El presente proyecto de investigación tiene como objetivo la elaboración de propuestas de mejora para una microempresa comercializadora de calzados, en la cual se analizó el proceso de compras, dentro del cual se identificaron lo problemas de alto porcentaje de devolución de productos y alto porcentaje de mermas en el almacén, para luego analizar las causas raíces de los mismos y plantear innovadoras propuestas de mejora; asimismo, la propuesta planteada cuenta con su respectiva validación y análisis del impacto a los stakeholders. Finalmente, se presentan las conclusiones y recomendaciones. / The objective of this research project is to prepare improvement proposals for a footwear marketing micro-enterprise, in which the purchasing process was analyzed, within which the problems of a high percentage of product returns and a high percentage of losses were identified. in the warehouse, to then analyze their root causes and propose innovative proposals for improvement; Likewise, the proposed proposal has its respective validation and analysis of the impact on stakeholders. Finally, the conclusions and recommendations are presented. / Tesis

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo validar nuestra idea de negocio frente a la realidad peruana actual. La transformación digital no se vio afectada por el COVID-19, por el contrario impulsó la compra de artefactos tecnológicos. No obstante, en respuesta al deseo de compra surge la necesidad de información, es allí cuando nace la idea de diseñar la plataforma web Helptec un asistente personal cuya principal función es facilitar el proceso de compra del usuario, para lo cual se ofrecerán 3 servicios: Chabot, asesorías personalizadas virtuales y servicio técnico presencial. En los párrafos posteriores se evaluará la idea de negocio desde la validación de la necesidad a través de entrevistas a nuestro público objetivo hasta el desarrollo individual de cada componente de nuestro Business Model Canvas mediante la ejecución de experimentos. Asimismo, se validará el precio de ingreso al mercado, se cuantificará nuestro público objetivo y se estimará una proyección de ventas tomando en cuenta las tendencias del mercado actual. Para analizar la escalabilidad de nuestro proyecto, se iniciarán ventas auténticas mediante los canales planteados y se desarrollará un plan financiero en base a los resultados. De esta manera, se incluirán presupuestos en marketing, operacionales y concierge’s, con la finalidad de estimar con la mayor realidad posible el capital necesario para comenzar las operaciones comerciales de Helptec. Finalmente, se concluirá si el proyecto planteado podría tener éxito en la realidad nacional o si debido a ciertos factores económicos, sociales o culturales no resultaría viable. / The objective of this research is to validate our business idea against the current Peruvian reality. Digital transformation was not affected by COVID-19, on the contrary, it drove the purchase of technological artifacts. However, in response to the desire to purchase the need for information arises, that is when the idea of ​​designing the Helptec web platform was born, a personal assistant whose main function is to facilitate the user's purchase process, for which 3 services will be offered: Chabot, virtual personalized advice and face-to-face technical service. In the following paragraphs, the business idea will be evaluated from the validation of the need through interviews with our target audience to the individual development of each component of our Business Model Canvas through the execution of experiments. Likewise, the market entry price will be validated, our target audience will be quantified and a sales projection will be estimated taking into account current market trends. To analyze the scalability of our project, authentic sales will be initiated through the proposed channels and a financial plan will be developed based on the results. In this way, marketing, operational and concierge budgets will be included, in order to estimate with the greatest possible reality the capital necessary to start Helptec's commercial operations. Finally, it will be concluded if the proposed project could be successful in the national reality or if due to certain economic, social or cultural factors it would not be viable. / Trabajo de investigación

The study is mainly to reflect on how the two members of the European Union, Sweden and Finland has chosen to implement the directive 2014/24/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of the European Union. To limit the study the focus has been to investigate the width of ‘conflict of interest’ as well as the width of ‘contracting authorities’. The conflict of interest may appear in all phases within the purchasing process with a risk for unjust advantages for the wanted supplier or the opposite, where a supplier is excluded by purpose. The actual procurement process is presented in the study in a wider context where the procurement document, the publication of the document as well as the establishing of the winning tender is defined as the second phase. The total process of purchasing begins with a first phase, the analysis of the actual need, market orientation and an evaluating of the previous contract. The third phase, contract management, is very critical as the risk of becoming caught altering the contracts during the term is low. Therefore, is not only the conflict of interest connected to the prior involvement of candidates or tenderers that need to be addressed. The regulation of the two national procurement laws does not contain the wider sense of conflict of interest. Instead, one Finnish inferior law, regulating administration and conflict of interest there in, appears to be the most comprehensive legislation to include all organizations that the procurement law applies to. The Swedish regulation as oppose to the Finnish spread out on a general administrative law and a law applied to the municipal organizations. However, this is not including all the organizations that must process their procurations according to law. The legislator refers to the constitutional principle, the principle of equality, and a mandate for the procurement authority to support all procurement organizations that are obliged to implement procurement under public procurement laws. Above is a simplified description of how the procurement directive has been implemented in Sweden and Finland. What has been noted is that is does not appear to be any penalties for those who shows a behavior indicating that there is a conflict of interest in any of the steps of the purchasing process. On the other hand, it is the contracting organization that may face penalties such as a waste of resources when a procurement is reviewed and fails, which means further time spent on yet another process of procurement. A contracting organization that does not manage its contracts according to the stated demands in the procurement might make such incorrect purchases or concessions that could lead to considerable sanctions.

