Le point de départ de cette recherche concerne la question suivante : l’acquisition de la lecture, peut-il être plus ou moins efficace en fonction de la langue dans laquelle il s’effectue? Deux catégories pour classer les langues on été définies dans ce travail. Premièrement, la notion de famille linguistique est à la base d’une description des langues à partir d'une perspective historique et culturelle. Deuxièmement la notion de profondeur orthographique est mobilisée, celle-ci différencie les langues en fonction de la correspondance entre l'orthographe et la phonétique. Ces catégories ont été mises en rapport avec les bases de données PIRLS 2001 et 2006 (étude internationale sur la lecture menée par l'IEA), afin de relier la performance en lecture et la langue dans laquelle les élèves ont répondu au test. Toutefois, il est clair que la langue n'est pas un facteur isolé, car elle fait partie d'un ensemble complexe de déterminants; ainsi, des facteurs liés aux élèves et au milieu scolaire ont également été incorporés dans l'étude. En outre, il a été tenu compte de la multidimensionnalité du processus de lecture, en distinguant dans les analyses les différents domaines mesurés par l’enquête : lecture d'informative, littéraire, et compréhension des processus d'ordre complexe et simple. Pour répondre aux questions de cette recherche nous avons élaboré un modèle statistique hiérarchique capable de rendre compte de la relation entre la compréhension de la lecture, la langue et les facteurs qui y sont associés. En dernière analyse, les facteurs contextuels (individuels et scolaires) se sont révélés être plus importants que la langue elle-même. En outre, les déterminants du niveau en lecture dépendent des systèmes éducatifs observés dans cette enquête. / The starting point of this research is the question, may reading acquisition be more or less effective depending on the language in which it is perform? Two categories for classifying the languages have been developed. First the notion of linguistic family is employed to describe the languages from a cultural and historical perspective. Secondly, the notion of orthographic depth is used for differentiating the languages according to the correspondence between orthography and phonetic. These categories have been related to the databases PIRLS 2001 and 2006 (international assessments about reading developed by the IEA), the aim being to connect reading achievement to the language in which students answered the test. However, it is clear that the language is not an isolated factor, but part of a complex structure of determinants of reading. Therefore, factors related to students and schools have also been incorporated to this research. Moreover, the multidimensionality of the reading process has been taken into account by distinguishing in the analysis the different aspects that made the process according to PIRLS: informative reading, literary reading, process comprehension of high and low order. To answer to the questions proposed by this research a hierarchical statistical model (multilevel) was developed, it was able to account for the connection between reading achievement, language and other associated factors. As a result, contextual factors (home and school) were more significant than language. Moreover, determinacy may vary if taking into account educational systems.

Submitted by Luciana Sebin (lusebin@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-30T13:10:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissSB.pdf: 5560001 bytes, checksum: e9b27f8101ba53256450439fd6466ff1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-13T20:16:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissSB.pdf: 5560001 bytes, checksum: e9b27f8101ba53256450439fd6466ff1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-13T20:16:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissSB.pdf: 5560001 bytes, checksum: e9b27f8101ba53256450439fd6466ff1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-13T20:16:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissSB.pdf: 5560001 bytes, checksum: e9b27f8101ba53256450439fd6466ff1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-28 / Não recebi financiamento / This study is dedicated to understanding the development of school educational processes guided by the inter-relationship between education of ethnic-racial relationships and activities of reading and writing texts production, during proposals made in the course of an intervention carried out by the teacher-researcher. Teaching strategies, planned for intervention, were guided by the Ministry of Education Report 003/2004 and teaching and learning objectives related to reading and writing literacy in children, so it was developed with students from seven and eight years – 2nd year (1st series) – from a public school in the State of São Paulo. It is characterized as a qualitative research methodology inspired by phenomenology, which contributed to understanding the phenomenon of the interface of education of ethnic-racial relations and language development. It is based, theoretically, in the discussion on the approach of the ethnic racial relations of Silva (2009), problematizing