Esta dissertação foi realizada como requisito parcial para aquisição do título de mestre em Relações Internacionais pelo Instituto de relações Internacionais da Universidade de São Paulo (IRI-USP). Ela compreende dois artigos diferentes. No primeiro, discute-se a teoria da integração regional a partir de abordagens da Ciência Política e da Economia Internacional. Para tanto, desenvolve um estudo de caso a respeito do processo de integração regional na África, qual seja, compreender os resultados no domínio da cooperação econômica a respeito do CEDEAO (Comunidade Econômica dos Estados da África Ocidental). O argumento principal do artigo é o de que o processo pode ser lido de acordo com a perspetiva neofuncionalista da integração regional. No segundo artigo avalia-se o efeito da criação da CEDEAO através do modelo Gravitacional. Trabalha-se com dados em painel e corrige-se o viés de seleção para estimar o efeito do acordo regional em termos de criação e desvio de comércio. Os resultados indicam que a CEDEAO nem promoveu a criação de comércio intra-bloco e nem produziu o efeito de desviar o comércio internacional com terceiros países de fora do bloco, em benefício dos membros. / This research was conducted as partial requirement for the achievement of the master\'s degree in International Relations at the Institute of International Relations, University of São Paulo (IRI-USP). It comprises two separate articles. First, given the economic objective of the initial motivation for the establishment of ECOWAS, we question why the ill=observed results were not an impediment to the pursuit of the integration. The interpretative insights were derived from historical and political context in dialogue with the neo-functionalist theory of regional integration. The article`s main argument is that the challenge of sub-regional security led to the outgrow of political objectives. Understanding that there is a new convergence of interests, the bloc undergoes constant pursuit of a consistent institutional matrix including the objectives which were added, and in the other hand, reflects the degree of involvement of the various national groups that determine the external behavior of each member country. In the second paper, we attempt to evaluate the effect of the instruments of the trade policy on welfare in ECOWAS applying a Gravitational Model. Using panel data and correcting for selection bias, we estimate the effect of the agreement in terms of trade creation and trade diversion. Results show that ECOWAS did not diverted trade, but had a small effect on intra block trade. The variable that captures the effect of trade creation is not statistically significant.

Esta pesquisa investiga o relacionamento entre as políticas públicas de imigração e o debate midiático sobre o tema, a fim de reconhecer os possíveis elos entre o debate público e o debate político em democracias modernas. O objetivo é verificar como se dá o processo de formação de políticas públicas através dos discursos apresentados por países envolvidos em organizações de integração regional. A pesquisa buscar apontar atores, instituições e temas mais relevantes para a definição das políticas de imigração através da análise de políticas públicas de imigração criadas na Alemanha, Áustria, Suíça e na União Europeia após 1999 e da análise do debate midiático em jornais da Alemanha e da Áustria em 1999 e 2009. As discussões indicam que os debates públicos e político e o debate midiático se encontram interligados nos países estudados e o debate midiático pode ser compreendido como um espaço de discussão com possibilidades de alimentar as discussões políticas. A pesquisa também aponta que as políticas públicas de imigração abrigam tendências para a cooperação internacional e para ações unilaterais. Da mesma forma, evidencia-se que a questão da imigração se localiza no ponto de encontro entre questões de segurança nacional e direitos humanos nos debates políticos contemporâneos. / This research investigates the relationship between migration public policies and the media debate over the issue of migration, aiming on recognizing connections between the public and political debate in modern democracies. Its main objective is to examine the construction process of public policies through the discourses presented by countries immersed in regional integration organizations. The research searches for the most relevant actors, institutions and themes in the definition of public policies by means of analyzing migration public policies in Austria, Germany, Switzerland and at the European Union from 1999 on and examining the media debate in newspapers in Germany and Austria in 1999 and 2009. The discussion indicates that public and political debates are intertwined with media debate and that it can be further understood as a forum for discussion with great chances of providing arguments for political discussions. It further points out that migration public policy shelters both tendencies for international cooperation and unilateral actions by countries. Likewise, it evinces that migration is found at a focal point between concerns about national security and human rights in the contemporary political debate.

