Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-07-18T12:42:14Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) lidiane_silva_rocha_magalhaes.pdf: 1765157 bytes, checksum: 9aa60466acd58aa86e85d6ce04faa8f3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-07-18T13:07:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) lidiane_silva_rocha_magalhaes.pdf: 1765157 bytes, checksum: 9aa60466acd58aa86e85d6ce04faa8f3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-18T13:07:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) lidiane_silva_rocha_magalhaes.pdf: 1765157 bytes, checksum: 9aa60466acd58aa86e85d6ce04faa8f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / A hist?ria oficial do Brasil e seus registros em livros, bem como os curr?culos escolares sempre deram ?nfase ? influ?ncia da cultura europeia na constru??o da na??o brasileira, desconsiderando a ineg?vel, forte e incisiva contribui??o cultural dos povos ind?genas e africanos nesse mesmo processo. De um modo geral, verifica-se que professores e escolas ainda n?o aprenderam a conviver com essa realidade e, por conseguinte, n?o sabem abordar de maneira significativa o tema, refor?ando o car?ter euroc?ntrico dos conte?dos, perpetuando a exclus?o, o preconceito e o racismo nas rela??es. Enquanto pol?tica p?blica em educa??o voltada para a popula??o negra do Brasil, as Leis 10.639/03 e 11.645/08 tornaram obrigat?rios o ensino de Hist?ria e Cultura da ?frica e Afro-brasileira e como instrumento concreto para o cumprimento delas foi criado o Projeto UNIAFRO com o objetivo de oferecer forma??o continuada de professores na tem?tica. Nesse sentido, a presente pesquisa objetiva averiguar e avaliar as contribui??es do curso de forma??o continuada de professores do Vale do Mucuri: Rela??es ?tnico-raciais e o Ensino de Hist?ria e Cultura Afro-brasileira, ofertados pela UFVJM/NEAB (2008 a 2011) no Campus Mucuri, para a implementa??o da Lei 10.639 no munic?pio de Te?filo Otoni. Para atingir os objetivos propostos, metodologicamente adotou-se pesquisa explicativa e quanto aos meios foram utilizadas a pesquisa bibliogr?fica e documental sobre forma??o continuada de professores, diversidade e rela??es ?tnico-raciais. Os dados da pesquisa de campo foram coletados atrav?s da realiza??o de entrevistas semiestruturadas e aplica??o de question?rios a professores que participaram do curso em quest?o. O foco da pesquisa de campo foi promover o registro da percep??o dos sujeitos quanto ? experi?ncia vivenciada no curso de forma??o e suas contribui??es para a abordagem da tem?tica em sala de aula. Os resultados obtidos nessa pesquisa demonstram que a sociedade de maneira geral e a escola especificamente, ainda apresentam dificuldades em implementar a lei no curr?culo e nas pr?ticas do cotidiano escolar. Nesse sentido, ? de extrema relev?ncia a realiza??o de cursos de forma??o que abordem essa tem?tica, uma vez que os professores exercem papel significativo na efetiva??o da referida lei. / Disserta??o (Mestrado Profissional) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Educa??o, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017. / The official history of Brazil and its book records as well as the school curricula have always emphasized the influence of European culture in the construction of the Brazilian nation, disregarding the undeniable, strong and incisive cultural contribution of the indigenous and African people in this same process. In general, teachers and schools have not yet learned to live with this reality and, therefore, do not know how to approach the theme in a meaningful way, reinforcing the Eurocentric nature of content, perpetuating exclusion, prejudice and racism in relationships. As public policy in education aimed: Brazil black population of, Laws 10.639 / 03 and 11.645 / 08 made History, African, and Afro-Brazilian culture teaching and mandatory and as a concrete instrument for their fulfillment, the UNIAFRO Project was created with the objective of offering continuing teacher training on the subject. In this sense, the present research aims to assess and evaluate the contributions of Mucuri Valley teachers' continuing education course: Ethnic-racial Relations and the Teaching of Afro-Brazilian History and Culture, offered by UFVJM / NEAB (2008 to 2011) in the Mucuri Campus, for the implementation of Law 10,639 in the municipality of Te?filo Otoni. In order to reach the proposed objectives, methodological explanatory research was adopted and the means used were the bibliographical and documentary research on continuing teacher education, diversity and ethnic-racial relations. Field survey data was collected through semi-structured interviews and questionnaires to teachers who participated in the course in question. The focus of the field research was to promote the recording of the perception of the subjects regarding the experience lived in the training course and their contributions to the approach of the theme in the classroom. The results obtained in this research demonstrate that society in general and school specifically, still have difficulties in implementing the law in the curriculum and in the daily practices of school. In this sense, it is extremely relevant to conduct training courses that address this theme, since teachers play a significant role in the implementation of law.

