Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The context of mediated society moves the praxis of public relations with the continuous articulation of communication strategies and mobilizes the traditional dynamics of relations and ties of organizations and publics. This may be related, theoretically and empirically, to the reflective practice of public relations; that is, to know how to "say/publicize", sustained in the ethics proposal (legitimacy), politics (relation) and aesthetics (communication processes) in the doing/being/representing non-mediatic institutions through the digital medium, here represented by the corporate blog. Bearing these considerations in mind, we construct the problem of this thesis: how to understand the reflexive practice of public relations in the context of mediated society through the use/ownership of corporate blogs as a strategic communicational mediation among multiple social actors? The overall goal is to understand the reflexive practice of public relations in the mediated society and its relationship with communication strategies. The specific objectives should be considered as: developing a methodology for the study of corporate blog as a possibility of communication strategic mediation; to identify relations and/or links established in social networks built through contextual links referring to others, among the actors of the non-mediatic institutions, considering corporate blogs and other multiple social actors; and to analyze the dynamics of communication strategies among the actors of the non-mediatic institutions of the field of study, considering their corporate blogs and other multiple social actors. This thesis is based on the empirical research in communication, considering the close relationship between the theoretical and the empirical, and operated by a theoretical and methodological device that concerns the relational level that is held to describe the actor's agency with the medium through the hidden and non-participatory observation method (JOHNSON, 2010) constructed with the Excel software; the binding level, which has assembling this logic considering the structure and the medium's own codes, by the method of structural analysis of social networks (LEMIEUX; QUIMET, 2004) built with the NodeXL software; and cognitive-critical level, which held the comparative analysis, through the analysis of statements present in the discourse (PERUZZOLO, 2004) built with the Word software, which led to the intersection of these three analyzes. This route allowed the conclusion that doing/being/representing the Actors of Non-Media Institutions of the Field of Study occurred through relationships and bonds with actors of five macro-areas, mostly in single interrelations, with different actors. These relationships and bonds were operated through communication strategies involved in the protocol social (relation) - technical (medium) - discursive (communication processes), which resulted on the negotiation of meanings of the interlocutors. However, it was also possible to notice that the control over the enunciation remains under the figure of a pedagogical discourse enunciator. The reflective practice of public relations in these circumstances implies in knowing how to say/publicize not only about the non-mediatic institutions themselves, but also about the other, with the other and through the other. The results suggest the constant reflection on the emergence of other ways of perceiving, experiencing and getting to know the praxis of public relations. / O contexto da sociedade midiatizada movimenta a práxis das relações públicas a partir da contínua articulação de estratégias comunicacionais e mobiliza as tradicionais dinâmicas relativas às relações e vínculos das organizações e públicos. Este fato pode ser relacionado, teórica e empiricamente, à práxis reflexiva das relações públicas; isto é, o saber dizer/publicizar , sustentado na proposta ética (legitimação), política (relação) e estética (processos comunicacionais) no fazer/existir/representar das instituições não midiáticas por meio do medium digital, aqui representado pelo blog corporativo. A partir dessas considerações, construímos a problemática desta tese ao indagar: como compreender a práxis reflexiva das relações públicas no contexto da sociedade midiatizada por meio do uso/apropriação dos blogs corporativos como mediação estratégica comunicacional entre múltiplos atores sociais? O objetivo geral é compreender a práxis reflexiva das relações públicas na sociedade midiatizada e sua