Esta pesquisa trata da relação entre Brasil e América do Sul, bem como das políticas de projeção regional e mundial envolvendo o país e seus vizinhos. O fio condutor é uma abordagem geopolítica que busca o entendimento dos principais fatores que constituem a ordem regional sul-americana. Estabeleceu-se uma periodização em duas grandes conjunturas regionais. A primeira, que se constitui com o início da Guerra Fria e perdura até 1991, é caracterizada pelo equilíbrio de poder e pelas rivalidades geopolíticas intra-regionais. Internamente é assinalada pela polarização do continente em torno de Brasil e Argentina e suas geopolíticas expansionistas. Externamente, foi definida pela projeção internacional brasileira a partir da dependência aos Estados Unidos e seus principais aliados. A segunda se refere a uma nova ordem sul-americana a partir de 1991, com a assinatura do Tratado de Assunção. A criação do Mercosul estabelece um cenário marcado pela diminuição das rivalidades, e ampliação da integração política, econômica e territorial. Essa conjuntura tem dois principais períodos. O primeiro, que se estende de 1991 até 2002, caracteriza-se por uma perspectiva mercantilista de ampliação da cooperação regional. Termina com a diminuição do intercâmbio comercial iniciada com as crises internacionais do final dos anos 1990. O segundo ocorre com a aproximação política entre os países a partir de 2003, sendo distinguido pela recuperação da economia. Na última década, essa ordem regional passou por grandes transformações devido a retomada do crescimento econômico e por novas ambições internacionais. Em conjunto, esses fatores acompanham uma tendência de re-inserção internacional da América do Sul. / The present research deals with the relation between Brazil and South America, as well as with the policies of regional and world projection involving the country and its neighbors in the continent. The guiding principle of this study is a geopolitical approach which aims at the understanding of the main factors that constitute the South American regional order. A periodization in two great regional conjunctures was established. The first, which is formed with the beginning of the Cold War and remains until 1991, is characterized by the power balance and by the intra-regional geopolitical rivalries. Internally, this period was marked mainly by the polarization of the entire continent around Brazil and Argentina and their expansionist geopolitics. Externally, it was defined by the international projection of Brazil from a relation of dependence on The United States and their main allies. The second refers to a new South American order since 1991, with the signature of the Asuncion Treaty. The creation of Mercosul starts a scenario marked by the decrease of rivalries, and the enlargement of the territorial, commercial and political integration. This order has two main periods. The first which extends from 1991 to 2002 is defined by a mercantilist perspective of increase of the regional cooperation. It ends with the diminishing of the commercial interchange after the international crises at the end of the 1990s. The second begins with the political approximation between countries since 2003, and extends throughout the 2000s decade, being distinguished by the recuperation of the economy. In the last decade, this regional order went through great transformations due to the economic recuperation and new international ambitions. As a whole, these factors follow a tendency of international reinsertion of South America.

Com o objetivo de compreender a internacionalização das empresas argentinas e brasileiras de um país ao outro considerando-a como parte do processo historicamente construído de integração bilateral entre estes países, percorremos dois eixos centrais de investigação: a-) análise do processo de internacionalização dos territórios nacionais, averiguando como o novo e o velho interatuam na conformação da atual dinâmica territorial argentino-brasileira. Para isto consideramos os múltiplos agentes que compõem historicamente a relação bilateral entre estes países, notadamente Estados e Empresas; b-) estudo dos usos do território praticado pelas empresas no Brasil ou na Argentina e de suas respectivas topologias. Para tal fim, produzimos um banco de dados específico para a pesquisa e a partir dele classificamos e operacionalizamos as diferentes estratégias de internacionalização adotadas por estes agentes, a saber: Investimentos Externos Diretos fusões e aquisições; filiais, subsidiárias e investimentos greenfield; joint venture e Novas Formas de Investimento- e-commerce e startups; franchising e licenças. As análises destas diferentes estratégias revelam a diversidade com que cada firma participa atualmente da dinâmica territorial argentino-brasileira que varia conforme a força, poder, tamanho, relação com o Estado de origem e emprego de variáveis chaves do período atual (técnica com conteúdo científico e informacional, etc.) que cada uma delas possui. / Aiming to understand the internationalization of the Argentine and Brazilian companies from one country to the other considering it as part of the historically constituted process of bilateral integration between these countries, we sought two central investigation axes: a-) analysis of the process of national territories internationalization, verifying how the new and the old interact conforming the current Argentine-Brazilian territorial dynamics. For this, we considered multiple agents that are historically part of these countries bilateral