sector are increasingly involved in financing and implementation of state and municipal investment projects related to public infrastructure and public service development and improvement. However, in Lithuania, public-private sector partnership implementation remains a novelty, as joint projects implementation are hampered by imperfect legislation, negative public attitudes, practices and lack of knowledge in this field. It is therefore appropriate in this work to examine all the circumstances that prevent public sector to cooperate with the private sector. Accordingly, PPP condition and prospects in Lithuania are analyzed. The aim of this work is to analyze alternatives of public and private sector cooperation, focusing on projects that are implementing under partnership principle. This objective is reached presenting concept of public-private sector partnership, the main principles and point. Also in this work are presented a review of projects implementing under partnership schemes, a more detailed PPP legislation analysis and evaluation. There is also given a questionnaire survey to assess cooperation opportunities in municipality of Lithuania. Results of survey presented that raised hypothesis was approved. There are not enough good conditions for public and private sector cooperation in Lithuania. Observed trend that in a joint project with private partner are applied other more often used forms, like lease or public procurement... [to full text]

Teorijos bei praktikos analizė leido pažvelgti į kaltinimo formų pakeitimą probleminiu aspektu. Teisės doktrinoje kaltinimo formų pakeitimo baudžiamajame procese problemos nekeliamos, tačiau tiek praktinė medžiaga, tiek patys praktikai išduoda, jog šiai temai turėtų būti skiriamas dėmesys – pirmiausiai iškeliant problemas į dienos šviesą, o po to jas sprendžiant. Praverstų tiek šiuo metu galiojančių teisės normų, susijusių su privačiai viešo ir ypač su privataus kaltinimo institutais, peržiūrėjimas, detalesnis reglamentavimas ar bent jau išaiškinimas, tiek bandymas formuoti kitokią praktiką. Šiame darbe analizuojamos Lietuvos, Vokietijos, Norvegijos bei Rusijos baudžiamuosiuose procesuose įtvirtintos kaltinimo formos. Detaliai aptariami jų požymiai bei sąlygos, leidžiančios vieną kaltinimo formą pakeisti kita. Tokia teorinė analizė atveda prie praktinių problemų, kurios apribojamos Lietuvos baudžiamuoju procesu. Daug dėmesio skiriama „visuomeninio intereso“ neapibrėžtumui bei formuluotės „dėl svarbių priežasčių negali ginti teisėtų savo interesų“ traktavimui, svarstomas privačiai viešo bei privataus kaltinimo veikų tinkamumas ir vertinamas nuoseklus baudžiamojo proceso vykdymas dviem kaltinimo formomis. / Theory and practice‘s analysis let aproach to a change of prosecution form in a problematic aspect. In the law doctrine the problems of a change of a prosecution form are not imposed, but as a practical matter, both issued by practitioners themselves, that this topic should focus on - primarily by bringing problems to light, and then solving them. Useful for both the current law relating to private public and especially the private prosecution institutions review, more detailed regulation, or at least the interpretation, and attempt to shape a different practice. This work examines Lithuanian, German, Norwegian and Russian prosecution forms enshrined in criminal proceeding. Discussed in detail the characteristics and conditions for a change of prosecution form. This theoretical analysis leads to practical problems that are limited by the Lithuanian criminal proceeding. Much attention is paid to an uncertainty of "public interest" and treatment of "unability to defend one‘s legitimate interests for valid reasons". Public private and private prosecution acts are under consideration and the appropriateness of criminal proceeding in two prosecution forms consistently is assessed.