relação com as estratégias comunicacionais. Os objetivos específicos constituem-se em: desenvolver uma metodologia para o estudo do blog corporativo como possibilidade de mediação estratégica comunicacional; identificar as relações e/ou vínculos estabelecidos nas redes sociais construídas por meio dos links contextuais de referência a outrem, entre os atores das instituições não midiáticas do campo de estudo, a partir de seus blogs corporativos e os demais múltiplos atores sociais; analisar a dinâmica das estratégias comunicacionais entre os atores das instituições não midiáticas do campo de estudo, a partir dos seus blogs corporativos e os demais múltiplos atores sociais. A tese fundamenta-se na pesquisa empírica em comunicação, ao ponderar a íntima relação entre a teoria e o empírico, operacionalizada por um dispositivo teórico-metodológico que se refere ao nível relacional que se ocupou de descrever o agenciamento do ator com o medium, a partir do método observação encoberta e não participativa (JOHNSON, 2010) construído no software Excel; ao nível vinculativo, que se ocupou de montar essa lógica, considerando a estrutura e os códigos próprios do medium, por meio do método da análise estrutural das redes sociais (LEMIEUX; QUIMET, 2004) construída no software NodeXL; e ao nível-crítico cognitivo que se ocupou da análise comparada, a partir da análise dos enunciados presentes no discurso (PERUZZOLO, 2004) construída no software Word, que conduziu à intersecção dessas três análises. Este percurso permitiu constatar que o fazer/existir/representar dos atores das instituições não midiáticas do campo de estudo se deu por meio de relações e vínculos com atores de cinco macro-áreas, em sua maioria em inter-relações únicas, com atores diferentes. Essas relações e vínculos foram acionados por meio de estratégias comunicacionais implicadas no protocolo sócio (relação) - técnico (medium) - discursivo (processos comunicacionais), que incidiu na negociação dos sentidos dos interlocutores. Foi possível constatar também que o controle sobre a enunciação permanece sob a figura discursiva de um enunciador pedagógico. A práxis reflexiva das relações públicas, apreendida nessa conjuntura, implica no saber dizer/publicizar não somente sobre o si mesmo das instituições não midiáticas, mas também sobre o outro, com o outro e por meio do outro. Os resultados sugerem a reflexão constante acerca da emergência de outros modos de perceber, experimentar e conhecer na práxis das relações públicas.

In the context of education mediated by new technologies, information is available to anyone who may be interested in it, and the roles of student and teacher, especially in the last decade, have taken other contours. My work has an extension project developed in the context of language teaching and learning mediated by new technologies as its background, and it is aimed at analyzing my teacher education process as an active member of this project. I aim to understand, looking back to my own story, what was the impact that this extension project had either over my academic, personal and professional journeys. For that, I base myself on the conceptual framework of Dewey (1953) on Teacher Education and Reflective Practice, on Communities of Practice by Wenger (2000), as well as on the Theory of Engagement by Shneiderman (1994, 1998) and Kearsley (1997). / No contexto de ensino mediado pelas novas tecnologias, a informação está à disposição de quem quer que se interesse por ela, e os papéis de aluno e professor, especialmente na última década, têm tomado outros contornos. Meu trabalho tem como pano de fundo um projeto de extensão desenvolvido nesse contexto de ensino e aprendizagem de línguas mediados por novas tecnologias, e tem por meta analisar meu processo de formação docente. Quero entender, olhando em retrospecto para minha própria história, qual foi o impacto que a graduação, o projeto de extensão e o mestrado tiveram tanto em minha jornada acadêmica, quanto em minha vida pessoal e profissional. Para tanto, me baseio nos pressupostos teóricos de Dewey (1953) sobre Formação de Professores e a Prática Reflexiva, as Comunidades de Prática de Wenger (2000), assim como a Teoria do Engajamento de Shneiderman (1994, 1998) e Kearsley (1997). / Mestre em Estudos Linguísticos