relation, notably States and Companies; b-) study of uses of territory performed by companies in Brazil or Argentina and its respective topologies. Finally, we produced a specific data bank to research and from it we classified and operationalized different internationalization strategies adopted by these agents, such as: Foreign Direct Investment mergers and acquisitions; branches, subsidiaries and greenfield investments; joint venture and New Forms of Investment e-commerce and startups; franchising and licenses. The analysis of these different strategies revealed the diversity which each company currently participate in the Argentine-Brazilian territorial dynamics that varies in strength, power, size, relation with State of origin and use of key variables of the current period (technique with scientific and informational content, etc.) owned by each of them.Aiming to understand the internationalization of the Argentine and Brazilian companies from one country to the other considering it as part of the historically constituted process of bilateral integration between these countries, we sought two central investigation axes: a-) analysis of the process of national territories internationalization, verifying how the new and the old interact conforming the current Argentine-Brazilian territorial dynamics. For this, we considered multiple agents that are historically part of these countries bilateral relation, notably States and Companies; b-) study of uses of territory performed by companies in Brazil or Argentina and its respective topologies. Finally, we produced a specific data bank to research and from it we classified and operationalized different internationalization strategies adopted by these agents, such as: Foreign Direct Investment mergers and acquisitions; branches, subsidiaries and greenfield investments; joint venture and New Forms of Investment e-commerce and startups; franchising and licenses. The analysis of these different strategies revealed the diversity which each company currently participate in the Argentine-Brazilian territorial dynamics that varies in strength, power, size, relation with State of origin and use of key variables of the current period (technique with scientific and informational content, etc.) owned by each of them.

O presente trabalho estuda a atuação de organizações da sociedade civil brasileiras no Mercosul por meio de uma dupla estratégia: o uso de repertórios tradicionais de protesto/mobilização social e participação em canais institucionais de diálogo. A revisão da literatura mostra que estas duas dimensões da ação têm sido tratadas de forma fragmentada em grande parte das contribuições teóricas sobre o tema. A partir do estudo da atuação de de organizações da sociedade civil no tema da integração regional, os objetivos deste trabalho são compreender como mobilizam simultaneamente estas duas estratégias e, desta forma, contribuir com o debate na área sobre o transnacionalismo e a influência de atores não estatais no campo das Relações Internacionais. / This thesis studies the activities of Brazilian civil society organizations in Mercosur through a dual strategy: the use of traditional repertoires of protest/social mobilization and participation in institutional channels for dialogue. The literature review shows that these two dimensions of action have been treated in a fragmented way in much of the theoretical work on the issue. Based on the activities of social actors in the regional integration process, the goals of this research are to understand how these actors simultaneously mobilize those strategies, and thus to contribute to the debate on transnationalism and the influence of non-state actors in the International Relations field.

Orientador: Claudete de Castro Silva Vitte / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T15:36:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pieri_VitorStuartGabrielde_D.pdf: 6506837 bytes, checksum: cf1c51d882490ade7951678d5a1aeaa7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A referente tese de doutorado busca revelar algumas situações sui generis no processo de integração sul-americano. Ao mesmo tempo se identifica, por meio da securitização conjunta dos ativos estratégicos comuns, um movimento convergente caracterizado por geoestratégias da contenção voltadas a atores extrarregionais e, por outro lado, um processo divergente de integração regional, relacionados aos conflitos intermésticos latentes e à questões genuinamente geoeconômicas, como as assimetrias intra-bloco, às similaridades e competições em torno da pauta de exportação, à disputa pela atração de capitais financeiros e a sobreposição de acordos bilaterais e multilaterais de livre comércio com alguns países centrais. Além disso, esta tese contribui com mais duas constatações: a primeira é que o subcontinente sul-americano, apesar do aumento da cooperação militar via Conselho de Defesa Sul-Americano, não pode ser classificado como um Complexo Regional de Segurança, em razão de diversos temas relacionados, dentre outros, às militarizações das fronteiras e às diferentes definições de ameaças por parte dos países da região; outro processo revelador relaciona-se à manutenção de conflitos clássicos ou convencionais no subcontinente, mesmo a partir da década de 1990, comprovando assim, que a tese liberal de extinção dessa tipologia de conflito com o limiar da globalização, não se aplica ao caso da América do Sul / Abstract: This thesis seeks to reveal some sui generis situations in the South American integration process. At