Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T17:27:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Aparecido Pereira.pdf: 1736504 bytes, checksum: e929f4a6ef8235281a296eb73951a040 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-23 / Influenced by Newton and the great scientific achievements of his time, Thomas Reid believed to be possible to undertake a similar study with regard to human nature, or support it through the secure basis of observation and experimental method of reasoning. A clear outline of this project was found in the investigations in which he seeks to analyze the components involved in the perception, supported by our five senses. The main objective of this study is to analyze and reflect an important part of his thoughts, specifically, his theory of perception and his criticism of the theory of ideas, since they constitute the core of the whole philosophical enterprise established by him, holding him throughout his academic and intellectual journey. An analysis of Reid's works show us that these two issues keep between themselves a close relationship, imposing an important methodological requirement for those wishing to investigate or discuss his epistemology: the approach of one, necessarily implies a reference to another. That requirement and its implication made it necessary to circumscribe our research around these two themes. Thus, two issues are the main subject to be discussed in this work: how Reid systematized the elements of his theory of perception; How, from these elements, it is formulated his criticism of the theory of ideas. Answering these two questions is necessary to check these two interpretations we attach to Reid s thought: a) the assumption according to which his theory of perception had been the key to the construction of his theory of ideas critique, that is, when he systematized the ingredients which are the basis of his criticism about the theory of ideas, he had already made clear which elements should comprise the perceptual process. That was crucial to his objections to the ideal system so that he turned it the origin and the result of his view of perception; b) the investigation of Reid about human nature explicit strong convictions about the right conditions for the acquisition and justification of our beliefs, not by means of reasoning, but through the natural, instinctive, regulated by innate principles of mind, that means the thesis that human nature is governed by principles that do not fit the requirements of priori traditional philosophy. In this sense, Reid was determined to show that the acquisition and justification of them come to depend on principles which, although considered natural, have great importance and authority similar to those typically provided by understanding. For the methodological procedures adopted for this research, we take into account the fact that it was set predominantly in the theoretical or theorist. This naturally put upon us the need to lead it through analytical, expository, interpretive, reflective and systematic reading especially from the works of Reid. The results obtained in this investigation led us, among other conclusions, the finding that this philosopher is important because he carries a deep and interesting analysis of human cognition / Influenciado por Newton e pelas grandes realizações científicas de seu tempo, Thomas Reid acreditava ser possível empreender um estudo análogo no que diz respeito à natureza humana, ou seja, fundamentá-la através da base segura da observação e do método do raciocínio experimental. Um esboço bem definido desse projeto o encontramos em suas Investigações na qual ele procura analisar os componentes envolvidos na percepção, tendo como suporte os nossos cinco sentidos. O objetivo principal desse trabalho consiste em refletir e analisar uma parte importante do seu pensamento, especificamente, a sua teoria da percepção e a sua crítica à teoria das idéias, visto que elas constituem o cerne de todo empreendimento filosófico estabelecido por ele, ocupando-o em todo o seu itinerário acadêmico e intelectual. Uma análise das obras de Reid nos mostrará que essas duas temáticas mantêm, entre si, uma estreita relação, impondo uma exigência metodológica importante para quem queira investigar ou discorrer sobre a sua epistemologia: a abordagem sobre uma, implica, necessariamente, fazer referência à outra. Foi constatando essa exigência e implicação necessárias que circunscrevemos a nossa pesquisa em torno desses dois temas. Assim, duas questões constituem o objeto principal a ser discutido nesse trabalho: como Reid sistematizou em suas obras os elementos que compõem a sua teoria da percepção? Como, a partir desses elementos, encontra-se formulada a sua crítica à teoria das idéias? Ao responder essas duas questões pretendemos, ainda, verificar estas duas interpretações que atribuímos ao pensamento de Reid: a) a suposição segundo a qual a sua teoria da percepção fora determinante para a construção da sua crítica à teoria das idéias, ou seja, quando ele sistematizou os ingredientes que fundamentam a sua crítica à teoria das idéias, ele já tinha bem claro quais os elementos deveriam compor o processo perceptivo. E isso foi determinante para as suas objeções ao sistema ideal a ponto de torná-lo originário e decorrente da sua visão da percepção; b) as investigações de Reid sobre a natureza humana explicitam fortes convicções em torno das condições adequadas para a aquisição e a justificação de nossas crenças, não pelas vias do raciocínio, mas mediante processos naturais, instintivos, regulados por princípios inatos da mente, ou seja, a tese de que a natureza humana é regulada mediante princípios que não se enquadram nas exigências da filosofia apriorista tradicional. Nesse sentido, Reid estava empenhado em mostrar que a aquisição e justificação delas passam a depender de princípios que, embora considerados naturais, possuem peso e autoridade análogos àqueles tradicionalmente conferidos ao entendimento. Em relação aos procedimentos metodológicos adotados para essa pesquisa, levamos em conta o fato de ela estar configurada predominantemente no âmbito teórico ou teorético. Isso naturalmente nos impôs a necessidade de conduzi-la através da leitura analítica, expositiva, interpretativa, reflexiva e sistemática a partir, sobretudo, das obras de Reid. Os resultados obtidos nessa investigação nos levaram, dentre outras conclusões, à constatação de que esse filósofo é relevante porque realiza uma profunda e interessante análise sobre a cognição humana