Le début des années 2000 marque l’émergence des technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) et du web 2.0 dans le réseau collégial québécois. Dans la foulée de ce progrès technologique, la présence des TIC a modifié la manière d’apprendre le savoir disciplinaire de l’étudiant, tout en permettant au professeur de repenser sa pédagogie dans le but de la rendre plus interactive. Au départ, la miniaturisation des appareils a été une source d’émulation pour les innovateurs, mais aussi de crainte pour les tenants d’un enseignement traditionnel. Encore aujourd’hui, cette dualité repose sur des convictions professionnelles divergentes à l’égard de ce que devrait être l’enseignement de la philosophie. Cette thèse a pour objectif de démontrer qu’en développant leur sentiment de compétence respectif, le professeur et l’étudiant du profil Tremplin DEC doivent faire un usage éthiquement responsable des technologies de l’information et de la communication pour améliorer l’enseignement de la philosophie au collégial et renouveler du même coup l’apprentissage disciplinaire. À terme, la valorisation de la techno pédagogie permettrait de responsabiliser davantage l’étudiant à l’égard de ses apprentissages et le rendrait plus autonome. En plus d’améliorer les taux de réussite, comme en témoigne notre cueillette de données, la techno pédagogie permettrait au professeur de développer une pédagogie de l’accompagnement mieux ciblée à l’égard des besoins particuliers de l’étudiant du profil Tremplin DEC. Pour parvenir à cette fin, notre thèse est divisée en quatre parties et elle se base sur une approche interdisciplinaire. La première partie porte sur la sociologie de la communication. Nous expliquerons la manière dont les TIC modifient la nature du lien social et la dynamique des interactions entre les usagers. Pour les uns la technologie permettrait une communication plus efficace, mais pour les autres elle encouragerait le durcissement des rapports humains de sorte que prioriser l’efficacité de la communication menacerait la qualité et la pérennité des relations interpersonnelles. Quant à elle, la seconde partie porte sur l’éducation et l’importance pour l’étudiant et le professeur de développer une pratique réflexive conjointe à l’égard de l’apprentissage et de la transmission du savoir disciplinaire. En dépit des difficultés auxquelles l’étudiant du profil Tremplin DEC et le techno pédagogue sont confrontés, ces derniers doivent acquérir une série de compétences communes sans lesquelles l’usage des TIC en classe risquerait d’être futile. Du coup, la nature de la relation pédagogique doit être réévaluée pour maximiser l’innovation techno pédagogique. La troisième partie porte sur l’éthique et l’usage responsable des technologies en situation d’apprentissage. En effet, l’utilisation des TIC par le professeur et l’étudiant doit être une responsabilité partagée et reposer sur des valeurs communes de solidarité et de complémentarité. Ce sont ces deux valeurs qui permettraient d’adapter l’encadrement pédagogique du professeur afin de pouvoir répondre aux besoins spécifiques de l’étudiant. De plus, l’implantation d’une communauté d’apprentissage professionnelle optimiserait l’engagement du professeur et la participation de l’étudiant dans sa réussite académique. Finalement, nous proposerons une série de recommandations visant à améliorer l’enseignement de la philosophie. Celles-ci ont pour but d’inculquer une culture du changement qui, selon nous, serait à la fois profitable pour l’ensemble du réseau collégial et constructive pour le développement de stratégies numériques en philosophie. / Abstract : The turn of the century brought with it an emergence of information and communications technologies (ICT) and web 2.0 to the Quebec junior college network. In the wake of this technological progress, the presence of ICT changed (transformed) the way students learned about discipline-related content while allowing the teachers to redefine their pedagogical methods that would make courses more interactive. At the outset, the miniaturisation of these tools was a source of emulation for the developers as well as a cause of concern for the tenants of traditional teaching methods. Even today, this duality has led to diverging professional convictions with regards to how we should teach philosophy. The goal of this thesis is to show that in developing a feeling of mutual competency, students and teachers of the Springboard to a DCS pathway must engage in an ethically responsible usage of information and communications technologies. This will improve teaching methods of philosophy, which will lead to renewed discipline-related learning. Over time, the validation of electronic pedagogy (e-pedagogy) will allow students to cultivate a sense of responsibility with