the same time identifies, through joint securitization of common strategic assets, a converging movement characterized by geo-strategic restraint focused on extra-regional actors and, on the other hand, a divergent regional integration process, related to intermestics latent conflicts as well as genuinely geo-economic issues, such as sub-regional asymmetries, the similarities and competitions around the exportation market, the dispute to attract financial capitals and the overlapping of bilateral and multilateral free trade agreements with some central countries. Moreover, this thesis aims to contribute two other things: the first is that the South American subcontinent, despite increased military cooperation via the Conselho de Defesa Sul-Americano, cannot be classified as a Regional Security Complex, due to several related issues, among others, the militarizations of borders and the different definitions of threats from countries in the region; another revealing process is related to the persistence of traditional or conventional conflicts in the subcontinent, even after the 1990s, thereby proving that the liberal theory of extinction of this typology of conflict with the emergence of globalization, does not apply to the case of South America / Doutorado / Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial / Doutor em Geografia

Orientador: André Martins Biancareli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T23:40:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cia_EliaElisaMancini_M.pdf: 1503293 bytes, checksum: 149894507c497833974fe3af096886f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Esta dissertação se insere na temática mais ampla do processo de integração da América do Sul, com foco a partir da segunda metade da década de 2000. O objeto de estudo do presente trabalho é o Banco do Sul que, lançado como um importante mecanismo de cooperação financeira, passou por um longo processo de criação e, até o fim de 2011, ainda não havia iniciado suas operações. Nesse sentido, além de analisar todo o processo de negociação do Banco do Sul, o trabalho também consiste em discutir outras importantes questões. A primeira delas é a existência de diferentes projetos financeiros regionais na América do Sul, que se refletiu em divergentes posicionamentos na fase de criação do Banco do Sul. Outra questão refere-se ao papel que os diferentes mecanismos de cooperação financeira podem assumir, sendo possível, assim, compreender os fundamentos dos impasses relativos ao Banco do Sul. Parte-se de uma análise teórica dos processos de integração regional, concluindo-se que não haveria apenas um conceito definido sobre este movimento, mas duas grandes interpretações: uma de cunho "liberal" e outra "desenvolvimentista". Enquanto a primeira concepção estaria fundamentada nas relações comerciais e na abertura financeira, na concepção desenvolvimentista, a integração envolveria múltiplas dimensões, com propostas específicas de fortalecimento da dimensão financeira na esfera regional, através da criação de mecanismos de cooperação financeira com atuação sub-regional ou regional. A análise também passa por verificar as concepções predominantes nas distintas fases do processo integracionista na América do sul, focando no período iniciado a partir de-2003, denominado de "pós-liberal". Neste contexto, explora-se a emergência de governos com propostas "anti-liberalizantes", defendendo diferentes projetos de integração para a região. Neste ponto, levantam-se as principais questões relativas às políticas externas dos países a fim de compreender qual tem sido o posicionamento dos governos em relação à integração na região, especialmente, da esfera financeira. Aprofunda-se, então, em um estudo sobre os mecanismos de cooperação financeira, apresentando-os em três frentes: os mecanismos de financiamento de curto prazo, de financiamento do desenvolvimento e da cooperação macroeconômica. O objetivo é compreender o papel a ser desempenhado pelos bancos de desenvolvimento, atuando no nível regional e sub-regional. No último capítulo, se faz uma retomada do histórico do Banco do Sul, desde sua criação até o levantamento dos principais dilemas de sua criação e das perspectivas de seu funcionamento / Abstract: This dissertation is part of the broader theme of the recent process of integration in South America, characterized by the phenomenon of "post-liberal regionalism". The study object of this work is the Bank of the South, launched as an important mechanism of financial cooperation, went through a long process of creation, and yet, has not began operations. Besides the analysis of the entire process of creation of the Bank of the South, the work also discusses other important issues. The first one is the existence of different regional financial projects in South America, reflected by different positions assumed by the governments along the creation process of Bank of the South. Another matter concerns the role that different mechanisms of financial cooperation may take, so it can be possible to understand the fundamentals of deadlocks on the Bank of the South. It starts with an analysis of the processes of regionalization of the recent period, starting from the 1980s, concluding that there are two major interpretations: a stamp of "liberal" and other "developmental". While the first perspective is based on trade relations and financial openness, the developmental one relies on multiple dimensions, with specific proposals for strengthening the financial dimension at the regional level through