the work of textual production from Possenti (2001; 2002; 2013), Tfouni (1988, 2011) and Assolini (2006), seeking to understand the representations (das Smolka, 2012) and the process of construction of the black identity (MUNANGA, 2003; Gomes, 2003) of children in the process of development of reading and writing in school. The data were recorded on video and field note registers, which after transcription and systematic analysis revealed the dimensions from three perspectives: teaching activities; children’s development; and collective interactions. The contribution of this research concerns the possibility of extending the possibilities to understand the contributions of education of ethnic-racial relationships to the acquisition of the written language in the context of school. It was possible to identify that, in the environment studied, the development of students identity was closely related to the development of important skills of reading and writing in positive and constructive interconnections. / Esse estudo dedicou-se a compreender o desenvolvimento de processos educativos escolares pautados na inter-relação entre educação das relações étnico-raciais e atividades de leitura e escrita durante propostas de produção de textos realizadas no decorrer de uma intervenção levada a cabo pela professora-pesquisadora. As estratégias de ensino, planejadas para a intervenção, foram orientadas pelo Parecer 003/2004 e pelo objetivo de ensino e aprendizagem relativos à leitura e a escrita na alfabetização de crianças, por isso o estudo foi desenvolvido com estudantes de sete e oito anos do 2º ano (1ª série) de uma escola pública da rede estadual paulista. Caracteriza-se como uma pesquisa qualitativa com metodologia inspirada na fenomenologia, fato que contribuiu para compreender a interface do fenômeno da educação das relações étnico-raciais e desenvolvimento da linguagem. Fundamenta-se, teoricamente, na discussão sobre abordagem das relações étnico-raciais de Silva (2009), problematizando o trabalho de produção textual a partir de Possenti (2001; 2002; 2013), Tfouni (1988, 2011) e Assolini (2006), buscando compreender as representações (SMOLKA, 2012) e o processo de construção de identidade negra (MUNANGA, 2003; GOMES, 2003) de crianças em processo de desenvolvimento de leitura e escrita na escola. Os dados da pesquisa foram registrados em vídeo e caderno de anotações que, após transcrição e análise sistemática, revelaram as dimensões a partir de três perspectivas: ação docente, desenvolvimento das crianças e interações coletivas. A contribuição desta pesquisa refere-se à possibilidade de ampliar a abordagem da educação das relações étnico-raciais e suas conexões com o ensino e aprendizagem da linguagem escrita, tanto no contexto acadêmico como escolar.

Syftet med den här studien är att redogöra för olika läsinlärningsmetoder samt att undersöka hur verksamma pedagoger resonerar kring de metoder de anser sig använda. För att ta reda på detta används kvalitativa intervjuer med pedagoger verksamma i årskurs 1–3. Studien redogör för en litteraturgenomgång vad gäller läsning och läsinlärningsmetoder. Min teoretiska utgångspunkt har varit ett sociokulturellt perspektiv då intentionen är att dels belysa pedagogernas arbete men också sätta det i ett sammanhang och öka kunskapen kring just metoderna som pedagogerna menar att de använder. Resultatet redovisas utifrån fyra kategorier som framkommit genom meningskoncentrering av intervjuerna. Här sammanfattas pedagogernas svar utifrån, Inledande läsinlärningsarbete, Läsinlärningsmetoder, Bedömning och Stöd och utmaningar. I mina slutsatser framkommer att de metoder jag redogör för i avsnittet Forsknings- och litteraturgenomgång i stort sett överensstämmer med de som pedagogerna uppger sig använda. Pedagogerna berättar om sin beredskap för hur de bemöter sina elever och utifrån det drar jag slutsatsen att pedagoger behöver stor kunskap och erfarenhet för att lyckas i sitt uppdrag att utveckla läsande elever. / The purpose of this study is to describe different reading learning methods as well as study how active educators reason about the methods they consider using. To find out, qualitative interviews are used with educators working in grades 1-3. The study describes a literature review regarding reading and reading methods. My theoretical point of departure has been a socio-cultural perspective, as the intention is to illuminate the work of the educators, but also to put it in context and to increase the knowledge about the methods the educators believe they use. The results are reported on the basis of four categories that have been identified by the focus of the interviews. Here, the teachers' answers are summarized, Initial Reading Learning, Reading Learning Methods, Assessment and Support and Challenges. In my conclusions it appears that the methods I describe in the section Research and Literature review are broadly consistent with those used by the educators. The educators tell us about their readiness for responding to their students, and on this basis, I conclude that educators need great knowledge and experience to succeed in their task of developing reading students.