Master of Science / Department of Educational Leadership / Christy D. Moran / This report highlights the results of a revised diversity survey that was designed to assess the behaviors and attitudes of students who live in the residence halls at Kansas State University (K-State) regarding their interactions with people from diverse backgrounds. Diverse backgrounds, for the purpose of this study, are specifically related to a racial background different than their own. A survey of 25 questions was distributed to every residence hall student via email. The survey that was distributed was adapted from a version that was used previously by the Department of Housing & Dining Services at K-State. The original survey was based on the Michael P. Tilford competencies that were compiled in 2000-2001 by K-State's Tilford Group. The Tilford competencies are all based on students' multicultural competency. Multicultural competency is defined by the K-State Tilford group as the knowledge, skills and personal attributes needed to live and to work in a diverse world. (K-State Tilford Group, 2007) The revised survey focuses heavily on the skills portion of the Michael P. Tilford competencies and is based on students' self-report.

The purpose of this research is to examine the diversity and representation of models of color in ELLE US’ 2017 fashion editorials. As the purpose is twofold, so is the methodological approach, which looks at the material through both a quantitative content analysis and a qualitative visual analysis. Theoretically, the analyses are grounded in postcolonialism, representation and the concept of new racism. To discuss medias’ influence on audiences, the theory also presents related research on this subject. Illustrating a statistical lack of diversity, as well as tendencies of stereotypical representations, the research indicates a postcolonial discourse in ELLE’s content – results that are problematic both in relation to racial equality and to the socially constructed beauty-ideals that ELLE takes part in creating.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have important consequences for individuals and society. Extensive literature has shown that various individual factors impact STIs. However, much less is known about their structural causes and how they affect sexual behavior and sexual network formation. In the first two chapters of this dissertation, I investigate how sex ratios and ethnic divisions affect sexual activity and the spread of STIs. In the third chapter, I analyze the effect of ethnic-based romantic homophily on STIs. I provide a brief description of each chapter below. Chapter 1. We extend a theory of fidelity in a two-sided economy, and empirically discriminate between different rationales of sexual network formation by testing their implications for how sex ratios affect sexual activity, relationship stability, and the spread of sexually transmitted diseases in men versus women. We use a unique individual-level dataset in combination with census data from England and Wales, a setting where adult women outnumber adult men. Exploiting variation in cohort/ethnicity/region-specific sex ratios as a quasi-natural experiment, we find that a decrease in sex ratio imbalance decreases sexual infidelity and the number of serial partners, and increases the likelihood of safe sex. This in turn reduces the likelihood of acquiring a range of sexually transmitted infections and diseases, including chlamydia, gonorrhoea, genital warts, and herpes. Consistent with the rationale underlying the formation of egalitarian (in)fidelity networks, the effects of the sex ratio on sexual activity are larger for men compared to women, while its effects on sexual diseases are larger for women compared to men. The causality of these effects is established using classical and recent instrumental variables approaches and various robustness checks. For falsification, we show that sex ratios have no impact on several "atheoretical" health conditions, such