Siemens Energy is a global company which is active in energy technology and offers different types of gas turbines and steam turbines among other types of services. This study was conducted at Siemens Energy in Finspång. The importance of the purchasing function within a company and its profitability has increased and it is thereby important for a company to take advantage of it. Siemens Energy strives to have a transparent supply chain that forms a competitive advantage and provides value along every step in order to create value for the company and its customers. To be able to provide a product to the customer, a project group is assigned at Siemens Energy consisting of different types of roles and areas of responsibility. Multiple functions are involved to manage a project from beginning to end. Budget, lead time and different types of specifications are determined at the beginning of a project and follow through the rest of the project. For big and complex flows, good communication between different functions is essential for information regarding, for example, deviations to reach out to the concerned parties. Siemens Energy describes that an overview of how different functions work with the information flow in the purchasing process from construction to goods receiving is missing and requests a flowchart and suggestions for improvements. Therefore, the aim of this study is to create a flowchart over the information flow and to identify and present suggestions for improvements. A theoretical model, Business Process Management, was used to structure the work in this study. The first step in the model is to create a flowchart of the current state regarding the information flow in the different functions. Interviews with 18 people in different roles were conducted to understand the current state. The second step in the model is to identify areas of improvement so that measures can be performed. Activities in the flowchart were divided into value added activities, non-value added activities and non-value added but necessary activities according to the Lean philosophy. Activities which were considered non-value added activities could be categorized into different types of wastes according to the Lean philosophy in order to be addressed using time reduction theory. The third step in the model is to present a new map of the measured activities. Finally, the activities were analysed qualitatively to gain insight into whether the impact on time, cost and quality would be positive, negative, or unchanged. The results from the flowchart and the actions of the measured activities resulted in suggestions for improvements. Further, it was described which of the activities Siemens Energy should focus on improving to increase the quality of the information flow in the purchasing process and decrease cost and time spent. How the implementation should be conducted was not a part of this study which leaves room for further studies in the future that can be carried out at Siemens Energy.

Cette thèse de doctorat s’inscrit dans le cadre d’analyse du processus d'achat de transport. Plusieurs dispositifs gouvernementaux français ont été introduits pour sensibiliser les entreprises (chargeurs et transporteurs) vis-à-vis des émissions CO2 induites par le transport de marchandises. Le travail réalisé pendant cette thèse se sert de ces dispositifs comme « terrain d’études » pour comprendre quels leviers peuvent être mobilisés pour conduire les chargeurs (entreprises clientes) à mieux prendre en compte les contraintes environnementales. / This doctoral thesis forms part of the transportation purchasing process analysis. Several French government schemes have been introduced to raise companies’ awareness (shippers and carriers) regarding the CO2 emissions inducedby the transport of goods. The work achieved during this thesis uses these schemes as a "field study" to explore the impact of public policies and identifies levers that encourage shippers (client companies) to take the environmental footprint of products being transported into greater account. / Esta tesis doctoral se inscribe en el proceso de compra de transporte de mercancías y productos. El análisis se centra en el caso francés, ya que, durante los últimos años, el gobierno de dicha nación implantó y propulsó varios programas parasensibilizar a las empresas (cargadores y transportistas) con respecto a las emisiones de gases efecto invernadero y otros perjuicios medioambientales derivados del transporte de mercancías. A lo largo de la tesis doctoral, se realizan varios estudios de caso para explorar el impacto de las políticas públicas de contratación sostenible e identificar las medidas que podrían motivar a los cargadores (empresas clientes) a tener más en cuenta la huella medioambiental de los productos transportados.

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Technology: Public Management, Durban University of Technology, 2017. / The world over, countries are burdened with existing and emerging diseases and while that affected all nations, sub-Saharan Africa carried the heaviest portion. This filtered to Zimbabwe where a myriad of health challenges are faced. Unavailability of medicines coupled with poor inventory management of these medicines has been prevalent. Insufficient financial resources and increasing cost of healthcare costs is one of the pressing matters. It is also important to note that these challenges are occurring at a time when government is realising the crucial role of procurement in addressing health challenges. Due to the extent, depth, breadth and nature of the health challenges and their criticality in establishing sustainable and affordable health system in Zimbabwe, a case study approach has been adopted where data from questionnaires, interviews, documents and observations were corroborated and triangulated in an effort to bring to the surface deep-seated procurement matters and how they are related to the challenges provided. Thus, in terms of the research findings, it was first revealed that the procurement legislative frameworks and processes are fragmented and not in one place resulting in multiple accountabilities. It was further shown that the framework is inappropriate in a healthcare set-up where issues of speed and flexibility in addressing requirements are paramount. It was also shown that procurement planning being a critical aspect is regrettably and detrimentally missing in procurements. In addition, the selection criteria as set out in the regulations and practiced by individual state health facilities indicated over-reliance on price and that being the case, key aspects such as quality and supply-lead time are missed and yet are very necessary in terms of evaluation among other factors. In the findings, the peripheral role of procurement staff with clinicians being also at the epicentre of purchasing decisions was presented. Perhaps related to that was the inadequacy of procurement skills and competences from the procurement personnel. Last on the findings, financing and the frequency of disbursement was unmatched with hospital requirements and thus resulting in unavailability of adequate medicines and equipment. / D

The main aim of this thesis is to observe dissimilarities between men and women. My survey is focused on differences among men and women especially in areas of perception of media, spending of free time, relation to some kinds of products and overall position of the men and women in the society. Methods that are used in this thesis are analysis of MML-TGI data, content analysis of television advertisings and interview. Results of all the three methods are summarized and evaluated in the end.