regards to their learning and make them more autonomous. In addition to increasing the passing rate, as shown by our data, e-pedagogy permits the teacher to develop a more targeted approach to accompany the particular needs of students in the Springboard to a DCS pathway. Our thesis is broken into four parts and is based on an interdisciplinary approach. The first part deals with the sociology of communication. We will explain how ICT have changed the nature of socialization and the dynamics of user interactions. For some, technological tools allow for a more efficient communication, whereas others feel that these tools encourage a breakdown of human relationships because in prioritizing communication efficiency, we risk harming the quality and longevity of interpersonal relationships. The second part focuses on education and the importance for students and teachers to develop a shared reflective practice with regards to learning and transmitting discipline-related content. Despite the difficulties faced by students in the Springboard to DSC pathway and their instructor, all of the actors must acquire a series of common competencies, without which the use of ICT would be futile. That means that the nature of the pedagogical relationship must be re-evaluated to allow to increased e-pedagogy innovation. The third part deals with ethically responsible usage of ICT in learning situations. Indeed, in using ICT, instructors and students must assure a shared responsibility and consider common values of solidarity and complementarity. These two values are necessary for teachers to be able to adapt academic supervision in order to answer specific student needs. Furthermore, a professional learning community would optimize teacher commitment thereby increasing a student’s efforts in his or her academic success. Finally, we will propose a series of recommendations to improve the teaching of philosophy. The purpose is to bring about a culture of change which, in our opinion, would be beneficial for the entire college network and constructive for the development of e-pedagogical strategies in philosophy.

Alors que les gouvernements cherchent à améliorer le rendement des systèmes scolaires qu’ils financent, l’intérêt des dirigeants porte sur les résultats des élèves mais aussi sur le rendement des professionnels de l’éducation, dont les directions d’école. Cette étude a pour but de contribuer au développement de la connaissance sur l’évaluation du rendement de ces dernières en répondant à la question : Comment les directions d’école perçoivent-elles la pratique réflexive dans leur processus d’évaluation? La recension des écrits montre que les directions qui ont le plus de succès jouent un rôle actif dans leur amélioration et que la pratique réflexive accroît la pertinence du perfectionnement professionnel et par conséquent le rendement de la direction. L’étude propose un cadre conceptuel qui tient compte du perfectionnement professionnel, de l’évaluation axée sur l’apprentissage et de la pratique réflexive. Cette recherche suit une méthodologie mixte afin de déceler les tendances et les perceptions quant aux pratiques à l’étude. D’abord, un questionnaire à choix de réponses a été administré sur Internet et les réponses de 65 directions d’écoles de langue française de l’Ontario ont été traitées de façon quantitative. Ensuite, des entrevues semi-structurées avec dix des répondants ont permis d’approfondir le sujet par une méthode qualitative en offrant l’occasion aux participants de partager leur vécu. Les résultats dévoilent que le perfectionnement professionnel occupe peu de place dans l’évaluation du rendement bien que les participants se servent d’objectifs de croissance professionnelle. La pratique réflexive est souvent déclenchée par un inconfort, par un succès ou par une occasion de perfectionnement ou est provoquée par des situations extérieures transposées à la situation de l’école du participant. Les échanges structurés et les discussions franches entre collègues et avec le superviseur favorisent la pratique réflexive. La rétroaction spécifique du superviseur donne des pistes d’amélioration appuyées d’un soutien. Les participants reconnaissent qu’ils jouent un rôle actif dans leur évaluation et recherchent un encadrement orienté vers l’amélioration. Les participants perçoivent que la pratique réflexive occupe une grande place dans leur processus d’évaluation, qu’ils soient encadrés par le superviseur dans un processus axé sur leur amélioration ou qu’ils s’auto-évaluent quand le processus est flou.