On peut sapercevoir, dans lhistoire de la philosophie, deux sens apparemment égaux mais réellement différents dans lemploi de lexpression sens commun. On propose de nommer sens commun naturel à lun deux et, à lautre, sens commun culturel, pour unifier raisonnablement chaque sens à lintérieur de sa pente, en considérant quil y a quelque chose de concret qui correspond à lun et à lautre, réciproquement, selon des définitions strictes. À partir de ces définitions, on étudie les rapports entre la philosophie et le sens commun, cherchant à établir jusquà quel point il sagit dune relation dantagonisme ou de dépendance, à la quête dune vraie connaissance. / Verifica-se, no correr da história da filosofia, dois sentidos próximos, mas divergentes, no emprego da expressão senso comum. Propõe-se a designação de senso comum natural para um e a de senso comum cultural para o outro, designações estas que unificam razoavelmente, dentro de suas próprias vertentes, os conceitos de senso comum e às quais corresponde algo de concreto, segundo definições estritas. A partir dessas definições, estuda-se o relacionamento entre a filosofia e o senso comum, procurando estabelecer até que ponto se trata de uma relação de antagonismo ou de dependência, na busca de um conhecimento que possa ser tido por verdadeiro.

Den här uppsatsen undersöker punken och några aspekter av dess visuella identitet. Genom att söka några av dess konsthistoriska rötter finner man att situationism och dadaism ofta nämns som konströrelser med ett uttryck som punken bygger vidare på. Det kan förklaras genom bland annat att Malcom McClaren och Jamie Reid, som låg bakom lanseringen av Sex Pistols, hade en situationistisk bakgrund. Reids arbete med till exempel skivomslag åt Pistols har också lagt grunden för föreställningen om vad punkestetik är. Med analyser av God Save The Queen 1977 och Nowhere Buses 1972 har jag sökt att ge en förklaring till hur de bilderna kan tänkas fungera utifrån en mottagarkontext av frustrerade, arbetslösa ungdomar i slutet av 70-talet. Säkerhetsnålen som en symbol inom punken kan förstås som en kritik av konsumtionssamhället. Den tvetydiga användningen av svastikan på kläder och flygblad är mer svårtolkad, den kan ses utifrån sitt rent provocerande värde eller som att den tillhör en gammal värld och därför är utan betydelse. Från detta har jag följt punkens förgreningar mot en politiskt medveten subkultur där aktivism, anarkistisk teori och D.I.Y.-filosofi är rådande. D.I.Y. (Do It Yourself) är en viktig aspekt av punkens utveckling. Punken påverkar även andra konstnärliga uttryck som syns hos till exempel den samhällskritiske konstnären Banksy. Det går också att se ett kulturhistoriskt intresse för den ursprungliga punken, som nu blivit en del av kulturarvet. Utifrån bland annat den ideologiska förförståelsen som framträder i min undersökning har jag analyserar två verk av den svenska konstnären, och punkmusikern, Ella Tillema. På verket Mitt Hjärta Är En Bomb 2009 har jag lagt en feministisk blick och Den Postapokalyptiska Skapelseberättelsen (Partyt är Över) 2011 har analyserats utifrån en mottagarkontext med förståelse för anarkistisk aktivism, djurrättsfrågor och dess symboler. Punken som subkultur kan förstås som en motkultur och punkestetik som en motestetik. En slutsats som min undersökning leder till är att punkestetik kan ses både som förhållningssätt och som stil, D.I.Y.-aspekten är betydelsefull i båda avseenden. Som förhållningssätt handlar det bland annat om att inte vara en passiv konsument, utan vara delaktig och det blir i sin praktik till en slags samhällskritik. Identitet och tillhörighet är en viktig del av för att förstå punkestetik som stil. Stilen skapas dels utifrån bilder som haft stort genomslag inom subkulturen, till exempel Reids. Dels utifrån en teknisk amatörism, i vissa fall skenbar, som markerar D.I.Y.-praktiken där alla har möjlighet att vara delaktiga. Det är dock min mening att stil och förhållningssätt inte kan särskiljas om man vill förstå vad punkestetik är.

