The aim of this thesis is to analyse female political participation in the 2011 revolution in Egypt with the help of a radical feminism theoretical framework, which effectively ensures that the female participation is analysed from an intersectional point of view. The research will be conducted as a desk study. In order to do this, the research will specifically look at the means of mobilisations used by female protesters, as well as examine the reasons why women chose to join the protests throughout Egypt between January 25 and February 11, 2011. Furthermore, the strategies used to overcome challenges and obstacles in and after the revolution will be analysed. The main result of this research is that women to a large extent used and benefited from ‘online activism’ on websites such as Facebook, Twitter and YouTube both in the lead-up to and during the revolution. The research will show that women gained legitimacy during the protests by not pushing for a gender-specific agenda, but instead joined the protest under the common battle-cry of ‘bread, freedom, and dignity’ as well as taking up traditionally female roles during the protests. Moreover, the thesis will argue that the wide spread practice of female genital mutilation as well as the staggeringly high prevalence of sexual harassment and gender-based violence are severe hindrances for women to access the public sphere, and will show how the post-revolutionary government in Egypt effectively worsened the socio-political climate for women.

The sexual revolution was a movement in the United States that challenged traditional ways of thinking about sexuality. The heart of the revolution was the "radical" idea that women, just like men, had sexual needs and were able to enjoy sex. In the name of the revolution, feminists demanded women’s right to the same sexual freedom as men had been given. The revolution led to the normalization and increased acceptance of sex outside of marriage, as well as birth control. However, despite these achievements, some feminists believed that the achievements occurred at the expense of women.  Although the sexual revolution was intended to lead to female liberation, some people argue that the revolution instead resulted in other forms of female oppression. To investigate this further, this study analyzed three different works of feminists with different views on the revolution and its consequences.  This study will discuss the following topics: pornography and sexualization. These have been analyzed in relation to various theories of autonomy. Finally, this study will discuss how the subjects affects women's rights contained in the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). The questions in this study are answered throughout by using the method of critique of ideas. The method is based on the ideology that the authors themselves claim to defend as their own, in this essay it is the values of feminism. The critique is thus internal in the sense that no other values, other than those already stated in the material, are used in the assessment.  Products that are marketed using the female body are often packaged with feminist messages, which is a well-known paradox in feminism. Women today have achieved some success by being able to represent themselves as sexual subjects, but that does not mean that the sexualization that permeates the culture should be mixed with "girl power" or other feminist slogans. It is time to stop accepting objectification as a symbol of liberation and instead acknowledge it for what it really is, a contradiction. A culture where women are constantly and in various ways being sexualized should be considered a threat to her ability to choose her preferences in an autonomous way. In the same way, a society that is strongly influenced by pornography's notions of male dominance should be considered a threat towards women’s autonomy. States that have ratified CEDAW are required by Article 2 to pursue policies to eliminate discrimination against women and to take measures to promote gender equality. Thus, the affiliated states should take appropriate action in all sectors of society where women are discriminated.

Internetutvecklingen har skapat nya arenor för utövande av våld. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur det digitala våldet mot minderåriga flickor kan gestalta sig på TikTok. Materialet består av kommentarsfält tillhörande minderåriga flickor. Studien intar ett radikalfeministiskt perspektiv vars utgångspunkt är att det sexuella våldet är en konsekvens av patriarkatet och mannens makt över kvinnans sexualitet; studien utgår även från ett makt-kontrollperspektiv. Metoden för arbetet är Faircloughs kritiska diskursanalys, denna appliceras för att analysera hur diskursen gestaltas i kommentarsfälten. Resultatet visar att det digitala våldet tar sig uttryck genom att sexualisera och på andra sätt kränka flickorna, där det främst utmärkande för diskursen är objektifiering av flickorna samtidigt som en social diskurs identifierats som upprätthåller och reproducerar patriarkala strukturer och könsmaktförhållanden. Det finns tendenser till en subkultur som bidrar till gemenskap mellan personer som utsätter flickorna för digitalt våld; då samma uttryck och termer används av olika personer. / The development of the Internet has created new arenas for utilizing violence. The purpose of this study is to investigate how digital violence against underage girls can manifest itself on TikTok. The data consists of comment sections belonging to underage girls. The study uses a radical feminist perspective which has the initial belief that the widespread sexual violence against women is a consequence of patriarchy and men's power over women's sexuality; thus, the study has also adopted a power-control perspective. The method for the study is Fairclough's critical discourse analysis, which has been applied to analyze how the discourse manifests in the comment sections. The results show that the digital violence expresses itself by sexualizing and in other ways violating and offending the girls, where the main distinguishing pattern of the discourse is the objectification of the girls as well as a social discourse being identified which maintains and reproduces patriarchal structures and gender power relations. There are tendencies towards a subculture that contributes to a cohesion between people who utilize digital violence against the girls; where the same expressions and words are used by different people.