Le design de jeux est une discipline en plein essor, dont les progrès technologiques et théoriques ne cessent de se perfectionner. L’évolution rapide de la sphère ludique oblige une constante adaptation de la part de cette discipline, autant au niveau professionnel que académique. Il est important de se questionner quant aux impacts de cette évolution sur les programmes de formation en design de jeux. Les programmes se spécialisant dans ce domaine doivent s’adapter en temps réel afin de former des praticiens plus près des attentes et des pratiques retrouvées sur le marché du travail contemporain. En s’appuyant sur le modèle de la recherche ethnographique et phénoménologique en design, l’objectif de l’étude est d’apporter un nouvel éclairage sur la pratique de l’enseignement du design de jeux. Nous observons plus attentivement les apprenants du D.E.S.S. en design de jeux de l’Université de Montréal lors de la réalisation de leur projet de fin d’études, dont l’objectif est la création d’un prototype vidéoludique fonctionnel. Notre approche est de nature qualitative, d’inspiration phénoménologique: nous avons recueilli l’expérience pédagogique de sept étudiants designers ainsi que de deux enseignants. Par l’intermédiaire de l’observation non participante, de carnets de bords, d’entretiens semi-dirigés et de groupes de discussion, il a été possible d’analyser l’expérience en action des participants. Une attention significative est portée à l’égard des différents phénomènes rencontrés par les étudiants lors du processus de conception, de création et de production du projet de fin d’études. Nos résultats tentent de dépeindre, le plus fidèlement possible, l’expérience pédagogique des participants de la cohorte 2019-2020. L’analyse met en perspective les forces ainsi que les insuffisances du contexte pédagogique. L’interprétation a permis l’identification de plusieurs phénomènes et thématiques récurrentes tout au long de l’étude. La conclusion de la recherche mène vers des pistes recommandations prospectives qui concernent le contexte socioculturel, la motivation, le travail d’équipe ainsi que l’encadrement en situation de projet. / The field of video game design is constantly evolving seeing rapid change both in game design theory and technology as the video game industry matures as a whole. This rapid progress requires game design professionals to constantly evolve and adapt to remain pertinent on the market. Thus, it is important to consider the impact of such rapid growth on the academic platform that seeks to support it by providing the industry with qualified graduates ready to meet the ever-growing expectations of employers. Using the ethnographic and phenomenological research models, the objective of the present study is to bring new understanding of the teaching practices of game design by following students through their final project. Consisting in designing and developing a functioning video game prototype, the final project offers the author of this study a unique perspective into the design processes and strategies adopted by the students over the course of the production. Based on the qualitative approach of the phenomenological research model, this study compiled the experiences of seven design students and two teachers through non-participatory observation, logbooks, semi-structured interviews and focus groups. Through the observations gathered on the field, this study aims to faithfully portray the academic experiences of the students of class 2019-2020. The analysis of the data collected highlights the strengths of the educational experience as well as underlines its inadequacies and shortcomings which, in turn, lead to reflexive recommendations concerning the sociocultural context, motivation, teamwork, training and pedagogy within a project-based context.

