Bakgrund: Att besöka en röntgenavdelning kan vara något nytt och skrämmande för många barn. Den nya miljön kan orsaka rädsla, oro och ångest hos barn. Därför är det viktigt att röntgensjuksköterskan har kunskap om barnets behov för att upplevelsen på röntgenavdelningen ska vara så bra som möjligt. Syfte: Syftet med den här studien är att beskriva omvårdnadsåtgärder för att minska rädsla, oro och ångest hos barn 0-18 år i samband med röntgenundersökning. Metod: Detta arbete är en litteraturstudie där 13 kvalitativa- och kvantitativa artiklar har sammanställts och analyserats för att besvara syftet. Resultat: Det framkom två huvudkategorier i resultatet: distraktion och samspel mellan personal och barnet. Med hjälpmedel, färgade uniformer, föräldrar, barnanpassade röntgenrum kunde barnets rädsla, oro och ångest minska. Att förbereda barnet med tydlig och anpassad information och kommunikation var viktigt för att barnet skulle känna sig tryggt. Slutsats: Röntgensjuksköterskan kan ta hjälp av olika hjälpmedel och metoder för att minska rädsla, oro och ångest hos barn vid en röntgenundersökning. Det är röntgensjuksköterskans ansvar att skapa ett band med barnet och få barnet att känna sig tryggt. / Background: To visit a radiology department can be new and frightening for many children. The new environment can cause fear, distress and anxiety among children. Therefore it’s important as a radiographer to have knowledge about children’s needs so they can have as good experience as possible at the radiology department. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe nursing care to reduce fear, distress and anxiety in children 0-18 years old undergoing a radiographic examination. Method: This study is a literature review where 13 qualitative- and quantitative articles has been compiled and analysed to answer the purpose. Results: It appeared two categories in the result: distraction and interaction between the staff and the child. With help of distraction, coloured uniforms, parents and child customized radiology room, could children’s fear, distress and anxiety be reduced. To prepare the child with direct and customized information and communication was important to make the child feel safe. Conclusion: The radiographer can use different instruments and methods to reduce fear, distress and anxiety among children undergoing a radiographic examination. It is the radiographer’s responsibility to create interaction with the child and make the child feel safe.

Bakgrund: Yrket röntgensjuksköterska är under ständig utveckling i Sverige gällande kompetensutveckling. Internationellt sett finns det många vägar att gå för röntgensjuksköterskor. Man kan till exempel vidareutbilda sig beskrivande radiograf. Utbildningarna har uteslutande gett positiva resultat. På grund av förändringar bland patienter måste vården utvecklas, detta gäller även röntgenverksamheten. I Sverige har man, trots den internationella utvecklingen, ännu inte fullt ut sett behovet. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att ta reda på vilket behov samt vilka förutsättningar till kompetensutveckling det finns på olika sjukhus för röntgensjuksköterskor. Metod: Studien är en kvalitativ intervjustudie med semi-strukturerade frågor. Ett strategiskt urval gjordes med inklusions- och exklusionskriterier. De kvalitativa intervjuerna utfördes per telefon eller i direkta möten och samtalen spelades in för att sedan analyseras med kvalitativ manifest innehållsanalys. Resultat: Det har varit omväxlande svar från deltagarna. De deltagande har varierande haft stora och små behov av kompetensutveckling för sina röntgensjuksköterskor. Bristen på personal är påtaglig. Alla deltagare uttryckte att de hade möjligheter och förutsättningar för att deras röntgensjuksköterskor skulle få kompetensutveckling även om utbudet varierade. Resultatet visar att kompetensutveckling behövs inom alla områden. Trots detta uttrycker inte alla sjukhus att kompetensutveckling är viktigt för deras verksamhet. Slutsats: Kompetensutveckling för röntgensjuksköterskor är ett stort ämne. Det finns mer att ta reda på och det finns många utvecklingsmöjligheter. Det finns ett behov att kompetensutveckla anställda röntgensjuksköterskor för att få en förbättring i sin profession, vilket leder till utveckling både individuellt som röntgensjuksköterska och tillsammans som röntgenavdelning. / Background: Profession as radiographer is constantly developing in Sweden valid skills development. There are many different ways in order to improve the profession internationally. One can, for example, take advanced practicing to become a reporting radiographer. The advanced practicing has exclusively showed positive results. Nowadays the patients are changing in conditions rapidly that the healthcare industry needs to adapt itself. Even the international development for radiographers seems bright, the need is yet fully realized in Sweden. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to find out which needs and possibilities are available for Swedish radiographers to improve and develop their own professional skills. Method: A qualitative interview study with semi-structured questions. The participants were selected by inclusions and exclusions. The interviews were conducted by telephone or physical meetings and the interviews were recorded and analyzed using qualitative content analysis manifest. Results: The responses from the participants have been varied. Lack of radiographers is palpable. All participants expressed that they had opportunities and possibilities for their radiographers to receive an advanced practicing in skills development even though the supply varied. The result shows that skills development is needed in all areas. Despite this, all hospitals do not express that skill development is important for their radiology department. Conclusion: Advanced skills development for radiographers is an interesting topic. There are more to figure out valid skill development. There is a need to develop radiographers in order to improve individually and together as X-ray department.