La présente recherche questionne l’évaluation de la compréhension de textes et s’intéresse aux indicateurs linguistiques observables dans des réponses à des questions de compréhension de textes posées après la lecture silencieuse de textes narratifs courts à des élèves du cycle 3 (8-11 ans). Elle s’inscrit dans un contexte de vives préoccupations à l’égard des difficultés de compréhension des élèves entrant au collège et de l’intégration des nouvelles technologies dans les pratiques scolaires. Cette recherche propose de s’appuyer sur une approche linguistique de l’acquisition du langage écrit appliquée à l’acte d’évaluation de la compréhension de textes. Pour cela, elle propose un dispositif d’évaluation sur support papier et ordinateur contenant deux textes narratifs courts et des questions de compréhension de ces textes. Les textes ont été analysés pour dégager des indicateurs de complexité qui ont ensuite permis d’effectuer des analyses linguistiques des données écrites recueillies auprès de trois classes d’élèves du cycle 3. De manière générale, les résultats ont permis d’identifier des indicateurs linguistiques de compréhension ainsi que des procédés d’élaboration des réponses formulées par les élèves pour montrer ce qu’ils ont compris et comment ils se servent des textes pour répondre aux questions. Une étude longitudinale plus détaillée des réponses de trois élèves permet de proposer une méthodologie d’évaluation linguistique de la compréhension de textes. Ce travail offre des pistes de réflexion sur l’apport d’une conception linguistique de l’évaluation de la lecture et offre un modeste éclairage sur l’apport des TIC pour une évaluation formative. / The present research deals with the assessment of the comprehension of short narrative written texts by 8 to 11 year old pupils and endeavours to analyse linguistic indicators which can be identified in their written answers to questions after silent reading of those texts. The context is one of anxiety over reading comprehension difficulties of pupils entering 6th grade and also of the integration of new information technologies in school practices. This research argues for a linguistic approach of written language acquisition applied to the assessment of reading comprehension. In this context an assessment device is proposed both on paper and on computer, including two short narrative texts as well as comprehension questions about those texts. The texts were analysed to identify linguistic complexity indicators which helped analysing the written data collected from three classes. Overall, the results enabled us to identify linguistic comprehension indicators as well as ways of formulating answers by which the pupils showed what they understood and the ways they used the texts to answer the questions. A close longitudinal study of three pupils’ answers enable us to propose a linguistic method for assessing text comprehension. This work invites reflection on a linguistic conception of comprehension assessment and offers a modest contribution to understanding the role Computer resources may play in formative evaluation. Key-words : reading comprehension, formative evaluation, linguistic comprehension indicators, software, teaching and learning of reading, 8 to 11 year old pupils.