as Parkinson's disease, chronic lung disease, heart attack, stroke, and diabetes, which do not arise from sexual interactions. Chapter 2. In societies organized around distinct racial and ethnic groups, limited communication between these groups might increase the search cost of sexual partners outside of own group, leading to racially segregated sexual networks and low risks of sexually transmitted diseases. At the same time, because sexual infidelity is more likely to be discovered when the cheated-upon individuals are co-ethnics, individuals in multiracial societies might find it cheaper to select sexual partners from diverse ethnic groups to hide their infidelity, which would lead to large interethnic sexual networks and high risks of STIs. We test these conflicting hypotheses by analyzing the causal effect of neighborhood-level racial diversity on sexual activity and STIs, using unique individual-level data from England, Wales, and Scotland. We find that individuals residing in multiracial neighborhoods have a greater number of sexual partners and are more likely to be infected with a wide range of STIs than their counterparts residing in more racially homogeneous neighborhoods. We use traditional and new instrumental variables approaches and various robustness checks to establish causation. Analyzing mechanisms, we find that within racially diverse neighborhoods, individuals who select sexual partners from diverse racial groups are more likely to be infected with STIs, holding the number of partners and other individual characteristics fixed. For falsification, we conduct a reverse-placebo test showing that racial diversity has no effect on a wide range of health conditions that do not arise from sexual interactions. From a policy perspective, our analysis implies that policies that promote racial and ethnic integration are likely to reduce unhealthy sexual activity and the spread of STIs in racially heterogeneous societies. Chapter 3. A classical hypothesis in social network theory holds that central individuals are more likely to receive and spread information than are their peripheral counterparts. We test this hypothesis in the context of sexual networks and sexually transmitted diseases, using data from the United Kingdom. Romantic homophily - the tendency to select sexual partners with similar ethnic background - is used as a measure of the extent to which an individual is peripheral in a sexual network. We find that more sexually homophilous individuals have a lower risk of sexual infections. This effect is causal, and larger for women, Whites, and heterosexuals.

No studies have been published on the Swedish Armed Forces´ (SAF) diversity regarding minorities with a foreign national background. The purpose of this pilot study is therefore to start the field by looking at how the SAF, or similar organisations, can work with diversity management effectively. This is done through seven interviews with the organisation´s employees, as well as interviewing ten persons in Sweden which are part of minority-groups with a foreign national background. Avery & McKay´s (2006) theory about attracting diversity was used as basis for the interview questions, especially regarding which recruitment tactics to use when attracting minorities. The results indicate that SAF are employing the correct tactics but that the lack of clear, definable, and measurable goals for the organisation impedes the effort. As well, SAF´s focus on diversity has so far mainly included gender equality which has led to a diminishing effort towards other diversity-dimensions. However, there is a great will in the organisation to improve the work towards the other dimensions. Also, even though the SAF is employing the correct tactics, the interviews with the respondents show that some tactics might be more necessary than others. Going forth, top priority should be targeted information through personal meetings in certain areas and locations which contain a higher concentration of minorities.