No description available.

Background: Healthcare professionals are often the subject to occupational stress, the professional radiographer is no exception. Occupational stress has been seen as a predictor to burn outs amongst radiographer and may jeopardise the patients’ safety during radiologic examinations.  Purpose: The purpose of this study is to find out more about how radiographers in Uppsala County perceive stress in their workplace, the study aims to find out which factors affect occupational stress and how it expresses itself physically and mentally to the radiographer.  Method: The study was done through a qualitative method in the form of interviews with staff at x-ray departments at different hospitals.  Results: All of the informants felt some kind of occupational stress from time to time, some very rarely and others more frequent. The most common factors for stress that emerged from this study were staff shortage, and a high workflow, as well as high patient flow for radiological examinations. There were varied symptoms that appeared; mild symptoms such as sweating and more serious symptoms such as fatigue, anxiety and trouble sleeping.  Conclusion: The occupational stress of radiographers affects the radiographer both physically and mentally, and also patient safety and the quality of the examinations. One can clearly see that the amount of patients in relation to the sparse staff density creates an excessively high workload that leads to stress. This means that the radiographer finds it difficult to maintain the care they would like, in terms of time and quality. / Bakgrund: Hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal är ofta föremål för arbetsrelaterad stress, röntgensjuksköterskor är inget undantag. Arbetsrelaterad stress har uppfattats som en bidragande faktor för utbrändhet bland röntgensjuksköterskor och kan påverka patientsäkerheten under radiologiska undersökningar. Syfte: Att få veta mer om hur röntgensjuksköterskor i Uppsala län uppfattar stress på sin arbetsplats. Studien vill ta reda på vilka faktorer som påverkar arbetsrelaterad stress och hur det uttrycker sig fysiskt och psykiskt. Metod: Studien gjordes genom en kvalitativ metod i form av intervjuer med 11 röntgensjuksköterskor på röntgenavdelningar på olika sjukhus inom Uppsala län. Resultat: Alla informanter kände någon typ av arbetsrelaterad stress i olika grad, vissa mycket sällan och andra oftare. De vanligaste faktorerna för stress som uppkom vid denna studie var brist på personal och ett högt arbetsflöde och för många patienter som kom till en radiologisk undersökning samtidigt. Det framkom en del olika symtom, från milda symtom, som till exempel svettning men även allvarligare symptom som trötthet, ångest och sömnbesvär. Slutsats: Den arbetsrelaterade stressen hos röntgensjuksköterskor påverkar röntgensjuksköterskan både fysiskt och psykiskt och även patientsäkerheten och kvaliteten på undersökningarna. Man kan tydligt se att patientmängden i förhållande till den för glesa personaltätheten skapar en för hög arbetsbelastning som leder till stress. Detta gör att röntgensjuksköterskan upplever det som svårt att upprätthålla den vård de skulle vilja, tidsmässigt och kvalitetsmässigt.

