The purpose of this paper is to investigate what pupils who study Spanish as a foreignlanguage in the senior level of the nine year compulsory school, think about how theylearn to talk Spanish. What is their opinion about what it takes to be able to speak andcommunicate in Spanish? And what type of exercises do they prefer? This paper alsoaims at investigating if the pupils understand the importance of reading, writing andlistening to as much Spanish as possible if they want to be good at talking Spanish. Inour investigation are we using the Common European Framework of Reference forlanguages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment (CEFR) and other theories that supporttheir conclusions. A quantitative method is applied, a questionnaire is given to 108students in the seventh, eighth and ninth grade in a school in the southern part ofSweden.The results of the questionnaire have shown that when it comes to learn to talkSpanish the pupils believe most in practicing talking in Spanish. 72% of the pupils haveanswered that they agree completely with this assertion. They also understand theimportance of the teacher speaking Spanish during class, 58% completely agree that thisis important. Talking Spanish is classed as output, and listening to the teacher talkingSpanish goes under the term input. The type of activity that they prefer when they talkSpanish is to talk in small groups with friends/classmates, 38% of the pupils think thatthis is the best method. The activity that they prefer the least is to make presentations infront of the class (11%). We have also calculated by using Fisher´s exact test if there isa connection between how they have answered the questions and their age and gender.In only one case was there a connection with statistical certainty. The test showed thatwhen it comes to speaking when everyone is listening, the girls are those whoexperience it hardest to do.

All legitimerad personal inom hälso- och sjukvården är skyldiga att dokumentera. Noggrann dokumentation vid inskrivning utifrån checklistan leder till säker vård. Det som inte dokumenteras syns inte, är lätt att missa vid överrapportering och kan leda till lidande för patienten. Dokumentationen är central i kommunikationskedjan och ett hjälpmedel för all vårdpersonal. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka följsamhet till checklista vid inskrivning av patienter i samband med dokumentation i datajournal på medicinsk/geriatrisk akutvårdsavdelning.  Metod: En kvantitativ och explorativ studie med deduktiv ansats genomfördes. Datainsamlingen bestod av journalgranskning utifrån en förutbestämd checklista som används vid inskrivning. Journalgranskningen utfördes på tio inneliggande patienters journaler på en medicinsk/geriatrisk akutvårdsavdelning på ett länsdelssjukhus i södra Sverige. Resultat: Checklistan vid inskrivning följdes till ca 70 % på den medicin/geriatriska akutvårdsavdelning medan ca 30 % av sökorden i checklistan var dokumentation utförd på akutmottagningen. Dokumentationen fördes under relevant sökord. Slutsats: Resultatet visade att sjuksköterskor på medicinsk/geriatrisk akutvårdsavdelning följde flertalet sökord utifrån checklistan vid inskrivningstillfället. Andra sökord i checklistan fanns redan dokumenterade från akutmottagningen när patienten kom upp till akutvårdsavdelningen. / All licensed healthcare professionals have an obligation to document. Keeping an accurate documentation in the electronic health record leads to a patient-safe care. Documentation is key in the communication between healthcare professionals and an important tool in the care that is given. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate adherence to the checklist when documenting in the electronic health record in connection to admitting a patient at a medical/geriatric emergency care department. Method: Quantitative exploratory reviews of electronic health records. A quantitative method with a deductive approach was used when processing data. Data collection consisted of electronic health record reviews based on the checklist used at admittance. The records viewed were those of patients admitted to an emergency care department at a district hospital in southern Sweden. Results: 70% of the documentation from the checklist was kept at the medical/geriatric emergency department while the other 30% where documentation from the emergency room. Documentation was kept under the right search words. Conclusion: Results showed that most keywords were followed by the nurses at the medical/geriatric emergency department and the missing keywords were already documented by nurses at the emergency room.

