The master's thesis deals with the purchasing process of network trade within its information system. The thesis focuses in more detail on the individual purchasing activities that take place in the purchasing process. The aim of the analysis of these activities is to find critical points and propose appropriate improvements. The submitted proposals and changes in the information system contribute to streamlining the purchasing process and ultimately to effective management of supplier-customer relationships and customer satisfaction.

The diploma thesis decsribes the company purchasing processes. The thesis is focusing on the company purchasing functions. It defines the working methods and the processes through which the purchasing processes are coordinated. The target is to describe the complexity of the system and its complete structure. The theoretical part presents theoretical solutions to the problems related to absence of the strategic purchasing in the company. It describes the missing processes and suggests how to implement the strategic sourcing department. The practical part is focusing on presenting the solution to problems related to material procuring based on the company financial analysis. The goal is to implement missing processes in the company organization a to focus on the supplier selection and the supplier development as the key purchasing problem. The diploma thesis describes the purchasing system in its complexity. The thesis is structurized to describe every single function and process ensuring that the material procurement works effectively and efficiently.

Este paper tiene como objetivo analizar los factores más influyentes dentro del proceso de compra en Instagram para la categoría de boutiques de moda femenina. Se analizarán aspectos determinantes del social commerce a través del estudio de su tipo de estética visual y el contenido generado por la misma compañía, así como del eWOM dentro de Instagram para identificar cuáles influyen positivamente en la etapa de evaluación de compra del consumidor. Esta investigación es de tipo cuantitativo, cuyos resultados serán obtenidos a través de una encuesta online aplicada a 400 mujeres millennials a modo de muestra. El estudio contribuye a la recopilación de información sobre la categoría estudiada y una mejor comprensión de la etapa de evaluación de compra y el social commerce desde la perspectiva de las mujeres millennials, el cual es un público propenso a consumir dentro de plataformas interactivas como Instagram. / The aim of this paper is to analyze the most influential factors within the purchasing process on Instagram in women's fashion boutiques category. Aspects of social commerce and eWOM will be analyzed through the study of its own type of visual aesthetic and the content generated by companies in order to identificate which of them have a positive influence in the consumer purchase evaluation stage. This paper is quantitative, where the results will be obtained from an online survey applied to 250 millennial women. The research contributes to the compilation of useful information about the category and a better understanding of the purchase evaluation and social commerce from the perspective of millennial women. It is important to consider that this audience is propensity to consume within interactive online platforms such as Instagram. / Trabajo de investigación

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo general explicar la influencia de la personalización en el proceso de compra online de indumentaria femenina a través de la plataforma e-commerce de Falabella durante los años 2015 y 2020. La investigación utiliza una metodología cualitativa, con diseño de estudio de caso. La información recopilada se obtuvo principalmente de árticulos, libros, revistas académicas y tesis relacionadas con la personalización en el proceso de compra online. La técnica a utilizar para la recolección de información es la entrevista semi-estructurada, la cual consiste en la realización de 13 preguntas de tipo abierta a 10 mujeres de 25 a 45 años de edad que trabajen en el área de e-commerce de Falabella, que tengan conocimientos sobre la aplicación de la personalización en el proceso de compra online y que se consideren consumidoras online de indumentaria femenina en Falabella. En estas entrevistas se busca conocer el perfil general, hábitos de compra, el grado de satisfacción con este canal de venta respecto al consumidor y asimismo el nivel de influencia de la personalización en su decisión de compra. Esta investigación sirve como punto de partida para que distintas carreras, no solamente vinculadas al rubro de la moda, puedan conocer el impacto de la personalización en el proceso de compra online del consumidor. / The present research has the general objective of explaining the influence of personalization in the online purchase process of women's clothing through the Falabella e-commerce platform during the years 2015 and 2020. The research uses a qualitative methodology, with study design of case. The information collected was obtained mainly from articles, books, academic journals and theses related to personalization in the online shopping process. The technique to be used to collect information is the semi-structured interview, which consists of conducting 13 open-ended questions to 10 women between 25 and 45 years of age who work in the Falabella’s e-commerce area, who have knowledge about the application of personalization in the online shopping process and who consider themselves online consumers of women's clothing in Falabella. These interviews seek to know the general profile, buying habits, the degree of satisfaction with this sales channel with respect to the consumer and also the level of influence of personalization in their purchase decision. This research serves as a starting point for different careers, not only linked to the fashion industry, to know the impact of personalization in the consumer's online shopping process. / Trabajo de investigación