Sammanfattning/AbstractRemblegård, Hanna (2022). Lust och kunskap som förutsättning - Lärares och speciallärares arbete med läsinlärning för elever i lässvårigheter. Speciallärarprogrammet, Institutionen för skolutveckling och ledarskap, Lärande och samhälle, Malmö universitet, 90 hp. Förväntat kunskapsbidrag Den här studien belyser faktorer som är av betydelse för arbetet med läsinlärning för elever i lässvårigheter samt för lusten att lära sig läsa. Genom studien klarläggs hur värdefullt ett tidigt samarbete mellan läraren och specialläraren kring eleven är. Studien förväntas kunna bidra med att synliggöra vikten av att såväl lärare som speciallärare genom yrkesskicklighet delar med sig av kunskaper och erfarenheter för att tillgodose elevers behov. Syfte och preciserade frågeställningar Syftet med studien är att bidra med kunskap om några lärares samt speciallärares val och genomförande av läsinlärning och lust att lära för elever som identifierats vara i lässvårigheter. Vidare är syftet att belysa deras uppfattningar om hur en främjande läsinlärning kan utformas för elever i lässvårigheter.Utifrån några lärares samt speciallärares syn på läsinlärning för elever i lässvårigheter i årskurs 1, har följande preciserade frågeställningar formulerats för att behandla studiens syfte:• Hur beskrivs val och genomförande av läsinlärning för elever i lässvårigheter?• Hur beskrivs arbetet med elevens lust att lära i läsinlärningen?• Vilka uppfattningar framträder om hur tidiga insatser genomförs för att främja läsinlärning för elever i lässvårigheter? Teori Den här studiens teoretiska ramverk grundar sig i sociokulturell teori, som har sitt ursprung i Vygotskijs (1978) beskrivning av att lärande och utveckling sker i samspel med omgivningen. Utifrån proximal utvecklingszon och mediering av artefakter studeras hur den dynamiska läsinlärningsprocessen fortskrider i samspelet mellan läraren och eleven. För att belysa det synsätt kring att en elev är i lässvårigheter, används som komplement relationellt perspektiv. Enligt Ahlberg (2015) betyder relationellt perspektiv att skolsvårigheter undersöks i centrum av interaktion och relationer. Förklaringar till utmaningar söks i mötet mellan eleven och den omgivande miljön, vilket medför att det är i elevens omgivning förändringar bör göras. Metod För den här studien valdes en kvalitativ ansats där halvstrukturerade intervjuer med en frågeguide genomfördes för insamling av empiri. Med utgångspunkt i tidigare forskning och teori analyserades det insamlade materialet utifrån en kvalitativ innehållsanalys (Bryman, 2018). Med inspiration av Lundman och Hällgren Graneheim (2017) användes en analysmodell för att bearbeta de transkriberade intervjuerna och ringa in teman för studien. Resultat Studiens resultat visar på att läsinriktningen phonics (Snow & Juel, 2007) starkast framträder i val och genomförande av läsinlärning för elever i lässvårigheter. Utifrån informanternas utsagor baseras kunskap och kompetens främst på yrkeserfarenhet och samarbete mellan lärare och speciallärare. Arbetet med lust att lära sig läsa har sitt ursprung i de fyra framträdande faktorerna: lärarroll, framgång, intresse, meningsfullhet. Studieresultaten visar även på att det råder en avsaknad av tidiga stödinsatser under det första skolåret. Den pedagogiska sårbarheten synliggörs såväl i utmaningen att erövra värdefull kunskap om främjande läsinlärning, som i att möta elevernas olika behov. Ur studien framträder informanternas önskemål, behov samt uppfattning av ett ökat samarbete mellan lärare och speciallärare för en främjande läsinlärning. Specialpedagogiska implikationer Ett av speciallärarens uppdrag är att vara en kvalificerad samtalspartner (SFS, 2011:186). Med specialläraren som god lyssnare och inspiratör, skapas möjligheter för att de pedagogiska samtalen kan utgöra värdefulla verktyg i att välja adekvata insatser utifrån elevens behov. De pedagogiska samtalen ökar chanserna till ett nära samarbete mellan läraren och specialläraren. Genom samarbetet kan ett relationellt perspektiv på lärande träda in och stå i centrum av undervisningen. Liksom vikten av att specialläraren verkar som inspiratör till alternativa tillvägagångssätt i läsinlärningen under det första skolåret, finns behovet av att den samma inspireras av lärarna med deras kunskaper och erfarenheter. Utöver de pedagogiska samtalen är behovet av en närvarande speciallärare därför stort. Den operativa specialläraren balanserar undervisning i ett mindre sammanhang med deltagande i den ordinarie undervisningen.