Significant changes in demographics, including a growing ageing population and a larger number of people with disabilities, have made inclusive design an increasingly relevant notion in the design of products, services, and environments. However, there is considerable concern that the concept of inclusive design is rather limited in its current definition and applications and has not yet been thoroughly applied. This is possibly due to the conventional understanding and application of inclusive design, mainly rooted in and focused on physical aspects of inclusion, such as accessibility, usefulness, and usability. This limited focus has led various voices in design academia and industry to speak of the need for further consideration of the psychological and social aspects of inclusive design as the next step to facilitate inclusive design, and make impact. In this research, inclusivity on psychological and social levels, is referred to as "psychosocial inclusivity". The concept of psychosocial inclusivity, including a clear definition thereof and its application, is rather limited in the existing literature. Therefore, this PhD research aims to further explore this concept by establishing a clear definition and the dimensions thereof. In order to achieve this, an initial definition and dimensions of the psychosocial inclusivity in design are established through a critical review of existing literature from both social science and design perspectives. The initial definition and dimensions are then developed, refined, and evaluated through four empirical studies: the Delphi study (expert survey); field study I (ethnographic interviews with mobility scheme users); field study II (ethnographic interviews, creative workshop, and observation of older individuals); and an evaluation study (online survey of design academics and professionals). These studies have been designed based on a triangulation approach in order to enhance the reliability and validity of the outcomes. At the end of this research, the definition and dimensions for psychosocial inclusivity in design (Cognitive, Emotional, Social, and Value dimensions) are proposed. The outcomes of this research can enhance the understanding and knowledge of the concept of psychosocial inclusivity in design. Also, the definition and dimensions can be used by design academics and professionals or third parties to consider psychosocial aspects. The dimensions also can be developed as a complete set of framework or toolkit through further research.

L’industrie de l’assurance engage actuellement différentes réformesréglementaires au niveau européen. Celles-ci visent à améliorer le fonctionnement desassureurs et à garantir la stabilité dans les marchés financiers. Les compagnies d’assurancedoivent respecter des nouvelles exigences en fonds propres ainsi que des règlementationsconcernant la transparence dans la communication financière. Dans ce contexte, les assureursont besoin de déterminer les indicateurs qui peuvent leurs servir comme outils pour atteindreune performance financière qui répond aux attentes de toutes les parties concernées.L’objectif de cette thèse est de définir les déterminants de la performance financière enassurance, leurs indicateurs et leurs rôles dans l’aboutissement de celle-ci. Cette thèse proposeun modèle conceptuel de la performance financière des compagnies d’assurance françaisesdurant la période (2000-2009) selon une démarche quantitative. Les résultats empiriquesdémontrent que la structure de capital, la solvabilité ainsi que la rentabilité d’une compagnied’assurance sont les principaux déterminants de sa performance financière. / The insurance industry currently witnesses various regulatory reforms at the Europeanlevel. These reforms aim to improve the functioning of insurers and to guarantee the stability in thefinancial markets. Insurance companies must comply with these new regulations such as capitalrequirements and the financial reporting transparency regulations. In this context, insurers need toidentify the indicators that can help to achieve a financial performance that meets the expectations ofall stakeholders. The aim of this thesis is to define the determinants of financial performance ininsurance, their indicators and their role in it. This thesis proposes a conceptual model for the financialperformance of French insurance companies in the period of (2000-2009) through a quantitativemethod. The empirical results show that the capital structure, the solvency and the profitability of aninsurance company are the main determinants of its financial performance.

<p><p><p><strong>Bakgrund</strong><strong>:</strong> Studier visar att ungas upplevda- och psykiska hälsa samt deras hälsorelaterade levnadsvanor försämras med åldern. Elevers trivsel och påverkansmöjligheter i skolan minskar också med stigande ålder. Hälsofrämjande arbete i skolan kan därför vara värdefullt för att förbättra ungas hälsa. Det kan exempelvis ske genom Korpen Svenska Motionsidrottsförbundets koncept: Hälsodiplomerad gymnasieskola. I Västerås är Carlforsska gymnasiet en hälsodiplomerad skola. <strong>Syfte</strong>: Att studera om den hälsodiplomerade skolans hälsofrämjande arbete medfört någon förändring gällande elevers hälsa i årskurs två mellan åren 2004 och 2008. <strong>Metod</strong>: En resultatutvärdering genomfördes innefattande; en kvalitativ och en kvantitativ metod. Kvalitativ studie omfattade fyra intervjuer med