En janvier 2008, la Commission européenne adopte le « Paquet Climat-Energie contraint les 27 États membres à atteindre trois objectifs d'ici à 2020 : réduction de 20% des émissions de gaz à effets de serre, augmentation de 20% de la part des énergies renouvelables dans le bouquet énergétique, et réduction de 20% de la consommation énergétique. Cettedirective se traduit dans les Etats membres par des programmes nationaux de développement des filières renouvelables. Dans ce cadre, notre réflexion porte sur les conditions de leur diffusion en France et au Royaume-Uni. Sous leurs formes décentralisées, celles-ci se heurtent à des freins techniques, matériels et symboliques qui leur confèrent un statut d’énergies « alternatives ». Cette recherche s’attache à comprendre les systèmes d’actions associés à la décision d’investissement, d’acquisition et d’intégration de quatre technologies renouvelables décentralisées dans la sphère domestique : les chauffe-eau solaires, les systèmes photovoltaïques, les pompes à chaleur, ainsi que les mini-éoliennes au Royaume-Uni. En procédant à une étude des filières, nous cherchons à identifier les conditions sociales entourant la diffusion de ces innovations technologiques auprès de ménages particuliers. Dans une perspective méso-sociale et micro-sociale, nous nous concentrons sur cinq groupes d’acteurs : individus appartenant aux sphères de l’Etat, du marché, de la société civile, ménages adoptants, et ménages non-adoptants ayant interrompu leur processus d’acquisition / In January 2008, the European Commission votes the "Climate and Energy Package", which forces the 27 Member States to achieve three goals by 2020: reduction in EU greenhouse gas emissions of at least 20% below 1990 levels; 20% of EU energy consumption to come from renewable resources, 20% reduction in primary energy use compared with projected levels, to be achieved by improving energy efficiency. This directive is reflected in the member states through national programs of development of renewable energy sources. In this context, our research focuses on the conditions of their diffusion in France and in the UK. As decentralized renewables, they have to cope with technical, material and symbolic barriers which give them an "alternative" status. This research seeks to analyze the systems of actions associated with the decision, the acquisition and the integration of four decentralized renewable technologies in the domestic space: solar thermal heating systems, photovoltaics, heat pumps, as well as mini-wind turbines in the UK. In analyzing these renewable networks, we seek to identify the social conditions surrounding the spread of these technological innovations to individual households. In a meso-social and a micro-social perspective, our research focuses on five groups of actors, belonging to the spheres of government, market, civil society, adopters and non-adopters who interrupted their process of acquisition

