The aim of the study is to investigate how teachers in grades 1­­­­­­­­­­­–3 use reading aloud to develop the pupils’ reading comprehension and how they reflect on the method. The study is based on interviews with four teachers, all of them working in these grades. The interviews have been interpreted hermeneutically and the statements compiled in accordance with the aim and research questions. The results indicate that all the teachers are aware that reading aloud can be used as a resource to develop pupils’ reading comprehension. The results can be interpreted to show that the teachers were accustomed to asking questions about the text that had been read but were uncertain about how to develop the pupils’ reading comprehension otherwise. One reason for the teachers’ uncertainty may be that they do not have the necessary training. The result shows that the reading aloud sessions in the schools look different. What they all have in common, however, is that all the teachers can put the time for reading aloud to better use in order to develop the pupils’ reading comprehension.

International student assessments show that reading comprehension among Swedish pupils has decreased and the Swedish school system has become less successful in compensating for the variety of pupils’ background. The aim of this study is to examine whether the reading triangle, which is an adaption of the text triangle, provides a beneficial model to use at lower secondary level to enhance advanced reading comprehension and to systematize the teaching of reading on the basis of models developed in research on writing. The study draws on Anglo-Saxon and Nordic research on the teaching of reading and writing, as well as theories of metacognition and visual learning. The results show that the reading triangle, after some modifications, can serve as a tool to make pupils aware of their reading process and at what level they read and analyse texts. Moreover, the model can be a tool for teachers to systematize their teaching of reading and clarifying on what levels they need to focus when planning their teaching of reading.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Education)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / This study explored the reading strategies employed by Grade 12 learners in Modjadji Circuit, Limpopo Province: Towards developing an intervention reading strategies in English First Additional Language. The research was undertaken in one public secondary school. The researcher focused on Grade 12 learners of the mentioned circuit. The study followed the qualitative approach, and a case study research design was selected. Interviews were conducted with 12 learners and three teachers who were purposively selected from one public school. Document analysis and observations were also used to collect data. The findings of the study showed that learners and educators employ reading strategies during the reading of English text. Learners employ the reading strategies to enhance their reading ability and to improve their reading skills. The following different reading strategies were found to be used, namely, activating background knowledge, main ideas, summarising, visualising, predicting, inferencing, questioning, monitoring-clarifying extensive strategy, intensive strategy, pre-reading, during- reading, post-reading, and peer-assisted strategy. It was also found that most learners experience problem of decoding English words correctly and that teachers always assist them to decode them well during reading. It was found that documents such as subject policy, school policy and school-time-table do not provide guidance on how to teach reading. The documents do not also guide teachers on how to implement reading strategies. The study recommends that the school time-table should consider including reading periods on the time table. All the mentioned policies above should provide guidance on how to implement reading strategies. The Department Of Education should encourage all schools to participate in a “Drop All and Read” competition. The study recommend that teachers employ different reading strategies to teach reading. Learners must also employ various reading strategies to improve their reading skills and to enhance their reading ability.

Teacher self-efficacy beliefs (TSE) are an important attribute of effective teachers. Teacher efficacy refers to a teacher‘s belief in his or her abilities to bring about valued outcomes of engagement and learning among learners, including difficult or unmotivated learners. English Second Language (ESL) reading seems to be a substantial problem in Namibia. This research aimed to explore rural Namibian grade 4-6 teachers‘ self-efficacy beliefs regarding the teaching of ESL reading. The research was based on Bandura (1997)‘s well-known four sources of self-efficacy, and the Linnenbrink and Pintrich (2003) engagements to focus on aspects which influence teachers‘ TSE with regard to teaching reading. The researcher formed assumptions from the epistemological premises and followed an interpretive approach. A non-probability sampling method was used to select the eight teachers within the four schools of the nearby circuit. The data were collected qualitatively by means of in-depth interviews in order to gather data from teachers‘ individual experiences about intermediate learners‘ low reading skills and teaching reading. Data were analysed and interpreted using Atlas.ti ™. The purpose of this research was to identify issues regarding rural Namibian teachers‘ self-efficacy beliefs that relate to teaching English Second Language (ESL) reading. The rationale for this study was to identify gaps related to teachers‘ SEBs and to make suggestions to improve teachers SEB‘s. The researcher identified a fifth source, the school environment, as another source that influences teachers‘ SEBs regarding teaching reading. Since the school environment is an additional source of self-efficacy the researcher recommend further research that can establish evidence on how school environment influences SEBs with regard to reading achievements. / MEd (Curriculum Development), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Teacher self-efficacy beliefs (TSE) are an important attribute of effective teachers. Teacher efficacy refers to a teacher‘s belief in his or her abilities to bring about valued outcomes of engagement and learning among learners, including difficult or unmotivated learners. English Second Language (ESL) reading seems to be a substantial problem in Namibia. This research aimed to explore rural Namibian grade 4-6 teachers‘ self-efficacy beliefs regarding the teaching of ESL reading. The research was based on Bandura (1997)‘s well-known four sources of self-efficacy, and the Linnenbrink and Pintrich (2003) engagements to focus on aspects which influence teachers‘ TSE with regard to teaching reading. The researcher formed assumptions from the epistemological premises and followed an interpretive approach. A non-probability sampling method was used to select the eight teachers within the four schools of the nearby circuit. The data were collected qualitatively by means of in-depth interviews in order to gather data from teachers‘ individual experiences about intermediate learners‘ low reading skills and teaching reading. Data were analysed and interpreted using Atlas.ti ™. The purpose of this research was to identify issues regarding rural Namibian teachers‘ self-efficacy beliefs that relate to teaching English Second Language (ESL) reading. The rationale for this study was to identify gaps related to teachers‘ SEBs and to make suggestions to improve teachers SEB‘s. The researcher identified a fifth source, the school environment, as another source that influences teachers‘ SEBs regarding teaching reading. Since the school environment is an additional source of self-efficacy the researcher recommend further research that can establish evidence on how school environment influences SEBs with regard to reading achievements. / MEd (Curriculum Development), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The goal of this research study was to determine whether extensive reading, supported by the instruction and use of appropriate strategies, would a) improve learners' comprehension achievement b) increase academic achievement in English, and c) promote higher achievement in general academic performance. One hundred and twenty-one learners participated in this project. Three groups of learners: extensive readers, less extensive readers and non-extensive readers were identified and studied. The result indicated that extensive reading not only leads to improved achievement in comprehension, but that it also leads to improvement in general academic performance in all subjects across the curriculum; while lack of extensive reading has an adverse effect on both reading comprehension achievement and general academic performance as a whole. / Teacher Education / M.Ed. (Didactics)