Student Number : 8708508W - PhD thesis - School of Education - Faculty of Humanities / As the title implies, this research concerned the convergence of race and culture in school settings. How the two categories are related is a complex matter, especially in the context of South Africa where race has played, and continues to play, a critical role in the formation of culture. The study aimed to investigate the dynamics of teaching and learning in racially diverse classrooms in three historically white former Model C Schools in Ekhuruleni East District of Gauteng Department of Education (GDE). To this end I conducted a multiple case study with Grade 8 pupils and their teachers, with a primary intention of illuminating the challenges, attitudes and emotions experienced by teachers and pupils, as well as the dynamics between teachers and pupils, and among pupils. Eight questions guided the data collection through extended on-site observation and interviews: (i) What are the experiences and challenges of teachers and pupils in racially/culturally diverse classrooms? (ii) How do teachers and pupils respond to these experiences and challenges? (iii) What preparation if any, have teachers had in order to face these challenges in racially/culturally diverse classrooms? (iv) How do teachers and pupils and pupils and pupils from diverse race groups interact? (v) What are teachers and pupils opinions about racially diverse classrooms?(vi) What is the significance of race to pupils at the three schools? (vii) How is race conceptualised and lived at school? (viii) What is the impact of the discourse of race on the lives of black pupils? The theoretical framework of this research is situated in the field of teaching and cultural diversity. In order to place the research questions and findings in the context of international and local research and debate on cultural diversity in education, I consulted a wide range of both international and local literature. The thesis presents the main research findings, in terms of four broad themes that cut across the research questions: Change, Subjective Reality and Assimilation; Discourse of Blame and Cultural Deficit Discourse; Home Culture versus School Culture; Perceived Racism or Racism as a Consequence of Change. The analysed data revealed that teachers’ were frustrated and it was evident from their subjective reality that they were not dealing well with change. Pupils preferred homogeneous groups rather than integrated groups thus there was little interaction between racial groups. Hostility was evident and in some cases resulted in fights between black and white pupils. Black pupils perceived the presence of racism among some white teachers and pupils This study could, despite its limitations, pave the way for far more elaborate studies to be conducted.. Since statutory racial integration in South Africa is only ten years old the discourse of racial diversity needs to be illuminated through extensive and intensive research. Teachers need to address both social and educational aims simultaneously as the findings suggest that unless teachers acknowledge and understand diversity in their classrooms and understands the backgrounds of their pupils; these pupils are likely to remain marginalised and desegregated schools run the risk of not contributing to social change.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:32:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sonia Querino.pdf: 931382 bytes, checksum: 702782099a90c5270a3edb43c3cc4358 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-17 / This qualitative research on "Black Population, Inter-Race Relations and Training Theachers: PENESB(1995-2007)", intenta reflect on the ethnic-racial relations, education and continuous training of teachers (s), occurring in the course of post-graduate sensu lato "racial relations and education", promoted by the Faculty of Education-Program of Education on the Negro in the Brazilian Society-PENESB, of the Universidade Federal Fluminense. This proposal is anticipated to the implementation of Law 10.639/2003, whose requirement is the study of African cultures and african-Brazilian basic education. The work is embasado especially in SILV?RIO(2005;2006); SIQUEIRA(2006); BHABHA(2003); HALL(2003); OLIVEIRA(2006); MUNANGA(2004). From desk research, perform a qualitative analysis and dialectical-criticism in order to understand the process of teacher training, as well as incorporation of the racial question in this educational program in order qualify for confrontation and eradication of racism in education. The research aims to contribute to the development of educational practices focused on education, through racial relations and the construction of a school trainer and processing of critical consciousness and active. Consequently, if the racial identification, especially in the Brazilian context, it is understood as a process built historically, saying that it builds in contact, the exchange in inter-racial relations. Without fear of being black, Gypsy, Indian, Jewish ... Therefore, the research showed that to understand the "take - whether black / black" in the education context, social and political, we must consider how the process of identification is built on