Bakgrund/problem: Företag blir alltmer utsatta av tryck från intressenter att de ska agera hållbart vid inköp och därmed ökar kraven på att leverantörer ska följa företags code of conduct. Code of conduct är företagets formulering av strategiska risker som ska undvikas. Strategiska risker är beroende av företagets affärsstrategi och intressenter.  Företag måste övervaka att code of conduct följs av leverantörer, annars utsätts företag för risken att deras rykte och värdeskapande förmåga försämras. Inköpsprocessens olika steg är sammankopplade och beroende av beslut som tagits i tidigare steg.   Syfte: Vårt syfte var att utvärdera hur Andritz hanterar strategiska risker i deras inköpsprocess gentemot deras leverantörer samt ge förslag på hur Andritz kan förbättra hanteringen av strategiska risker i inköpsprocessen.   Metod: Vår forskningsansats var en fallstudie med utvärderingsdesign. Insamling av material har samlats in genom företagsdokument och intervjuer utifrån målstyrt urval.   Resultat/Slutsats: Andritz hanterar de ekonomiska riskerna; kvalitet och pris. Det finns förbättringar som Andritz kan göra med sociala och miljörisker. Andritz har tillskillnad från kvalitet och pris, inte specificerat vad de vill få ut av leverantören med arbetsmiljö, arbetssäkerhet, avfall och utsläpp. Andritz behöver tydligt specificera vad de vill få ut av leverantörer samt skapa rutiner för hur kontroller ska genomföras. / Background / problem: Companies have experienced an increased pressure from stakeholders to act more sustainable in their purchasing and therefor costumer demands of supplier compliance of code of conduct have increased. Code of conduct is a way for companies to manage strategic risks, which depends on the business strategy and stakeholders. Companies must monitor supplier’s compliance of code of conduct; otherwise the company will be exposed to the risk of reputational damage and decreased value creation. The different steps in the purchasing process are connected and dependent on decisions that have been made in the previously steps Purpose: Our purpose was to evaluate how Andritz manage strategic risks in purchasing process in relationship to their suppliers, in order to bring suggestions of improvements that Andritz can make to improve the strategic risk management in the purchasing process. Method: Our research approach is an evaluation case study. Collection of data has been collected through business documents and interviews based on target-oriented selection. Results / Conclusion: Our conclusion is that Andritz manage their economic risks as quality and low cost, but improvement can be made when it comes to social and environment risks. Andritz have not specified what they want from the suppliers when it comes to work safety, waste and emission and working environment, and because of the lack of clear social and environmental terms, Andritz have to create specifications of what they want of the supplier’s and also create routines of how controls will be carried out.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilka utmaningar och möjligheter återförsäljare i modebranschen i Sverige upplever med inköp via digitala möten samt dess inverkan på inköpsbeslutet. Studien ämnar också undersöka hur relationen mellan leverantör och återförsäljare påverkar inköpsbeslutet vid inköp via digitala möten. Studien har sin teoretiska utgångspunkt i van Weeles (2014) modell över inköpsprocessen och Dwyer, Shurr och Ohs(1987) modell över relationer mellan köpare och säljare. En kvalitativ studie har genomförts där data har samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med tio återförsäljare i modebranschen. Datan har sedan analyserats med en tematisk analys. Resultatet visar att inköp via digitala möten har orsakat en större osäkerhet hos återförsäljare vid inköpsbeslutet. Den största utmaningen vid inköp via digitala möten är att mildra osäkerheten. Det finns möjligheterför återförsäljare att tids- och kostnadseffektivisera sin verksamhet med hjälp av inköp via digitala möten. Relationen mellan leverantör och återförsäljare har en betydande roll underinköp via digitala möten, där ett förtroende parterna emellan kan mildra osäkerheten. / The purpose of this study is to investigate what challenges and opportunities retailers in the fashion industry in Sweden experience with purchasing via digital meetings and its impact on the purchasing decision. The study also intends to investigate how the relationship between supplier and retailer affects the purchasing decision when purchasing via digital meetings. The theoretical basis of this study is van Weele's (2014) model of the purchasing process and Dwyer, Shurr and Oh's (1987) model of buyer-seller relationships. A qualitative study has been carried out where data has been collected through semi-structured interviews with 10 retailers in the fashion industry. The data has then been analyzed with a thematic analysis. The results show that purchases via digital meetings have caused greater uncertainty among retailers in the purchasing decision. The biggest challenge when purchasing via digital meetings is to mitigate uncertainty. There are opportunities for retailers to streamline their operations in terms of time and cost with the help of purchasing via digital meetings. The relationship between supplier and retailer has a significant role in purchasing via digital meetings, where trust between the parties can alleviate uncertainty.

Purpose of this thesis is to create strategies based on market analyses for optimized inventory management in area of small batch production and enforce meaning of the supply chain marketing within KLM company. This thesis providing ABC analysis, new system developed for efficient identification of the parts and suppliers. Based on these analyses new quotation system for spare parts management has been proposed.