The colonial history of South Africa and its legacy of cultural and linguistic domination have resulted in a situation where the. literatures of the majority of South Africans were relegated to the margins of institutional, social and cultural life. Exclusion (of local writings) was the principal mode by which power was exercised within university English departments. It is within this context that this study posits lacunae and challenges for the reconstruction of the South African literature curriculum. Although various approaches have been used by English departments during this decade to include South African literature in the curriculum (pluralism, inter-disciplinary studies, alternate canon formation, canon rejection, eclecticism, elective programmes, etc.), the curriculum continues to repeat the established norms and values of colonial/apartheid society, it avoids confronting the ideological construction of traditional English literature and is a revamping or upgrading of the programmes offered during the colonial/apartheid era. The genealogical study uncovers the production, regulation, distribution, circulation and operation of statements, decentres discourse, and reveals how discourse is secondary to systems of power. Chapter Four explores both theoretical and methodological underpinnings for the reconstruction of the South African literature curriculum deriving from the critical educational approaches of Freire, Giroux and Apple, the discursive approach of Foucault and the post colonial reading strategies of Zavarzadeh and Morton. The teaching of South African literature would best be served by working within a critical paradigm, having as its objective the goals of critical educational studies. Chapter Four also includes a review of the curriculum in local practice through a curriculum impact study using empirical research based on the 1996 English literature syllabi of South African universities as well as the findings of the surveys conducted by Malan and Bosman in 1986 and Lindfors in 1992. Chapter Five posits recommendations for curriculum reconstruction with the main focus on the intervention of radical strategies that would lead to a new conflictual reading list. The objective is to put the canon under erasure by problematising the concept of literariness. Such an approach also reveals the power/ knowledge relations of culture, ideologies that dominate the discipline and the institutional arrangements of knowledge. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / D.Ed. (Didactics)