Aims: The overall aim of this thesis was to explore and describe radiographers‟ professional competence based on patients‟ and radiographers‟ experiences and to develop a context-specific instrument to assess the level and frequency of use of radiographers‟ professional competence. Methods: The design was inductive and deductive. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used. The data collection methods comprised interviews (Studies I-II) and questionnaires (Studies III-IV). The subjects were patients in study I and radiographers in studies II-IV. In study I, 17 patients were interviewed about their experiences of the encounter during radiographic examinations and treatment. The interviews were analysed using qualitative content analysis. In study II, 14 radiographers were interviewed to identify radiographers‟ areas of competence. The critical incident technique was chosen to analyse the interviews. Studies III and IV were based on a national cross-sectional survey of 406 randomly selected radiographers. Study III consisted of two phases; designing the Radiographer Competence Scale (RCS) and evaluation of its psychometric properties. A 42-item questionnaire was developed and validated by a pilot test (n=16) resulting in the addition of 12 items. Thus the final RCS comprised a 54-item questionnaire, which after psychometric tests was reduced to 28 items. In study IV, the 28-item questionnaire served as data. The level of competencies was rated on a 10-point scale, while their use was rated on a six-point scale. Results: In study I, the female patients‟ comprehensive understanding was expressed as feelings of vulnerability. The encounters were described as empowering, empathetic, mechanical and neglectful, depending on the radiographers‟ skills and attitudes. Study II revealed two main areas of professional competence, direct patient-related and indirect patient-related. The first focused on competencies in the care provided in close proximity to the patient and the second on competencies used in the activities of the surrounding environment. Each of the two main areas was divided into four categories and 31 sub-categories that either facilitated or hindered good nursing care. In study III the analysis condensed the 54-item questionnaire in two steps, firstly by removing 12 items and secondly a further 14 items, resulting in the final 28-item RCS questionnaire. Several factor analyses were performed and a two factor-solution emerged, labelled; “Nurse initiated care” and “Technical and radiographic processes”. The psychometric tests had good construct validity and homogeneity. The result of study IV demonstrated that most competencies in the RCS received high ratings both in terms of level and frequency of use. Competencies e.g. „Adequately informing the patient‟, „Adapting the examination to the patient‟s prerequisites and needs‟ and „Producing accurate and correct images‟ were rated the highest while „Identifying and encountering the patient in a state of shock‟ and „Participating in quality improvement regarding patient safety and care‟ received the lowest ratings. The total score of each of the two dimensions had a low but significant correlation with age and years in present position. The competence level correlated with age and years in present position in both dimensions but not with the use of competencies in the “Nurse initiated care” dimension. Conclusion: This thesis has shown that professional competence is important in the encounter between patient and radiographer. It has also demonstrated that radiographers‟ self-rated professional competence is based on nursing, technological and radiographic knowledge. From a radiographer‟s perspective, „Nurse initiated care‟ and „Technical and Radiographic processes‟ are two core dimensions of Radiographer Competence Scale. The 28-item questionnaire regarding level and frequency of use of competence is feasible to use to measure radiographers‟ professional competence.

Radiography has seen most development over the last 30 years with the evolution of new technologies, but perhaps more significantly changes in education models and radiographer roles. The development of advanced and consultant posts has facilitated the growth of the profession, although the evidence base is still evolving. Through a number of research projects this thesis will explore the growth in the radiography evidence base with specific reference to the extending role of the radiographer in image interpretation. Parallel clinical and academic developments have provided evidence of a scholarly profession which is slowly establishing its place through publication and a growing research base.