Cette thèse doctorale étudie la pratique des « artistes-développeurs » œuvrant dans le développement de jeux vidéo en industrie. Elle propose d’aborder cette pratique comme un phénomène complexe, au carrefour du développement de jeu vidéo, de l’agir professionnel et de la pensée des designers. Le développement de jeu vidéo se caractérise par le travail créatif, collaboratif et interdisciplinaire entre design, art, programmation et gestion. En raison de la complexification et de la rationalisation des produits et des processus vidéoludiques depuis les années 1990, des exigences considérables sont apparues pour les artistes, en termes d’adaptation, de spécialisation, de créativité et de productivité. Au cours de la phase de préproduction, des artistes expérimentés collaborent en équipe multidisciplinaire et contribuent à la conception et au prototypage des premières versions fonctionnelles des jeux. Alors que les industries canadienne et québécoise du jeu vidéo se sont rapidement développées au cours des vingt-cinq dernières années, les connaissances sur la pratique des artistes-développeurs demeurent limitées, en dehors de nous informer de l’expertise technique. Les studios développeurs exigent des besoins constants en main-d’œuvre compétente et en alignement des formations ; ils recherchent des compétences particulières (par ex. collaboratives, transversales, polyvalence), tel que constaté chez les petits et moyens studios émergents québécois. En tant qu’enseignant, artiste et chercheur, nous avons voulu développer une compréhension fine et contextuelle dans le but d’informer et guider la formation universitaire des futures artistes et la pratique en industrie. Des explorations pré-terrain au moyen d’entretiens et d’observations auprès d’artistes séniors ont servi à construire la problématique de l’étude, en fournissant une première compréhension de la pratique des artistes-développeurs. Notamment, cette pratique implique des activités individuelles et collaboratives de conception, ainsi que des habiletés réflexives intrinsèques. Ceci a conduit à apparenter leur pratique à celle du designer au sens large. Les va-et-vient entre les premières explorations et la littérature ont enrichi le questionnement pour l’étude jusqu’à conduire à un premier objectif : explorer la pratique réflexive « designlike » des artistes-développeurs expérimentés, durant la phase de préproduction et dans les petits et moyens studios québécois. Un second objectif vise à concevoir un modèle de pratique permettant de saisir la pratique professionnelle compétente des artistes-développeurs. Sur le plan théorique, l’étude se réfère aux théories constructivistes et pragmatistes de l’agir professionnel de la pensée des designers. Le cadre théorique permet d’élaborer une construction théorique avec laquelle il devient possible d’étudier un ensemble de dimensions structurant la démarche réflexive de design, à travers des cas situés et incarnés de pratique. Sur le plan méthodologique, l’enquête qualitative inspirée de l’ethnographie et du « shadowing » explore à travers trois cas de pratique (chaque cas = un artiste dans un petit studio). L’analyse interprétative vise à construire des catégories et à identifier des patterns réplicables d’un cas à l’autre. Chaque cas est analysé et interprété individuellement ; une synthèse transversale des trois cas permet de décrire un modèle provisoire de pratique, lequel est validé auprès des trois participants en entretien individuel. Nous proposons un modèle transférable et enseignable de pratique professionnelle compétent de l’artiste-développeur, en termes de situations et de compétences. Nous soulevons les besoins d’accompagner les artistes à mieux conceptualiser et expliciter leur pratique. Nous montrons comment la préproduction de jeu vidéo constitue un vecteur d’activités collaboratives de design et de prototypage. Nous concluons en proposant des recommandations à la formation des futurs artistes-développeurs, en revenant sur la démarche méthodologique utilisée et en proposant des pistes de recherches futures. / This doctoral thesis studies the practice of “artist-developers” working in video game development. It proposes to examine this practice as a complex phenomenon, at the intersection of video game development, professional practice and design thinking. Video game development is characterized by creative, collaborative and interdisciplinary work between design, art, programming and management. Due to the increasing complexity and rationalization of video game products and processes since the 1990s, considerable demands have been placed on artists in terms of adaptation, specialization, creativity and productivity. During the preproduction phase, experienced artists collaborate in multidisciplinary teams and contribute to the design and prototyping of the early functional versions of games. While the Canadian and Quebec video game industries have grown rapidly over the past twenty-five years, knowledge about the artist-developers’ practice remains limited, except in terms of technical expertise. Development studios have a constant need for qualified practitioners and well-adapted training; they are looking