The purpose of this study was to increase knowledge about how teachers view the importance of reading lessons in year one. The study also examined how teachers practically work with reading homework and how these teachers felt that it benefited the students' reading development. The study was conducted using semi-structured qualitative interviews with eight teachers working in primary school. All teachers who participated in the study are certifiedteachers to teach Swedish in primary school. The study is based on the socio-cultural perspective and pragmatism. Which means that students learn best in connection between theory and practice and where language is in focus. The results showed that the teachers who participated agreed that the ultimate purpose of the reading homework is to increase the students' reading fluency with the help of mass training. The teachers consider the reading homework necessary in year one. Repetitive reading is presented as an important aspect in students' early reading learning by both research and teachers. Reasons why teachers choose to work with reading homework differ somewhat. But the time aspect in school is something that teachers are critical of. The result shows that the teachers mean a certain reading must take place at home. Because of this the reading homework is considered a good aid by the teachers.

Att lära sig läsa är en väsentlig del i dagens skola och samhälle. Därför läggs mycket fokus på just läsundervisning i de tidiga åren. Lärares kunskap och didaktik har stor betydelse för att främja elevernas läsinlärning. Det krävs en förståelse för läsprocessens komplexitet och vilka förmågor hos eleverna som är viktiga att utveckla. Följaktligen är studiens syfte att undersöka hur sex lärare på tre olika skolor uppfattar att en god läsundervisning etableras. Undersökningen vill belysa lärarens syn på vilka förmågor som är viktiga att utveckla i den tidiga läsundervisningen, vilka läsinlärningsmetoder som används och hur. Studien tar ansats i den sociokulturella teorin, där den proximala utvecklingszonen stöttar inlärning. Läraren behöver ha läsinlärningskunskaper för att kunna ta reda på var eleven befinner sig i sin utveckling och för att stötta hen vidare till en högre nivå i kunskapstrappan. Undersökningen genomförs med individuella semistrukturerade intervjuer med samtliga lärare. De semistrukturerade intervjuerna används för att samtalet ska vara någorlunda öppet men ändå följa en struktur. Resultatet visade att läsmotivation, avkodning och språkförståelse behövs för en effektiv läsinlärning. I studien framträder flera läsinlärningsmetoder, tre syntetiska och en analytisk. De tre syntetiska metoderna fokuserar mer på avkodning medan den analytiska metoden börjar i förståelsen. Undersökningen visar att det är givande att arbeta med flera metoder eftersom man dels kan anpassa undervisningen på olika nivåer, dels för att de olika metoderna passar olika elever. Genom varierande arbetssätt och läsinlärningsmetoder gynnas fler elever av läsundervisningen, vilket möjliggör att fler barn lär sig läsa. / Learning to read is an essential part of today`s school and society. Therefore, a lot of focus is placed on reading teaching in the early years. Teachers´ knowledge and didactics are great importance in promoting students´ learning to read. It requires an understanding of the complexity of the reading process and which abilities of the student are important to develop. Consequently, the aim of the study is to investigate how six teachers at three different schools perceive that good reading teaching is established. The survey wants to shed light om the teacher`s view of which abilities are important for pupils to develop in early reading teaching, which reading learning methods are used and how. The study takes an approach in the sociocultural theory, where the proximal development zone supports learning. The teacher needs to have reading learning skills to be able to find out where the student is in his development and support him further to a higher level on the knowledge ladder. The survey is carried out with individual semi-structured interviews with all teachers. The semi-structured interviews are used so that the conversation is reasonably open but still follows a structure. The results showed that reading motivation, decoding and language comprehension are needed for effective reading learning. Several reading learning methods appear in the study, three synthetic and one analytic. The three synthetic methods focus more on decoding while the analytical one begins in understanding. The survey shows that it is rewarding to work with several methods, partly because you can adapt the teaching at different levels, partly because the different methods suit different students. By using more varied working methods and reading learning methods, the teaching of reading benefits more students, which enables more children to learn to read.