Thesis (MSc (Radiography))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019 / Introduction: After-hours diagnostic imaging is essential in the majority of large public hospitals, as it plays a vital role in the treatment and management of patients. Radiologists are not always available after hours to provide reports on radiographic images since, nationally and globally, there is a shortage of these professionals. Radiographic images are frequently interpreted by emergency physicians after hours. Thus, while diagnostic imaging represents an essential component in patient care (including management and treatment), according to the literature, a significant cause of clinical error occurs through the misinterpretation of radiographic images by emergency physicians. The aim of this study was to determine emergency physicians’ views on whether there was a need for an after-hours diagnostic radiology reporting service in emergency departments at some public hospitals, in the Durban Metropole. It is important to note that in addition to the above, this study calculated the number of radiographic examinations performed after-hours, and the number that was reported by the radiologist during office hours, since there was no radiology cover after hours. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional quantitative survey design was employed using a self-administered questionnaire as a data collection instrument completed by emergency physicians at four public hospitals. In addition, additional data was collected to determine the number of radiographic examinations that had been performed after hours, at the selected four public hospitals over a period of three months, as well as the number of radiographic examinations that was reported on. This enabled the authors to determine the number of radiographic examinations that went unreported during this study period. Results: A total of 39 emergency physicians participated in the survey, with a mean and median age of 39.46 and 38 years, respectively (SD = 9.11 years). The results of this study showed that between 0.1% and 0.6% of radiographic examinations performed after hours were reported on by radiologists during office hours, for this study period. This implies that less than 1% of all examinations produced after hours at the four public hospitals, received a radiology report. Emergency physicians felt that the interpretation of images took up valuable time. The survey found that there was near total consensus amongst respondents on whether they prefer after-hours reporting to be performed by a radiologist as 46.2% (n = 18) of the respondents strongly agreed and 41.0% agreed (n = 16). Furthermore, a total of 35.9% (n=14) of respondents agreed and 43.6% (n=17) strongly agreed, that having a reporting radiographer reporting on radiographic images after-hours, would benefit patient flow. The survey also found that 92% of the sampled emergency physicians agreed (59.0% strongly agreed and 33.3% agreed, respectively) that there was a need for further training in the interpretation of radiographic images. Discussion: From the above results, it is evident that since the majority of radiographic examinations went unreported after hours, the task to interpret the radiographic images is left to the emergency physicians as part of their patient management. Conceivably, this added image interpretation results in a further increase in the workload of emergency physicians. It is therefore not surprising that emergency physicians preferred that after-hours reporting of radiographic images be done by radiologists. According to the literature, reporting radiographers also play a role in alleviating the workload of emergency physicians and improving patient flow, by providing a report for the radiographic images during after-hours. Thus, reporting radiographers afford emergency physicians additional time to concentrate on patient treatment, resulting in faster patient throughput. Reporting on radiographic images is not yet included in the scope of the South African radiographer. The findings of this study, though, suggested that there was a need for emergency physicians to undergo training in the interpretation of radiographic images. Conclusion: The study recommends that an after-hours reporting service be considered for the four public hospitals concerned. It is recommended that the heads of the emergency and radiology departments further consider offering courses on radiographic image interpretation for emergency physicians.

Perkutan nefrostomi är en väl använd och utarbetat intervention som används som behandling av flera urologiska tillstånd. 10% av alla patienter med perkutan nefrostomi kommer att få en komplikation. Röntgensjuksköterskan ska ha kunskap om de komplikationer som uppkommer för att kunna arbeta förebyggande. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturöversikt var att undersöka vilka komplikationer som drabbar patienter med perkutan nefrostomi, hur allvarliga komplikationerna var och orsaken till att de uppkommer. Metod: En allmän litteraturöversikt baserad på 10 kvantitativa vetenskapliga artiklar funna genom artikelsökning i databaserna PubMed och Cinahl. Artiklarna kvalitetsgranskades och analyserades för att sedan presenteras i resultatet under tre huvudkategorier. Resultat: Patienterna drabbades av komplikationer som sepsis, urinvägsinfektion, retroperitonealt hematom, hematuri och komplikationer med nefrostomikatetern. Komplikationerna kunde leda till vidare sjukhusvistelse, utökad behandlingstid med perkutan nefrostomi och vidare ingrepp för korrigering av komplikationen. Sepsis var en bidragande faktor i de dödsfall som var noterade. Slutsats: Kunskapen om komplikationer är betydelsefull i det arbete som röntgensjuksköterskan utför för att kunna agera när de uppstår och arbeta förbyggande. / Percutaneous nephrostomy is a well used and completed intervention used as treatment for many urological conditions. 10% of all patients with percutaneous nephrostomy will get a complication. The radiographer must have knowledge of the complications that occur in order to work preventively. Aim: The aim of this literature review was to examine what kind of complications affect patients with percutaneous nephrostomy, how serious the complications were and causes to the complications. Method: A literature review based on 10 quantitative scientific articles that was found in databases Pubmed and Cinahl. The articles had been quality reviewed and analyzed and was presented under three main categories. Results: The patients suffered from complications as sepsis, urinary tract infection, retroperietal hematoma, hematuria and complications with the nephrostomy catheter. The complications could lead to hospitalization, extended time of treatment with the nephrostomy catheter and more invasive correction for the complication. Sepsis was a contributing factor to the cases with a deadly outcome.  Conclusion: The knowledge of the complications is an important part in the work as a radiographer in order to act when they occur and work preventively.