Con respecto al tema de investigación suscrito por los alumnos de la Carrera de Comunicaciones y Marketing, trazan una casuística, la cual permite investigar diferentes variables que utilizan las empresas de vestimenta con respecto al uso de la tecnología hoy en día; reflejando la mejora con respecto a su producción local, el uso de su materia prima y la adquisición del producto final mediante un Chatbot, en conjunto con sus principales plataformas de uso de Big data. Cabe mencionar, que la demanda de uso tecnológico en las empresas de vestimenta es creciente, ya que las oportunidades y la disputa en el mercado es incremental. Por otro lado, es de gran alcance el impacto en las operaciones comerciales, generando diferentes beneficios, mitigando las barreras para realizar negocios en conjunto y a su vez mejorando sus operaciones que permiten obtener mayores ingresos; contar con un nivel competitivo en la plaza, globalizarse y minimizar los costes y gastos fijos. Sin embargo, esto permite a las grandes, medianas y pequeñas empresas estar a la vanguardia y adaptarse en los diseños y necesidades del público objetivo dirigido. / With respect to the topic of investigation subscribed by the students of the Career of Communications and Marketing, they draw a casuistry, which allows to investigate different variables that use the companies of clothes with respect to the use of the technology nowadays; reflecting the improvement with respect to its local production, the use of its raw material and the acquisition of the final product by means of a Chatbot, in conjunction with its main platforms of use of Big data. It is worth mentioning that the demand for technological use in clothing companies is growing, since the opportunities and the dispute in the market is incremental. On the other hand, the impact on commercial operations is far-reaching, generating different benefits, mitigating the barriers to doing business together and at the same time improving their operations that allow them to obtain greater income; to have a competitive level in the marketplace, to globalize and to minimize costs and fixed expenses. However, this allows large, medium and small companies to be at the forefront and adapt in the designs and needs of the target audience. / Trabajo de investigación

Background & aims: Prior research has, due to the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic and the resulting supply chain (SC) disruptions, increased the level of investigations in the field of SC resilience strategies. Even though many studies have been conducted within the field, little is known about the effectiveness and efficiency of those strategies. As food SC’s (FSC’s) are among the most important SC’s in our societies, their conservation is of great importance. As the operational purchasing process within the FSC was one of the areas within the SC that was strongly affected by the pandemic, this process will be the focus of the paper. This study seeks to identify the most applied SC resilience strategies for operational purchasing activities in FSC’s for various SC disruptions from a SME food retailers perspective. Furthermore, a framework of how to measure the effectiveness and efficiency of those strategies will be developed. Method: To collect relevant empirical data to answer the purpose of the study a qualitative multiple-interview study is conducted based on semi-structured interviews with respondents of the three different case companies. The case companies were selected and four interviews with one to two respondents per company were conducted. European SME food retailers of long shelf life goods are used as case companies to investigate the research gaps. Results: The study found out that the application of theory revealed the five most applied SC resilience strategies (SC flexibility, inventory management, end-to-end (E2E) SC visibility (SCV), information technology (IT) tools and SC cooperation) in operational purchasing, differences between SME food retailers according to their company size and maturity level. The KPIs identified to measure the effectiveness and efficiency of these SC resilience strategies were found to be applied. The KPIs provided are the basis for measurement opportunities that should be adapted and expanded depending on the business model and complexity of the company as part of the SC design. Contributions: The study adds value through theoretical and practical contributions of the most applied SC resilience strategies within operational purchasing from a SME food retailer perspective and their performance measurement system for measuring efficiency and effectiveness. Limitation & future research: The study is limited to the Covid-19 pandemic as a major reason for the triggering of the investigated SC disruptions. Further limitations can be seen within the selection of the case companies. Future research should investigate the differences between SME within their application of SC resilience strategies for their operational purchasing activities, just like the differences between strategic and operational purchasing. Key words: supply chain resilience strategy, supply chain disruption, Covid-19 pandemic, supply chain effectiveness, supply chain efficiency, performance measurements, key performance indicator, food supply chain, food retailers, purchasing process, operational purchasing