the symbolic, in curricular options, the metaphors that permeate the ideas prohibited pre - designed to carry however, because not always what we see in the different enchants, by contrast, often challenges us and makes us review our options and our individual values. / Esta pesquisa qualitativa sobre Popula??o Negra, Rela??es Inter-Raciais e Forma??o de Educadoras/es: PENESB (1995-2007) , intenta refletir sobre as rela??es ?tnico-raciais, educa??o e forma??o continuada de professoras(es), ocorridas no curso de p?s-gradua??o lato sensu: rela??es raciais e educa??o , promovido pela Faculdade de Educa??o - Programa de Educa??o sobre o Negro na Sociedade Brasileira PENESB, da Universidade Federal Fluminense. Esta proposta se antecipa ? implementa??o da Lei 10.639/2003, cuja obrigatoriedade incide no estudo das culturas africanas e afro-brasileiras no ensino b?sico. O trabalho est? embasado especialmente em SILV?RIO(2005;2006); SIQUEIRA (2006); BHABHA(2003); HALL(2003); OLIVEIRA(2006); MUNANGA(2004). A partir de pesquisa documental, realizamos uma an?lise qualitativa e dial?tico-cr?tica com o objetivo de compreender o processo de forma??o docente, bem como de incorpora??o da quest?o racial neste programa pedag?gico, tendo em vista capacit?-las/los para o enfrentamento e erradica??o do racismo na educa??o. A pesquisa tem por objetivo contribuir para o desenvolvimento de pr?ticas pedag?gicas voltadas ? educa??o, por meio de rela??es raciais e ? constru??o de uma escola formadora e transformadora de consci?ncias cr?ticas e ativas. Consequentemente, se a identifica??o racial, sobretudo no contexto brasileiro, ? entendida como um processo constru?do historicamente, significa dizer que ela se constr?i no contato, na troca, nas rela??es inter-raciais. Sem medo de ser negra, cigana, ind?gena, judia... portanto, a pesquisa mostrou que para entender o assumir-se negra/negro no contexto escolar, social e pol?tico ? preciso considerar como o processo de identifica??o ? constru?do no plano simb?lico, nas op??es curriculares, nas met?foras interditas que permeiam as id?ias pr?-concebidas que todavia carregamos, pois nem sempre o diferente que vemos nos encanta, pelo contr?rio, muitas vezes, nos desafia e nos faz revisar nossas op??es individuais e nossos valores.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-05-23T12:17:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Patricia Caldeira de Almeida.pdf: 6751560 bytes, checksum: 5ffd955cef1fada945be91bca75c49d5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-23T12:17:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Patricia Caldeira de Almeida.pdf: 6751560 bytes, checksum: 5ffd955cef1fada945be91bca75c49d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-16 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The present research investigates the content of the discipline Lusophone African Literature present in the Portuguese Language textbooks of the 3rd year of High School, reflecting on the contribution of content to the recognition and reparation of social and racial inequalities in Brazilian society, for the dignified formation of the citizen; for the promotion of a fairer and more egalitarian society; to reduce prejudice and discrimination. It will be used as corpus textbooks from two specific moments: when the content was made mandatory through the "PNLD Guide (National Guidance for the Didactic Book) of 2012" and in 2015, at the beginning of the preparation of this study, twelve years after the Law No. 10,639 to be sanctioned. This study is justified by the racial configuration of the Brazilian people, with 50.76% calling themselves blacks and browns according to the IBGE Demographic Census of 2010 in a society that is still racist and discriminatory in several of its social practices, also present at school, in several of its social practices and reflected in textbooks. This study starts with the concept of Literature as a tool to encourage reflection on Brazilian cultural identity, broadening student horizons, discussing diversity, and therefore cooperating with Law 10.639 / 2003 / A presente pesquisa investiga o conteúdo da disciplina Literatura Africana lusófona presente nos livros didáticos de Língua Portuguesa do 3º ano do Ensino Médio, refletindo sobre a contribuição do conteúdo para o reconhecimento e a reparação das desigualdades sociais e raciais existentes na sociedade brasileira, para a formação digna do cidadão; para a promoção de uma sociedade mais justa e mais igualitária; para a diminuição do preconceito e da discriminação. Serão utilizados como corpus livros didáticos de dois momentos específicos: quando o conteúdo foi tornado obrigatório por meio do “Guia PNLD (Programa Nacional do Livro Didático) de 2012” e em 2015, quando do início da elaboração deste estudo, doze anos após a Lei nº 10.639 ser sancionada. Este estudo se justifica pela configuração racial do povo brasileiro, com 50,76% autodenominados pretos e pardos segundo o Censo Demográfico IBGE de 2010 em uma sociedade ainda racista e discriminatória em várias de suas práticas sociais, presentes também na escola, em várias de suas práticas sociais e refletidas nos livros didáticos. Este estudo parte do conceito de Literatura como ferramenta para incentivar a reflexão sobre a identidade cultural brasileira, a ampliação dos horizontes do aluno, a discussão sobre a diversidade, colaborativa portanto com a Lei nº 10.639/2003