本研究發展可以在任意網頁上進行閱讀標註之合作式閱讀標註系統，並透過探勘集體智慧方式，在合作式閱讀標註系統上發展「優質標註萃取」及「達人標註萃取」機制，來輔助學習者進行數位文本閱讀學習，以達到提昇閱讀理解成效的目的。此外，本研究也進一步探討透過「優質標註萃取」及「達人標註萃取」機制過濾掉一部份品質較差的標註，是否可有效降低閱讀標註文本時產生的認知負荷。 本研究將學習者分成實驗組1（達人標註）、實驗組2（優質標註）與控制組（所有標註）三組，並分別進行約80分鐘的合作式閱讀標註學習活動。其中控制組的成員採用「呈現所有標註之合作式閱讀標系統」支援閱讀學習；而實驗組1的成員則透過「呈現達人標註之合作式閱讀標註系統」來進行閱讀學習；實驗組2則透過「呈現優質標註之合作式閱讀標註系統」來進行閱讀學習。合作式閱讀標註活動要求學習者在指定時間內閱讀本研究指定的文本（化學科普之文章），同時利用「合作式閱讀標註系統」進行閱讀標註撰寫與分享。閱讀標註活動結束後，學習者將進行所閱讀文本之閱讀理解評量以及認知負荷量表填寫，據此瞭解學習者的閱讀理解成效及認知負荷程度。 研究結果顯示，採用具有「優質標註萃取」機制所得標註支援閱讀學習，有助於過濾品質不佳的閱讀標註，並提供更簡潔易找尋之優質標註支援閱讀學習，進而提昇閱讀理解成效，由於閱讀時更容易找到所需的優質資訊，因此亦較有助於提昇學習者不同面向概念的閱讀理解成效；此外，本研究基於每位學習者的有效標註，在考量標註層次及標註數量下，評估每位學習者的“標註能力”，採用優質標註支援閱讀學習的實驗組2（優質標註）學習者中，標註能力越高的學習者，其閱讀理解成效也較佳；而本研究將學習者依照閱讀理解後測成績高低，分成高分組及低分組後顯示，控制組（所有標註）與實驗組2（優質標註）的組別中，均呈現出低分組學習者的認知負荷顯著高於高分組學習者的現象；除此之外，本研究比較三組採用不同標註呈現方式之合作式閱讀標註系統進行閱讀學習之學習者時，結果發現，採用三種不同閱讀標註呈現方式組別學習者之認知負荷無顯著差異。 最後，本研究歸納研究者在研究過程及結果中之發現，提出發展結合合作式閱讀標註的有效閱讀學習策略、探討各類型標註眼動行為對於閱讀理解成效影響與擴展合作式閱讀標註系統支援行動閱讀學習等未來研究議題之初步架構，供後續研究參考以進行更深入之探究。 / A Collaborative Reading Annotation System, which can be randomly proceeded reading annotations on any web pages, is developed in this study. Furthermore, Quality Annotation Extraction and Master Annotation Extraction are developed on the Collaborative Reading Annotation System by mining collective intelligence for assisting learners in proceeding reading digital texts and promoting the reading comprehension performance. The effect of removing some bad-quality annotations through Quality Annotation Extraction and Master Annotation Extraction on reducing the cognitive load when reading annotation texts is further discussed in this study. The learners are divided into Experiment Group 1 (Master Annotation), Experiment Group 2 (Quality Annotation), and Control Group (All Annotation) for 80-minute collaborative reading annotation learning. Control Group uses Collaborative Reading Annotation System with all annotations for promoting reading; Experiment Group 1 proceeds reading through Collaborative Reading Annotation System with master annotations; and, Experiment Group 2 applies Collaborative Reading Annotation System with quality annotations to reading. The learners are requested to read the assigned texts (articles of popular science in chemistry) in the assigned period and write and share the reading annotations with the Collaborative Reading Annotation System. Afterwards, the learners are evaluated the reading comprehension of the texts and fill in the cognitive load scale for understanding the reading comprehension performance and the cognitive load. The research results show that utilizing the annotations acquired by Quality Annotation Extraction for promoting reading could filter out unfavorable reading annotations and provide quality annotations, which are more easily searched for promoting reading, to further enhance the reading comprehension performance. Since the quality information can be more easily searched, it could better assist learners in promoting reading comprehension performance in various aspects. Moreover, based on the valid annotations of each learner, the annotation ability is