skolpersonal. Underlag för den kvantitativa studien var ett insamlat material från undersökningen "Liv- och hälsa- Ung i Västmanland". <strong>Resultat</strong>: Skolpersonal upplevde att förbättringar skett gällande elevers hälsorelaterade levnadsvanor och ökad trivsel i skolan. Båda könen rapporterade förbättrad psykisk hälsa avseende minskad nervositet och ökad skoltrivsel. Pojkar hade också förbättrade resultat gällande; livskvalitet, irritation, stress, alkoholintag och snusvanor. Flickor rapporterade förbättrade resultat rörande; fysisk aktivitet, frukostintag och utökad arbetsro i skolan. <strong>Slutsatser</strong>: Skolans hälsofrämjande arbete har troligtvis bidragit till att förbättra elevers hälsa. Det är ett långsiktigt arbete och fler studier inom området behövs för att utläsa dess egentliga effekter på hälsa.</p></p></p> / <p><p><p><strong>Background</strong><strong>:</strong> Studies have shown that young people's experienced- and psychological health and their health related habits declines with age. Student's comfort and influence opportunities in school also weaken with age. Health promotion work in school might therefore be valuable to increase young people's health. This could for instance be achieved through Korpen - the Swedish exercise union's concept: Health certified school. Västerås, a city in the county of Västmanland, has one health certified high school, Carlforsska. <strong>Aim</strong>: To study if the health certified school's health promotion work has resulted in any change concerning the second grade student's health, between the years 2004 and 2008. <strong>Method</strong>: A outcome evaluation has been conducted including both qualitative and quantitative method. The qualitative method included four interviews with school staff. The foundation for the quantitative study was a collected material from a survey called "Liv och hälsa- Ung in Västmanland". <strong>Result</strong>: School staff experienced improvements concerning student's health related habits and increased comfort in school. Both boys and girls reported improved psychological health such as lower feelings of nervousness and improved comfort in school. Boys had also improved results in; self reported quality of life, irritation, stress and alcoholand snuff use. Girls improved their results in; physical activity, breakfast habits and improved feelings of better working conditions in school. <strong>Conclusion</strong>: The school's health promotive work has probably contributed to the student's improved health results. Working with health in school is a longterm process and more studies are needed to assure the detailed influence by health promotive work on young people's health.</p></p></p>

Background That men are prioritised over women has been called the “gender regime in sport”, and has in part been explained by the gender difference in performance. However, gender differences in physical performance between women and men can be debated to depend on how comparisons are made and on the fact that there are many different confounders that may influence the results. Even if attempts are made to overcome this and the groups of women and men are stated to be matched, there are still often differences in training experience in years, or differences in training load. Women tend to have less experience in ice hockey in relation to age and differences in training conditions have also been reported. The aim of this thesis was to investigate how female and male ice hockey players position themselves in their sport and to visualise the interactions between society and biology that may affect performance. Theoretical approach and methods Harding’s three perspectives (Symbolic, Structural and Individual) were applied on information from team administration as well as on results from questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and tests of puck velocity, anthropometrics, body composition, isokinetic muscle strength, ergospirometry and on-ice tests from female and male ice hockey players. Results Vast differences in structural conditions were found, for example in hockey history and in the financial situation within the teams and both women and men were aware of the gender differences in structural conditions. However these differences were not even considered when comparisons of the ice hockey performance of women and men were made. Nine out of ten female players increased puck velocity when a more flexible stick and a lighter puck were used thus indicating that poorly adjusted equipment may affect performance. Male ice hockey players were taller, heavier and stronger, had more lean body mass and a higher aerobic capacity compared to the women in absolute values as well as in relation to body weight. However, the differences diminished or disappeared when the values were expressed in relation to lean body mass. Men had higher expectations on their situation as athletes and the interviewed women described men’s ice hockey as superior to theirs and consequently male ice hockey players deserved better conditions. Conclusions The views of women and men may affect structural conditions in sport which in turn may affect possibilities in sport for the individual. Gender differences in conditions thus risk confirming the traditional views of femininity and masculinity. However, by moving outside the normal gender boundaries individuals may change the traditional views of femininity and masculinity.