Submitted by Navjeet Singh Gill (navjeetgill7@gmail.com) on 2018-02-23T18:00:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017-18_Navjeet_Gill v6.pdf: 1539898 bytes, checksum: c559bf4e5d8539b1b89e7d6f75555716 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Josineide da Silva Santos Locatelli (josineide.locatelli@fgv.br) on 2018-02-23T18:06:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2017-18_Navjeet_Gill v6.pdf: 1539898 bytes, checksum: c559bf4e5d8539b1b89e7d6f75555716 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-26T12:51:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017-18_Navjeet_Gill v6.pdf: 1539898 bytes, checksum: c559bf4e5d8539b1b89e7d6f75555716 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-16 / This empirical research examines the relationship between board’s diversity and firm performance, providing a comprehensive quantitative analysis between diversity factors (demographic - gender and race, cognitive - age, education, role and network) and financial factors (ROA, ROE, ROIC, asset turnover and current ratio) in the component companies of the FTSE 100 index. The dataset also includes a wide array of information about 1053 board members. The results indicate that a diverse board positively impacts ROA, ROIC, asset turnover and current ratio but were insignificant for ROE. It proves that diversity leads to better social reputation, performance and financial performance. / Esta pesquisa empírica examina a relação entre a diversidade do conselho e o desempenho da empresa, fornecendo uma análise quantitativa significativa entre os fatores de diversidade (demográfico - gênero e raça, idade cognitiva, educação, papel e rede) e fatores financeiros (ROA, ROE, ROIC, rotatividade de ativos e liquidez geral) nas empresas que compõem o índice FTSE 100. O conjunto de dados também inclui uma ampla gama de informações sobre 1053 membros do conselho. Os resultados indicam que um conselho diversificado impacta positivamente no ROA, ROIC, rotatividade de ativos e liquidez geral, mas são insignificantes para ROE. Isto demonstra que a diversidade leva a uma melhor reputação social, performance e desempenho financeiro.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:32:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcia Guerra Pereira.pdf: 2525871 bytes, checksum: 5621e4b373678f9ad9b873bbab3da01f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-13 / This research sought to demonstrate the process through which the contents of the history of Africa came to be regarded by historians relevant content and binding in the formation of a historian. The acquisition of this condition led to its transformation into an academic discipline, allowing itto be a specific body of professionals in their teaching, with time reserved within the curriculum, with tenders for the provision of spaces occupied by these professionals, with the realization of research and academic advising institutional activities. In addition to professional and specific features, the discipline also determines a set of methods and approaches that are considered to be inherent in it. Whon are they determined to? What interests do they translate? What are they? In the search for answers to these questions we were guided by the considerations of the British researcher Ivor Goodson. This choice led us to look beyond the legislation relevant to the subject, especially those concerned with guidelines for ethnic-racial education, notices of procurement programs, disciplines, ementários and conduct interviews with current teachers responsible for conducting the course public universities of Maranhão, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais and São Paulo / Esta pesquisa procurou demonstrar o processo através do qual os conteúdos de história da África passaram a ser considerados, pelos historiadores, conteúdos relevantes e obrigatórios na formação de um historiador. A aquisição desta condição implicou a sua transformação em disciplina acadêmica, passando esta a constituir um corpo específico de profissionais especializados no seu ensino, com horários reservados no interior da grade curricular, com concursos públicos para provimento das vagas ocupadas por estes profissionais, com a realização de pesquisas e atividades de orientação acadêmica institucionais. Além de profissionais e recursos específicos a disciplina também determina um conjunto de conteúdos e métodos de abordagem que passam a ser considerados inerentes a ela. Por quem são determinados? Que interesses traduzem? Quais são eles? Na busca por respostas a estas questões fomos guiados pelas reflexões do pesquisador britânico Ivor Goodson. Esta escolha nos levou a analisar além da legislação pertinente ao assunto, com destaque para aquela preocupada com as diretrizes para a educação étnico-racial, editais de concursos públicos, programas de disciplinas, ementários e a realizar entrevistas com os atuais professores responsáveis pela regência da disciplina nas universidades públicas do Maranhão, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais e São Paulo