No description available.

On peut sapercevoir, dans lhistoire de la philosophie, deux sens apparemment égaux mais réellement différents dans lemploi de lexpression sens commun. On propose de nommer sens commun naturel à lun deux et, à lautre, sens commun culturel, pour unifier raisonnablement chaque sens à lintérieur de sa pente, en considérant quil y a quelque chose de concret qui correspond à lun et à lautre, réciproquement, selon des définitions strictes. À partir de ces définitions, on étudie les rapports entre la philosophie et le sens commun, cherchant à établir jusquà quel point il sagit dune relation dantagonisme ou de dépendance, à la quête dune vraie connaissance. / Verifica-se, no correr da história da filosofia, dois sentidos próximos, mas divergentes, no emprego da expressão senso comum. Propõe-se a designação de senso comum natural para um e a de senso comum cultural para o outro, designações estas que unificam razoavelmente, dentro de suas próprias vertentes, os conceitos de senso comum e às quais corresponde algo de concreto, segundo definições estritas. A partir dessas definições, estuda-se o relacionamento entre a filosofia e o senso comum, procurando estabelecer até que ponto se trata de uma relação de antagonismo ou de dependência, na busca de um conhecimento que possa ser tido por verdadeiro.

Trained musicians cannot use the same breath process in daily living as for singing. Also, the normal breath cycle applied to speech is not efficient. Therefore, students who are learning to sing need to know proper breathing techniques. In this thesis, I will describe the breathing process and the correct way to breathe while singing, based on studies of four American pedagogues; Appleman, Reid, Vennard and Miller. To understand the breathing process for singing, it is necessary to study and understand the anatomical system and the mechanics of the respiratory system. Therefore, the first chapter contains anatomical system of breath management. Then, in the second chapter, the specific breath management techniques of four American pedagogues will be examined and compared. Three of them, Appelman, Vennard, and Miller, suggested some exercises in order to develop correct and efficient breathing habits.

Person Re-Identification (ReID) is the process of associating images of the same person taken from different angles, cameras and at different times. The task is very challenging as a slight change in the appearance of the person can cause troubles in identifying them. In this thesis, the Re-Identification task is applied in the context of soccer games. In soccer games, the players of the same team wear the same outfit and colors, thus the task of Re-Identification is very hard. To address this problem, a state-of-the-art deep neural network based model named AlignedReID and a variation of it called Vanilla model are explored and compared to a baseline approach based on Euclidean distance in the image space. The AlignedReID model uses two feature extractor branches, one global and one local feature extractor. The Vanilla approach is a variation of the AlignedReID which uses only the global feature extractor branch of the AlignedReID. They are trained using two different loss functions, the Batch Hard and its soft-margin variation. The triplet loss is used, where for each loss calculation a triplet of images is used, an anchor, a positive pair (coming from the same person) and a negative pair. By comparing the metrics used for their evaluation, that is rank-1, rank-5, mean Average Precision (mAP) and the Area Under Curve (AUC), and by statistically comparing their mAPs which is assumed to be the most important metric, the AlignedReID model using the Batch Hard loss function outperforms the rest of the models with a mAP of 81\% and rank-1 \& rank-5 above 98\%. Also, a qualitative evaluation of the best model is presented using Grad-CAM, in order to figure how the model decides which images are similar by investigating in which parts of the images it focuses on to produce their embedding representations. It is observed that the model focuses on some discriminative features, such as face, legs and hands other than clothing color and outfit. The empirical results suggest that the AlignedReid is usable in real world applications, however further research to get a better understanding of the generalization to different cameras, leagues and other factors that may affect appearance would be interesting.

No description available.