evaluated the annotation level and quantity. Learners with higher annotation ability in Experiment Group 2 (Quality Annotation) present better reading comprehension performance. Based on the reading comprehension post-test results, the learners are divided into high-score and low-score groups. The cognitive load of low-score learners in both Control Group (All Annotation) and Experiment Group 2 (Quality Annotation) is higher than it of high-score learners. Besides, the cognitive load among the three groups applying the Collaborative Reading Annotation System with different annotations to reading does not appear significant differences. Finally, developing effective reading strategies with Collaborative Reading Annotation, discussing the effects of various annotations on reading comprehension performance, and expanding Collaborative Reading Annotation System for promoting mobile reading are proposed as the preliminary framework for future research, with which in-depth exploration could be preceded in successive research.

本研究在合作式數位閱讀環境中發展了一套「知識標註學習系統」，可以支援多人同時針對一篇數位文本進行閱讀標註與互動討論，以提升讀者閱讀的深度與廣度。此外，本研究更進一步地以專家評估法設計「知識萃取機制」，用於判斷讀者閱讀標註的重要度。 「知識萃取機制」是基於讀者閱讀標註中所蘊含的閱讀理解策略與閱讀技巧，以及合作式閱讀社群中產生的標註共識，考量了「標註範圍長度」、「標註範圍詞性」、「標註範圍位置」、「標註策略類型」、「標註範圍共識」與「標註喜愛共識」等六項因素，以專家評估法制定的標註重要度模糊隸屬函數來評定各因素的重要度並量化為「標註因素分數」指標，最後將六項因素以模糊綜合評判進行推論，再將推論結果解模糊化而成為代表標註重要度的量化指標「標註分數」。基於「知識萃取機制」所計算代表標註重要度的「標註分數」，可作為讀者進行閱讀標註是否不佳的判斷，並據此提供標註技巧建議與優質標註內容推薦的「標註建議」，以幫助讀者提昇閱讀理解能力。 為了驗證「知識萃取機制」計算「標註分數」的有效性，以及探討未來改善「知識萃取機制」和可加入的考量因素與適性化設計的可能方向，本研究以單組後測設計規劃實驗，並以國立政治大學圖書資訊數位碩士在職專班19位學生作為實驗對象，進行一份數位學習論文的合作式閱讀標註學習，並於實驗後評估實驗對象閱讀文章之後的閱讀理解能力，作為評鑑「知識萃取機制」計算方式是否有效的指標。最後再以問卷蒐集實驗對象對於「知識萃取機制」的意見，歸納成為未來研究改善的參考依據。 研究結果發現，本研究所提出「知識萃取機制」中計算標註重要度的「標註分數」與實驗對象的閱讀理解能力呈現低度正相關，一定程度地證實了「知識萃取機制」計算方式的有效性。而「知識萃取機制」六項考量因素中，「標註範圍長度」與「標註喜愛共識」為分辨實驗對象閱讀理解能力的關鍵因素；「標註策略類型」與「標註範圍詞性」的標註重要度模糊隸屬函數有待修正；「標註範圍共識」與「標註範圍位置」為無效因素，但這可能是受到計算方式錯誤與閱讀文章類型的影響，未來仍有待進一步評估。在未來發展方面，系統操作標註行為頻率越高，實驗對象的閱讀理解能力也有較高的跡象，未來可以將其納入「知識萃取機制」作為考量因素之一；而閱讀理解能力較差的實驗對象，呈現出比較不願意回應「標註建議」與較常使用社群互動的現象。本研究歸納可能原因為實驗對象自身的閱讀素養不成熟，以至於無法判斷「標註建議」的正確性，而需要參考他人閱讀標註。 未來研究可針對本研究的實驗對象與閱讀標註資料進行更深入的分析，並且將改良後的「知識萃取機制」擴大至探討其他類型的數位文本閱讀標註與實驗對象。也可以搭配認知策略教學法建構閱讀教學鷹架，或是將「知識標註學習系統」用於支援數位典藏與數位圖書館閱讀學習，以激發更多不同領域的應用研究。 / Based on the concept of cooperative reading learning, the study presented a cooperative reading annotation system termed as "Knowledge-based Annotation Learning System (KALS)", which can support cooperative reading annotation while reading a common text-based digital material, to accumulate reading knowledge and to promote readers’ reading comprehension abilities. Through KALS, readers could freely increase annotation for any text words on a text-based digital material with HTML format. Readers can also share and discuss the contributed annotation with other readers via interaction interface in KALS. Furthermore, this study also developed an intelligent Knowledge Extraction Mechanism (KEM), which can mine the quality annotation knowledge and annotation skills based on a large amount of readers’ annotation archived on KALS, to further promote reading comprehension of readers via on-line recommending