Syftet med studien är att kritiskt undersöka diskurserna kring sugardating och de diskursiva framställningarna av sugardaters på Flashback Forum, utifrån diskursernas återspegling av ojämlika genus- och maktförhållanden. Studien utforskar även den tvetydiga kopplingen mellan sugardating och prostitution på onlineforumet. Denna kvalitativa studie har sitt avstamp i en feministisk kritisk diskursanalys som har varit studiens teoretiska och metodologiska ramverk. Resultatet av studien visar att sugardating huvudsakligen framställs som ett ömsesidigt arrangemang som baseras på jämlika och fria villkor. Dock begränsas detta när sugarbabies underförstått förväntas gå med på sex. En feministisk analys inspirerad av radikalfeministisk teoribildning samt begreppet postfeminism ger dessutom kopplingen mellan sugardating och prostitution en dubbel tvetydighet. Slutligen diskuterar studien hur de positiva framställningarna av sugardating kan påverka nyfikna personer till ett eventuellt inträde. / The purpose of this study is to critically examine the discourses of sugardating and the discursive representations of sugardaters on Flashback Forum, based on how they reflect unequal gender- and power relations. The study also explores the ambiguous connection between sugardating and prostitution on the online forum. This qualitative study is based on a feminist critical discourse analysis as a theoretical and methodological framework. The findings show that sugardating is mainly represented as an arrangement based on equal and free terms. However, this is obscured when sugarbabies are implicitly expected to comply with sex. In addition, a feminist analysis inspired by radical feminist theory as well as the notion of postfeminism highlights how the link between sugardating and prostitution implies an ambiguity in a double sense. Finally, it is discussed how the positive representations of sugardating might affect curious readers to consider entering sugardating.

Conflict related sexual violence is a phenomenon that has come to light since world war II, however it is only in recent years that conflict related sexual violence has been discussed in larger forums. In recent years the subject of Conflict related sexual violence has been researched and brought to light in media. This thesis aims to study the conflict related sexual violence in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The method applied on this thesis was a comparative feminist study. The theoretical framework used in this study is liberal feminism and radical feminism. In this study a comparison between the two feministic focuses has been the main object. The result of the study found that both radical feminism and liberal feminism can explain conflict related sexual violence. Radical feminism main concepts in their theory is sexual oppression that women face. Liberal feminism focus on inequality in the society between the sexes. In the result it was found that both perspectives of feminism could explain the sexual violence as something structural. There is inequality between the sexes in a societal level therefor sexual violence can be used as a way to maintain power.

Submitted by Morgana Silva (morgana_linhares@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-07-01T19:15:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 687518 bytes, checksum: fe17b42ceeeffb868899d20d6a62e303 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-01T19:15:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 687518 bytes, checksum: fe17b42ceeeffb868899d20d6a62e303 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-06 / This academic work is a critical review of studies on violence against women undertaken by the american radical feminism and the approaches influenced by this. The research aims to analyze the theoretical framework used on the interpretation about violence in heterosexual relationships, considering the hypothesis that some of its assumptions are wrong. Problem areas found in American traditional theory revolved mainly around three issues. First, its simplistic and reductionist analysis, which summarizes the explanation of violence to gender. Second, its essentialist and deterministic conception of attributes related to men and to their sexuality, which gives them an insurmountable violent nature. Third, the strategy to struggle against violence lately reduced to criminalization and punishment. Such misconceptions reflect their adoption of the old etiological paradigm in criminological considerations made by this current, which has reverberated in different feminist theories and in political activism. In contrast, this work proposes a feminist approach to compose a unit with the critical criminology, that is, to make an interpretation of violence contextualized historically free of essentialism and committed to human emancipation forward to the various mechanisms of oppression. / Este trabalho constitui uma revisão crítica dos estudos sobre a violência contra a mulher empreendidos pelo feminismo radical estadunidense e pelas abordagens por este influenciadas. A pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a fundamentação teórica implementada nas interpretações sobre a violência nas relações heterossexuais, considerando a hipótese de que alguns de seus pressupostos estejam equivocados. Principalmente três aspectos são problematizados nas interpretações da corrente norte-americana. Primeiro, sua análise simplista e reducionista, que resume a explicação da violência contra a mulher à questão de gênero. Segundo, sua concepção essencialista e determinista dos atributos referentes aos homens e a sua sexualidade, que lhes atribui uma natureza violenta insuperável. Terceiro, a estratégia de combate à violência, ultimamente reduzida à criminalização e à penalização de condutas. Tais perspectivas refletem a adoção do antigo paradigma etiológico nas reflexões criminológicas realizadas por essa corrente, que tem reverberado nas diversas teorias feministas e na militância política. Em contraponto, este trabalho propõe uma abordagem feminista que componha uma unidade com a criminologia crítica, isto é, que faça uma interpretação da violência contextualizada historicamente, livre de essencialismos e comprometida com a emancipação humana frente aos diversos mecanismos de opressão.