Cette thèse se propose d’étudier la difficulté de l’estimation de la distance dans le cadre de la géométrie de l’espace visuel. En philosophie de la perception, cette thèse est d'abord discutée au plan épistémologique : comment savoir que cette distance n'est pas connue ou connaissable, quoique perçue et discutée. Les travaux de Berkeley nous servent de point de départ et fixent un cadre spéculatif, puisque Berkeley soutient en effet que le jugement porté sur la distance résulte entièrement de l'expérience, quoique cette distance ne puisse être vue phénoménalement. La thèse se propose d'examiner une question essentielle supportée par cette alternative centrale mais au plan ontologique cette fois : comme déterminer de quel type est la distance : est-elle inconsciemment visible ? tangible ? ou visible et tangible à la fois ? Peut-elle être une entité assignable dans un espace hyperbolique, ou sphérique, un espace strictement euclidien, ou hyperbolique et sphérique en même temps qu'euclidien ? Pour appuyer notre propos et notre recherche nous mettrons à l’épreuve différents textes et expériences en passant de Berkeley à I. Rock ou de T. Reid à M. Wagner. Notre but aura été d'explorer les limites argumentatives et de montrer ce qui est impliqué par ces différentes appréciations et assignations de la distance dans tel ou tel espace déterminé. A chaque fois s'affrontent la géométrie de l’espace visuel et l’optique physiologique, mais au sein d'un même débat de fond qui consiste à savoir comment définir philosophiquement l’estimation de la distance ? / This thesis examines the difficulties in estimating the geometrical distance of visual space. Submitted in the field of Philosophy of Perception, this thesis is first discussed from an epistemological standpoint: how does one know that this distance is unknown or unknowable despite being perceived and discussed. The various works of Berkeley serve as a point of depart and establish a speculative framework as Berkeley held that judgment of distance results entirely from experience despite the fact that this distance cannot be seen in a phenomenal way. This thesis examines an essential question supported by this central problem, this time from an ontological position: how is the type of distance to be determined: is it unconsciously visible?tangible? or both visible and tangible at the same time? Can it be categorized in a hyperbolic space, or spherical space, or a strictly Euclidean space, or hyperbolic and spherical at the same time as Euclidean? In support of the thesis and research, various texts and experiences have been examined and contrasted, including those of Berkeley and I. Rock as well as T. Reid and M. Wagner. The goal has been to explore the limits of argumentation and to show what is implicated by these different accounts and assignment of distance in one, versus another, determined space; additionally studying subjects including the experience of the alleys or the so-called the moon illusion, which appeared to be demonstrative examples. In each instance, geometry of visual space and physiological optics confront one another, but at the center of this same fundamental debate is the question of how to define the estimation of distance philosophically?

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:48:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Donizeti Rodrigues Ladeia.pdf: 29867 bytes, checksum: 7b7c84172c4404208499b83aa8f8ad2a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-14 / Instituto Presbiteriano Mackenzie / This research introduces the Thomas Reid philosophy, as a philosophical matrix, through the north american presbyterianism, represented by the North American Presbyterian Church, and how the Igreja Presbiteriana do Brasil, received the influencies of that philosophy through foreign mission. The environment of this analysis was the crisis period, that the Scotish Philosophy appeared. The analysed factors in that environment was, the crisis that influenced the philosophical thinking, specialy in knowledge field in a time starts from Middle Age English School inquiring up to epistemologics crisis context of Reid s thinking. After that, the Reid s formulation of thinking was studied, the common sense. At this point we have the study about how Reid faced the ceticism based in David Hume s conception. The final part shows how the common sense philosophy became de philosophical matrix of protestanism through North American Presbyterian Church, and subsequently by the Princeton missionaries actions in Brazil. / Esta pesquisa introduz o estudo da filosofia de Thomas Reid, como matriz filosófica, através do presbiterianismo norte americano, representado pela denominação da Igreja, Presbiteriana Norte Americana, e de como a Igreja Presbiteriana do Brasil recebeu as influências desta filosofia, através das missões estrangeiras. Analisou-se o período de crise, no qual eclodiu a filosofia escocesa. Os fatores analisados neste ambiente foram a crise que atinge o pensamento filosófico principalmente na área do conhecimento em um período que vai dos questionamentos da Escola Inglesa na Idade Média até o contexto epistemológico do período vivido por Thomas Reid. Posteriormente, estudou-se a formulação do pensamento de Reid, o senso comum. Nesta parte temos o estudo sobre como Reid enfrentou o ceticismo formulado nas concepções de David Hume. A parte final mostra como a filosofia do senso comum se tornou a matriz filosófica do protestantismo através da Igreja Presbiteriana da América do Norte, e depois pela atuação dos missionários formados em Princeton no Brasil.