for specific skills (e.g. collaborative, cross-disciplinary, versatility), as seen in small and medium-sized emerging studios in Quebec. As a teacher, artist and researcher, we wanted to develop a fine-grained and contextual understanding in order to inform and guide the academic training of future artists and industry practice. Pre-field investigations based on interviews and observations with senior artists served to frame the study, providing an initial understanding of artist-developers’ practice. This was built on individual and collaborative design activities as well as intrinsic reflective skills. Through the pre-field study we have noticed some similarities between artists’ and designers’ practices. The back and forth between the first explorations and the literature enriched the questioning so to lead to a first objective: to explore the “designlike” reflective practice of experienced artist-developers, in the preproduction phase and in small and medium-sized Quebec studios. A second objective is to develop a model of practice to capture the competent professional practice of artist-developers. The theoretical approach refers to constructivist and pragmatist theories of professional practice and of design thinking. The theoretical framework allows to elaborate a theoretical construction with which we can study a set of dimensions that structures the reflective process of design, through which we can study situated and embodied cases of practice. The methodological approach draws on qualitative research and refers to ethnography and shadowing to explore through three cases of practice (each case = an artist in a small studio). Interpretive analysis is used to construct categories and identify patterns that can be replicated across cases. Each case is analyzed and interpreted individually; a cross-case synthesis is used to describe a provisional model of practice, which is then validated by the three participants during an individual interview. Based on the findings, the study proposes a transferable and teachable model of professional practice of the artist-developer, in terms of situations and skills. In addition, we raise the need to support artists in conceptualizing and making explicit their practice. We also show how the preproduction of video games can be considered as a vector for collaborative design and prototyping activities. In our conclusions, we make several recommendations for the pedagogical training of future artist-developers. We discuss the theoretical and methodological approaches used and suggest various avenues for future research.

No description available.

Traditional management-leadership and organizational literature depicts the individual as conflated with their role and instructs them to handle their employees and the situations that arise daily and over the course of business cycles instrumentally and for the purposes of control and productivity. This more traditional and mainstream literature does not adequately address, if at all, the unconscious factors influencing people or the management situations in which they find themselves. Using a model based upon the theory of the Swiss psychologist Carl Gustav Jung and the relationship of consciousness to the unconscious, this dissertation looks at situational management cases and reveals the existence of the unconscious in the midst of our strongest claims to rationality. Present and active, the cases show the unconscious to be a significant factor in creating subjective meaning and ordering our world even in the most "rational" moments of our lives in public administration. They further describe how it is that the individual in the manager-leader role is implicated in and caused by the very situations they are attempting to manage and the way in which acknowledging and relating to the unconscious provides an additional resource for public managers. / Ph. D.

Although it is relatively easy to study and learn about a practice discipline in the safe environment of an academic institution, it is far more complex to make sense of what has been learned when faced with the real world of practice. Practitioners need to think on their feet and have to find new ways of managing complex problems which do not fit directly into the theoretical frameworks learned in a more formal setting. Knowledge of what the various disciplines say is not in itself sufficient, experiential knowledge is necessary. The key to learning in the experiential domain is critical reflective practice and emancipatory learning, which empower practitioners to explicate their implicit theories. If autonomy is the goal of professional education, the key is to help adult learners to distance themselves from their own values and beliefs in order to entertain more abstract modes of perception. The purpose of this inquiry was therefore, to construct a model for facilitation of critical reflective practice, based on thorough analysis of the main concepts (critical thinking and reflection), related viewpoints, models and theories; and the data gathered and analyzed during, the naturalistic inquiry. The inquirer sought to. develop each participant through Socratic & Learning