Denna litteraturstudie undersöker hur gravida kvinnors livssituation påverkas av mäns våld. Datamaterialet består av tolv vetenskapliga artiklar med syftet att framföra kvinnornas egna berättelser. Artiklarna har analyserats och tematiserats och slutligen blivit fyra teman och tio subteman vilket representerar litteraturstudiens resultat. Resultatet diskuteras i relation med teorier om könsmakt, radikalfeminism och ojämlikhetens fyra nivåer för att få förståelse för kvinnans livssituation i ett större sammanhang. Diskussionen belyser hur socialarbetare kan inspireras att arbeta med kvinnor utsatta för våld under graviditet ur ett empowermentorienterat perspektiv. Litteraturstudien visar att det är viktigt att socialarbetare har en helhetsbild och förståelse för hur kvinnornas hemsituation, ambivalens, självbilder och svårigheterna med att lämna bildar en komplex livssituation där kvinnorna och deras barn behöver stöd och hjälp för att kunna agera efter sina egna behov och öka sin makt. / This literature review investigates how pregnant womens’ life situations are affected by mens’ violence. The data material consists of twelve articles which aims to present the womens’ own stories. The articles/studies have been analysed and categorised into four themes and subthemes, which represents the result of the literature review. The result has been discussed with the theory of gender power, radical feminism and the four levels of inequality for a greater understanding of the womens’ life situations. The discussion illustrates how social workers can be inspired to work with women, who are exposed to violence during pregnancy, with a perspective of empowerment. The literature review shows the importance for social workers to have an overall picture and understanding about how the womens’ home situation, ambivalence, self images and the difficultness with leaving creates a complex life situation where the women and their children are in need of support and help to be able to act on their own needs and increase their power.

Gender mainstreaming is a transnational policy process that has been underway for close to three decades. This paper aims to uncover “which gender is being mainstreamed in global politics” through conducting a textual analysis on twenty global policy documents. The text of the documents was coded into two categories of gender: abolitionist and affirmative. The predictions were that (1) there is a movement toward an affirmative concept of gender and away from an abolitionist one; (2) “women” are being replaced with “gender” in global policies; (3) there is a shift away from sex-based and toward gender-based provisions in global policies; (4) the affirmative concept of gender is being mainstreamed; and (5) that the abolitionist concept of gender is not being mainstreamed. It was found that, out of the five predictions, only the third one is supported by the evidence, i.e., the gender that is being mainstreamed in global politics is abolitionist. Although the results were almost entirely contrary to the predictions, it is important not to underestimate the potential implications of erasing sex-based provisions. In recasting provisions for women as “gender-based” one runs the risk of making them provisions for “femininity”, which consequently could mean limits to female political participation.

This thesis investigates the continuance of the MeToo movement in the Swedish context via the digitalplatform Instagram, collective action and feminist organizations that are engaged to end sexual violence.It illuminates how the sisterhood impacted by the practice of challenging the rape script a conceptused to describe the discourse on how sexual violence should be like, and how victim-survivors should behave, how the engagement is made among the activists that engage to challenge the rape script and lastly, how since the MeToo movement started a discourse of rightlessness have been exposed through the sharing of experiences that the MeToo movement initiated. The ethnographic study is based on participant observation of feminist actions in real life and on Instagram as well as interviews with 13 activists from feminist organizations and with background as organisers of collective actions. It is found that the MeToo movement in Sweden is commonly practiced through an engagement in Feminist organizations that serve to keep the movement alive through continuous work to keep sexual violence on the agenda by keeping it visible, and that the engagement is driven by an experience of anger towards the societal discourse that sets the discourse on rape which affects the possibility to be recognized by the legal system. The thesis will overall suggest that there is a sisterhood built on a collective identity, and that the shared identity and oppression between non-men with an aspiration to support one another in the experience of oppression as well as organize safety nets for those who are sentenced for defamation as a consequence of speaking out.

No description available.