Bakgrund: Studier visar att ungas upplevda- och psykiska hälsa samt deras hälsorelaterade levnadsvanor försämras med åldern. Elevers trivsel och påverkansmöjligheter i skolan minskar också med stigande ålder. Hälsofrämjande arbete i skolan kan därför vara värdefullt för att förbättra ungas hälsa. Det kan exempelvis ske genom Korpen Svenska Motionsidrottsförbundets koncept: Hälsodiplomerad gymnasieskola. I Västerås är Carlforsska gymnasiet en hälsodiplomerad skola. Syfte: Att studera om den hälsodiplomerade skolans hälsofrämjande arbete medfört någon förändring gällande elevers hälsa i årskurs två mellan åren 2004 och 2008. Metod: En resultatutvärdering genomfördes innefattande; en kvalitativ och en kvantitativ metod. Kvalitativ studie omfattade fyra intervjuer med skolpersonal. Underlag för den kvantitativa studien var ett insamlat material från undersökningen "Liv- och hälsa- Ung i Västmanland". Resultat: Skolpersonal upplevde att förbättringar skett gällande elevers hälsorelaterade levnadsvanor och ökad trivsel i skolan. Båda könen rapporterade förbättrad psykisk hälsa avseende minskad nervositet och ökad skoltrivsel. Pojkar hade också förbättrade resultat gällande; livskvalitet, irritation, stress, alkoholintag och snusvanor. Flickor rapporterade förbättrade resultat rörande; fysisk aktivitet, frukostintag och utökad arbetsro i skolan. Slutsatser: Skolans hälsofrämjande arbete har troligtvis bidragit till att förbättra elevers hälsa. Det är ett långsiktigt arbete och fler studier inom området behövs för att utläsa dess egentliga effekter på hälsa. / Background: Studies have shown that young people's experienced- and psychological health and their health related habits declines with age. Student's comfort and influence opportunities in school also weaken with age. Health promotion work in school might therefore be valuable to increase young people's health. This could for instance be achieved through Korpen - the Swedish exercise union's concept: Health certified school. Västerås, a city in the county of Västmanland, has one health certified high school, Carlforsska. Aim: To study if the health certified school's health promotion work has resulted in any change concerning the second grade student's health, between the years 2004 and 2008. Method: A outcome evaluation has been conducted including both qualitative and quantitative method. The qualitative method included four interviews with school staff. The foundation for the quantitative study was a collected material from a survey called "Liv och hälsa- Ung in Västmanland". Result: School staff experienced improvements concerning student's health related habits and increased comfort in school. Both boys and girls reported improved psychological health such as lower feelings of nervousness and improved comfort in school. Boys had also improved results in; self reported quality of life, irritation, stress and alcoholand snuff use. Girls improved their results in; physical activity, breakfast habits and improved feelings of better working conditions in school. Conclusion: The school's health promotive work has probably contributed to the student's improved health results. Working with health in school is a longterm process and more studies are needed to assure the detailed influence by health promotive work on young people's health.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2010. / Härtill 4 uppsatser. Pp. 62-73: Bibliography.

Inledning: Mat och måltider har stor betydelse för att förebygga åldersrelaterad ohälsa. Äldre har ett ökat behov av protein och mellanmål är ett ypperligt tillfälle för att de ska få i sig mer protein. Att undersöka attityder till och vanor bland personer över 65 år kan ge en fördjupad förståelse när det gäller val av mat och mellanmål som kan ligga till grund för hälsofrämjande insatser riktade till äldre. Syfte och frågeställningar: Att undersöka attityder till och vanor kring mellanmål bland personer över 65 år. Frågeställningarna handlar om vilka faktorer som påverkar mellanmålsvalet, om proteinrika mejeriprodukter äts till mellanmål och vad de tycker om några av dessa produkter. Material och metod: En kvantitativ studie gjordes genom att använda en enkätundersökning. Urvalet i studien är ett bekvämlighetsurval. Resultat: Majoriteten åt ett till två mellanmål per dag och de bestod oftast av frukt/grönsaker, smörgås med pålägg och kakor/kaffebröd. Att dricka förmiddags/eftermiddagskaffe uppgavs som den huvudsakliga anledningen till mellanmål. Viss skillnad fanns mellan män och kvinnor med avseende på attityder till mellanmål. De faktorer som påverkade valen av mellanmål mest var gott, enkelt och nyttigt/hälsosamt. Att mellanmålen skulle vara proteinrika spelade minst roll. Slutsats: Mellanmål associeras med förmiddags/eftermiddagskaffe och därför kan framtida satsningar på proteinberikade kakor och kaffebröd bidra till att personer över 65 år lättare kan täcka sitt proteinbehov. En medvetenhet om vikten av proteinrika mellanmål förefaller saknas hos målgruppen. Generaliserbarheten av resultaten i studien är begränsad på grund av bekvämlighetsurvalet. / Introduction: Food and meals are of great importance for preventing age-related health problems. Older adults need more dietary protein to support good health and a snack is a great way for them to get more protein. Studying attitudes and habits among people over the age of 65 can provide a deeper understanding of what kind of food and snacks choices they make. This can also be used as a basis for health promotion intended for elderly people. Aim: To study attitudes and habits towards snacks among people over 65 years. The questions asked in the study focused on what factors influencing the choices of snacks, if high-protein dairy products are eaten as a snack and how these products are regarded. Material and method: A quantitative study was conducted using a survey, where a convenience sampling was made. Results: A majority ate one-two snacks per day and these mostly consisted of fruit/vegetables, sandwiches or cookies/pastries. The main motive for snacking was to drink forenoon/afternoon coffee. There was some difference between men and women when it came to attitudes to snacks. The factors that affected the choices of snacks the most were that they should be tasty, simple and healthy. That the snack should be high in protein was of least importance. Conclusion: Snacking was associated with drinking forenoon/afternoon coffee and consequently future efforts to promote and develop protein-enriched cakes, cookies and pastries can help people over 65 years to easier acquire their protein need. Awareness about the importance of high-protein snacks appears to be lacking in the targeted population, however the generalisation of the results from this study is limited because of the convenience sampling.

Att få ut det bästa och mesta av varje medarbetare har blivit allt viktigare i dagens samhälle. Vi förväntas vara både produktiva och effektiva i allt vi gör. Men vad är det egentligen som samvarierar med den individuella arbetsprestationen? Är det hur engagerade vi är i arbetet, vår prestationsbaserade självkänsla eller ligger det till och med i vår personlighet? Finns det verktyg att använda vid rekrytering som kan förutsäga något om hur en individ kommer att prestera i arbetet? Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka huruvida arbetsengagemang, personlighet och prestationsbaserad självkänsla är av betydelse för den upplevda individuella arbetsprestationen. I studien studerades validerade test som mäter personlighet (Mini-IPIP6), prestationsbaserad självkänsla (PBSE) och arbetsengagemang (UWES9) i förhållande till den individuella arbetsprestationen (IWPQ) för att undersöka vilka samband som finns. En webb-enkät bestående av dessa fyra frågeformulär sammanställdes och kompletterades med bakgrundsfrågor. Insamlade data analyserades med hjälp av korrelations- och regressionsanalyser. I studien deltog 250 personer (M = 34 år, SD = 11 år) med olika bakgrund, och det enda inklusionskriteriet var att ha någon form av arbetslivserfarenhet. Resultaten visade att arbetsengagemang var den variabel som i störst utsträckning kunde förutsäga en god individuell arbetsprestation medan personlighetsdimensionerna neuroticism och ärlighet var de variabler som i störst utsträckning kunde förutsäga ett kontraproduktivt arbetsbeteende. Slutsatsen i föreliggande studie blev därmed att frågeformulär som mäter arbetsengagemang (UWES9) är det bäst lämpade av Mini-IPIP6, PBSE och UWES9, då syftet är att försöka förutsäga en god upplevd individuell arbetsprestation. / Getting the best and most out of every employee has become more important in today's society. We are expected to be both productive and efficient in everything we do. But what exactly does coincide with the individual work performance? Is it how committed we are at work, our self-esteem or is it even our personality? Are there any tools for recruiting who can say something about how someone will perform at work? The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether employee engagement, personality and performance-based self-esteem are of importance to the perceived individual work performance. The study examined validated tests that measure personality (Mini-IPIP6), performance-based self-esteem (PBSE) and work engagement (UWES9) in relation to the individual work performance (IWPQ) to investigate which relationships that exist. A web questionnaire with these four questionnaires was compiled and supplemented with background issues. The collected data were analyzed using correlation and regression analyzes. The study comprised 250 people (M = 34 years, SD = 11 years) with different backgrounds, and the only inclusion criterion was to have some form of work experience. The results showed that work engagement was the best variable to predict a good individual work performance, while the personality dimensions, neuroticism and honesty, were the best variables to predict a counterproductive work behavior. The conclusion in this study was that questionnaires that measure work engagement (UWES9) are best suited of Mini-IPIP6, PBSE and UWES9, when the purpose is to try to predict a good perceived individual work performance.