隨著資訊社會的來臨，數位文本逐漸普及，數位閱讀已成為閱讀的主要發展趨勢。相較於傳統偏向於線性閱讀的紙本閱讀模式，在閱讀過程中常以非線性進行閱讀的數位閱讀必須要有適當的輔助閱讀策略或機制，方能改善淺層閱讀，以及無法長期持續閱讀的問題。換言之，為提昇讀者在數位閱讀環境中的閱讀理解和成效，數位文本需要設計更有效的輔助閱讀機制來引導讀者進行更有效的閱讀學習，而發展高層次的閱讀認知策略鷹架輔以閱讀，為一可行的發展方向。 基於上述原因，本研究在「合作式數位閱讀標註系統」輔以數位閱讀的環境中發展閱讀認知策略鷹架，並與沒有結合此鷹架的「合作式數位閱讀標註系統」進行比較，以驗證有採用閱讀認知策略鷹架的實驗組學習者，是否在英語閱讀理解成效、科技接受度及學習滿意度上優於沒有採用閱讀認知策略鷹架的控制組學習者。也進一步探討「合作式數位閱讀標註系統」輔以所結合的閱讀認知策略鷹架對於場地獨立與場地依賴不同認知風格、以及高低不同英語起始能力者在英語閱讀理解成效、科技接受度及學習滿意度的影響。 實驗結果發現，在使用「合作式數位閱讀標註系統」之學習情境下，採用閱讀認知策略鷹架之實驗組學習者的閱讀理解成效、平台瀏覽次數以及各類型策略標註數量皆優於控制組學習者；並且場地相依型學習者的閱讀理解進步分數優於場地獨立型學習者。也就是本研究在「合作式數位閱讀標註系統」所發展的閱讀認知策略鷹架能有效協助學習者提升其閱讀理解成效，特別是場地相依型認知風格的學習者。另外，無論是對高分、中間、或低分組的學習者而言，採用閱讀認知策略鷹架之英語閱讀理解成效皆優於沒有採用閱讀認知策略鷹架；最後也發現認知有用性、認知易用性及學習滿意度三者之間具有顯著關連性。 / With the coming of the Information Age, digital texts are getting more and more popular. Compared to the traditional paper-based reading, nonlinear digital reading requires proper strategies or mechanism to help improve the shallow reading and short-term retention, which have been reported as the main disadvantages of digital reading. In other words, readers need inferential reasoning and comprehension monitoring strategies in order to keep concentration while reading digital texts. A scaffold of cognitive reading strategies, therefore, was developed and combined into Collaborative Digital Reading Annotation System (CDRS) in this study. It aimed to confirm whether the learners in the experimental group with the scaffold of cognitive reading strategies support outperformed the learners in the control group without the scaffold of cognitive reading strategies support on English reading comprehension, technology acceptance degree, and learning satisfaction. Furthermore, this study also examined the effects of distinct cognitive styles of field independence and field dependence and learning capability between both groups on English reading comprehension, technology acceptance degree, and learning satisfaction. The experimental results present the following findings. First, the learners in the experimental group applying CDRS with the scaffold of cognitive reading strategies outperformed the learners in the control group using CDRS without the scaffold of cognitive reading strategies on English reading comprehension, platform views and annotation numbers of four different cognitive strategies. Besides, while reading by CDRS combined with the scaffold of cognitive reading strategies, the field-dependent learners significantly outperformed the field-independent ones on reading comprehension gain. Moreover, the learners in the experimental group, either with high, medium or low learning capability, remarkably outperformed the ones in the control group on English reading comprehension. Finally, significant correlations among perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and learning satisfaction in both groups were found.

The aim of this diploma thesis is mapping options of the use of the interactive whiteboard in the introductory part of Literature lesson called the evocation, based on formulated findings of needs and interests of the prepubescent reader summarized in the theoretical part. The practical part consists in comparison of teaching with and without the use of the interactive whiteboard, while the lesson plans are conceived in E-U-R model. The undertaken research shows that work with the interactive whiteboard in Literary lessons increase pupils'motivation to predict, makes modelling of reading literacy methods easier, improve vizualization of problematic places in the text and offers unconventional effective way of sharing pupils'ideas and artefacts. The benefit of this work is finding effective ways of the use of the interactive whiteboard in Literature lessons especially in the evocation part of lesson.

Detta examensarbete behandlar undervisning i läsförståelsestrategier och genrekunskap. Studien utgår från forskning som visar att undervisning i dessa områden är av stor vikt för elevernas utveckling av läsförståelse. Läsförståelse i sig är grunden för framtida kunskapsinhämtning och vidare studier. Studien har som syfte att undersöka hur lärare i förskoleklass t.o.m. årskurs 3 arbetar explicit med läsförståelsestrategier och genrekunskap. Undersökningen bygger på en webbaserad enkätstudie till samtliga lärare för gällande årskurser i ämnena svenska, matematik, SO och NO/Teknik. Studien begränsar sig till att undersöka en kommun i södra Sverige. Resultaten är samstämmiga på så sätt att övervägande antal tillfrågade lärare anser sig undervisa explicit i läsförståelsestrategier. Något färre anser sig undervisa explicit i genrekunskap. Svaren visar även att undervisning förekommer i mindre omfång i denna kommun än vad som är önskvärt enligt forskningen i både läsförståelsestrategier och genrekunskap. / This master thesis focuses on teaching in reading comprehension strategies and genre knowledge. The study is based on research that shows that education in these areas is important for students' development of reading comprehension. Reading comprehension in itself is the basis for future knowledge acquisition and further studies. The purpose of this study is to investigate how teachers, active in the range from pre-school classes to third grade classes, works explicitly with reading comprehension strategies and genre knowledge.  The research is based on a web-questionnaire survey of all teachers for current grades in the subjects Swedish, Mathematics, Social studies and Science/Technology. It is limited to investigating a municipality in southern Sweden.  The results are coherent in such a way that the majority of teachers asked consider themselves to educate explicitly in reading comprehension strategies. Slightly fewer participants consider themselves to educate explicitly in genre knowledge. Also, based on the answers given by the participants, it turns out that both reading comprehension strategies and genre skills are less taught in this municipality compare to what is recommended according to science.