Bakgrund: Varje år i Sverige utförs miljontals röntgenundersökningar av drygt 3400 verksamma röntgensjuksköterskor. Trots yrkesförberedande utbildning så visar tidigare studier på att de nyexaminerade upplever känslor av att vara oförberedda. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa erfarenheter av att vara nyexaminerad röntgensjuksköterska eller sjuksköterska. Metod: Litteraturstudie. Sökningar genomfördes i PubMed och Scopus. Åtta artiklar kvalitetsgranskades och analyserades. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i tre kategorier med fem underkategorier: utmanas på arbetsplatsen med underkategorier, behov av särskild introduktion och möta orealistiska förväntningar. Sakna kontroll med underkategorier, chockad av "verkligheten" och lämnad med sin stress. Bemästra sin nya yrkesprofession med underkategori bygga självförtroende. Resultatet har diskuterats utifrån Patricia Benners teori, från novis till expert. Konklusion: Erfarenheterna grundade sig i vilka förväntningar som arbetsplatsen hade samt hur förberedda de var efter utbildningen. Hur de upplevde sin första tid grundade sig i vilket stöd de fick, hur deras självförtroende var och deras tillit till sina kunskaper. Stöd och introduktion hade stor inverkan på karriärstarten. / Background: Millions och X-ray examinations in Sweden are carried out by roughly 3,400 radiographers every year. Despite vocational training, previous studies show that new graduates' experience feelings of being unprepared. Aim: The purpose was to illuminate the experiences of being a newly graduated radiographer or nurse. Methods: Literature study. Searches were conducted in PubMed and Scopus. Eight articles were quality reviewed and analyzed. Results: The analysis resulted in three categories and five subcategories: being challenged at the workplace with subcategories, the need for a special introduction, and meeting unrealistic expectations. Out of control with subcategories, being shocked by "reality" and left with their stress. Master their new profession with subcategory building self-confidence. Based on Patricia Benner's theory from novice to expert, the results have been discussed. Conclusion: Experiences were based on the expectations at the workplace and how prepared they were after their education. How they experienced their first time was based on the support they received, their self-confidence, and trust in their skills. Support and introduction have a major impact on the start of the career.

Sammanfattning Nyexaminerade röntgensjuksköterskors upplevelse av övergången till arbetslivet Bakgrund: Att vara ny på arbetsplatsen kan vara en utmaning för många yrkesgrupper inom vården bland annat nyexaminerade röntgensjuksköterskor.  Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att belysa nyexaminerade röntgensjuksköterskors upplevelse av övergången till arbetslivet på deras första arbetsplats. Design: En kvalitativ intervjustudie med induktivt ansats. Metod: Semi-strukturerade individuella intervjuer genomfördes med fyra nyexaminerade röntgensjuksköterskor på tre olika sjukhus. Dataanalysen gjordes med manifestinnehållsanalys. Resultat: Som resultat av dataanalysen formulerades fyra huvudkategorier: (I) Mötet med patienter; (II) Arbetsmiljö och utvecklingsmöjligheter; (III) Samarbete med olika yrkesgrupper; (IV) En bra start i arbetslivet.  Slutsats: Respondenternas svar varierade gällande övergången till arbetslivet men något som alla respondenter var eniga om var att de inte hade individuellt anpassat schema och att det inte fanns tid för egen utveckling.  Nyckelord: Introduktion, nyexaminerad, röntgensjuksköterska, upplevelse, övergång. / Abstract Newly graduated radiographers` experience of the transition to working life. Background: Being new to the workplace can be a challenge for many professional groups in healthcare, including newly graduated radiographers.  Purpose: The purpose of this study was to illustrate newly graduated radiographers’ experience of the transition at their first workplace. Design: A qualitative interview study with a inductive approach. Methods: Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with four newly graduated radiographers at three different hospitals. The data analysis was done with manifest content analysis. Results: Four main categories were formulated, as a result of the data analysis. (I) The meeting with patients, (II) work environment and developing opportunities, (III) teamwork with various professional groups (IV) A good start in working life. Conclusion: The respondents' answers varied regarding the transition to working life, but something that all respondents agreed on was that they did not have an individually adapted schedule and that there was no time for professional development. Keywords: Experience, introduction, newly graduated, radiographer, transition.