Through Discussion (Dialogical) Technique, Critical Incident Reporting and participation in Critical Reflective Exercises. The constructed model for facilitation of critical reflective practice evolved from empirical observations, intuitive insights of the inquirer and from deductions combining ideas from several fields of inquiry. The model for facilitation of critical reflective practice postulates that practitioners have the inherent potential to change from auto-pilot practice to critical reflective practice. The purpose of the model is the facilitation of heightened awareness of the self, to enable health care professionals to consciously meet community needs and expectations. The desired outcome is transformative intellectuals who will strive to empower others to become critical reflective learners and practitioners. / Health Studies / D.Litt. et Phil. (Nursing Science)

Teoretiese navorsing is onderneem om 'n model vir kurrikulumontwikkeling vir die Diploma vir Registrasie as Verpleegkundige (algemene, psigiatriese, gemeenskaps-) en Vroedvrou te ontwikkel. Twee hooffaktore beinvloed verpleegonderwys. Op globale vlak word verpleegonderwys beinvloed deur die realiteite van 'n inligtingtegnologie-gedrewe samelewing. Dit noodsaak die ontwikkeling van kritiese denke, aanpasbaarheid ten opsigte van konstante sosiale verandering en 'n verbintenis tot lewenslange leer. Op nasionale vlak word verpleegonderwys beinvloed deur 'n nasionale gesondheidstelsel wat gekwalifiseerde verpleegkundiges vereis, wat in staat is om omvattende gesondheidsorg te lewer. 'n Situasie-analise het gelei tot die identifisering van twee hoofkonsepte wat die verpleegkundekurrikulum beinvloed, naamlik lcritiese denke en omvattende gesondheidsorg. Vorige navorsing dui daarop dat verpleegdosente nie paraat is ten opsigte van verwikkelinge in die onderwys nie. Dit kan negatiewe gevolge he vir innoverende kurrikulumontwikkeling in verpleegkunde ten einde die professie strategies te posisioneer om te voldoen aan die eise van die komende eeu. Die navorser het beoog om die leemte te oorbrug deur middel van navorsing wat gemik was op die daarstelling van 'n omvattende kurrikulumontwikkelingstrategie wat kan dien as praktiese riglyn vir die implementering van kurrikulumontwikkeling in verpleegkunde. Op grond van 'n analise van die konsep kurri/culum, 'n situasie-analise en die interpretering daarvan, is die Model vir Kurrikulumontwikkeling in Verpleegkunde gekonseptualiseer. Die model kan verpleegdosente in staat stel om fundamentele kurrikulumverandering te bewerkstellig en 'n relevante kurrikulum daar te stel, deur gespesifiseerde kurrikulumontwikkelingstake stelselmatig af te handel. Die implikasies van die konsepte lcritiese denke en omvattende gesondheidsorg vir die verpleegkundekurrikulum, is uitgespel deur kriteria vir die nuwe verpleegkundekurrikulum te formuleer / The researcher undertook theoretical research to develop a curriculum development model for the Diploma for Registration as a Nurse (General, Psychiatric, Community) and Midwife. There are two main tendencies that influence nursing education. On a global level nursing education is influenced by realities that are inherent in an information technology-driven world. This requires the development of critical thinking skills, adaptability to constant social change and a commitment to life-long learning. Nationally, nursing education is influenced by a national health system requiring trained nurses who are able to render comprehensive health care. A situation analysis resulted in the identification of two main concepts that influence the nursing curriculum namely, critical thinking and comprehensive health care. Previous research indicates that nurse educators are outdated in terms of developments in education. This can have negative consequences for innovative curriculum development in nursing in order to position the nursing profession strategically to meet the demands of the next century. This limitation prompted the researcher to conduct research that was aimed at designing a comprehensive curriculum development strategy to serve as a practical guideline on how to implement curriculum development in nursing. Based on an analysis of the concept curriculum, a situation analysis and the interpretation thereof: the researcher conceptualized the Curriculum Development Model for Nursing. The model will enable nurse educators to effect fundamental curriculum change and the development of a relevant curriculum by completing specified curriculum development tasks systematically. The implications of the concepts critical thinking and comprehensive health care for the nursing curriculum, were elucidated by formulating criteria for a new nursing curriculum. Key terms: curriculum; curriculum development; curriculum foundation; curriculum structure; curriculum design; situation analysis; critical thinking; reflective practice; comprehensive health care; comprehensive nursing curriculum; community based curriculum; problem based learning; media assisted learning; ~ve learning; reflective learning; experiential learning; mediated learning. / Health Studies / D.Litt. et Phil. (Advanced Nursing Science)