high quality annotation knowledge and good annotation skills to readers. KEM employed fuzzy synthetic decision approach to quantify each reader’s annotation as a numeric index termed as "Annotation Score" under simultaneously considering two annotation consensuses including anchor consensus and favorite consensus, and four annotation features including anchor length, part of speech of anchor word, anchor location and annotation strategy. In a manner, "Annotation Score" can represent the importance of reader's annotation. Thus, KEN uses "Annotation Score" to determine which annotation needs the suggestion of annotation skill tips, and which high-quality annotation can be recommended to readers. At the same time, readers are encouraged to reflect their annotation behavior based on the suggestion of annotation skill tips and high-quality annotation recommended by KEN, and are asked to respond the feedback from KEM. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed KALS with KEM, the study designed an experiment to collect readers' annotation behavior after readers read an assigned text-based digital material, and then assessed readers’ reading comprehension ability. Reading comprehension ability was used to verify the effectiveness of "Annotation Score" inferred by KEM and to explore the potential factors that can improve KEM. In the designed experiment, participants were 19 graduate students of E-learning Master Program of Library and Information Studies of National Chengchi University who took the course of Integrating Information Technology into Teaching. All participants were asked to read an academic paper related E-Learning issue based on the support of KALS with KEM during two weeks. Moreover, they had to finish a reading report and accept a test of reading comprehension after finishing reading learning activity. The report and test were served as the measurement of participants' reading comprehension. The experimental results show that there is a low positive correlation between "Annotation Score" and participants' reading comprehension score, thus confirming the effectiveness of the proposed KEM. Furthermore, KEM could be improved by adjusting the annotation importance calculation approach of part of speech anchor word and annotation strategy. This study also confirmed that the considered factors of KEM should eliminate two factors including anchor consensus and anchor location. Additionally, future study should consider adopting frequency of annotation behavior as considered factors of KEM. Moreover, the experimental results also show that participants with low level of reading comprehension ability have higher need of community interaction than participants with high level of reading comprehension ability while using KALS for reading learning, and they are difficult to confirm whether the recommending tips of annotation from KEM is correct or not. Obviously, exploring the difference of participants’ annotation behavior between different levels of reading comprehension abilities provides benefits to develop adaptive functionalities of KEM in the future.