the creation of mechanisms for financial cooperation. The analysis also involves raising the views prevailing in the different phases of the integration process in South America, focusing on the most recent period, called "post-liberal". In this context, it explores the emergence of governments with "anti-liberal" policies, advocating different integration projects for the region. At this point, the major issues concerning the foreign policies of the countries are identified in order to understand what has been the position of governments concerning to regional integration, especially in the financial sphere. The study deepens in a study on the mechanisms of financial cooperation, presenting the financial mechanisms in three main categories: mechanisms of short-term, development financing and macroeconomic cooperation. The goal is to understand the role played by development banks, acting at the regional and subregional levels. In the last chapter, there is an historic approach of the Bank of the South in addition to a survey of the main dilemmas of its creation and the prospects for its operation / Mestrado / Ciências Economicas / Mestre em Ciências Econômicas

L’objectif de cette thèse est d’apporter une contribution sur les perspectives d’intégration régionale des territoires français du Pacifique dans le contexte international actuel, et d’identifier plus particulièrement les potentialités de développement d’activités sur les marchés extérieurs. L’émancipation des collectivités françaises en Océanie ne peut se résumer à leur éradication de la liste des dix-sept territoires à décoloniser de l’Organisation des Nations Unies (ONU). Plus généralement, l’insertion dans les flux du commerce international des îles de moins d’un million d’habitants est au cœur des enjeux du développement insulaire. Ainsi, nous tenterons de savoir si la représentation de référence des économies du Pacifique, MIRAB (Migration, Remittances, Aid, Bureaucracy), répond toujours aux défis apportés par la mondialisation. En effet, le système commercial multilatéral connaît une mutation profonde et semble engagé dans un morcellement régional de ses sphères d’influence. Depuis le début des années 2000, l’initiative des accords Pacific Island Countries Trade Agreement (PICTA) et Pacific Agreement on Closer Economic Relations (PACER) apparaît comme la première étape pour la construction d’un marché régional unique dans le Pacifique. L’Océanie compte sept millions de consommateurs répartis sur un tiers de la surface du globe. Mais l’éloignement, le faible degré d’ouverture et l’hétérogénéité des îles du Pacifique influent directement sur les politiques commerciales. En sus, en Nouvelle-Calédonie comme en Polynésie française plus de 97% des entreprises ont moins de 10 salariés. Comme dans la majorité des îles d’Océanie, le modèle économique n’est orienté que vers le marché intérieur et présente peu de compétences pour l’export. Dans ce contexte, les territoires français sont tous deux référencés comme l’un des 34 « hotspot » de la biodiversité ; leurs écosystèmes sont parmi les plus diversifiés au monde. Fort de cet avantage comparatif, la valorisation de la faune et la flore endémiques peut néanmoins prendre différentes formes : l’agriculture, le tourisme, l’extraction des ressources, la recherche scientifique. Nous tenterons de définir l’exploitation du patrimoine naturel la plus appropriée dans une logique de développement durable. / The objective of this thesis is to make a significant contribution on the prospects of regional integration of the French Pacific territories in the current international context. As well, it aims at identifying the opportunities for business development to the export market. The emancipation of the French collectivities in Oceania cannot be confined to removing them from United Nations’ list of seventeen territories to be decolonized. More generally, the integration of islands with populations of under one million into international trade flows is the key to the issues of insular development. We will therefore seek to determine whether the MIRAB (Migration, Remittances, Aid, Bureaucracy) reference model of the Pacific economies is still up to the challenges of globalization. The multilateral trading system is undergoing profound change and seems to be seeing a regional fragmentation of its spheres of influence. Since the early 2000’s, the initiative of the Pacific Island Countries Trade Agreement (PICTA) and Pacific Agreement on Closer Economic Relations (PACER) agreements would appear to be the first step towards the construction of a regional single market in the Pacific. Oceania represents a market of seven million consumers scattered over one-third of the surface area of the globe. Geographical isolation, lack of commercial openings and the heterogeneous nature of the Pacific Island economies have a direct influence on commercial policies. Furthermore, in New Caledonia as in French Polynesia 97% are very small businesses employing less than 10 people. As in most islands of Oceania, the economic model is only oriented toward the internal market and is not structured for export. In this context, the French Pacific territories are labeled as one of the 34 «hotspot » of the biodiversity; their ecosystems are amongst the most diversified in the world. Rich of this competitive advantage, the valorization of the endemic fauna and flora can take many forms: agriculture, tourism, extraction of resources, scientific research…We will try to define the most profitable exploitation of the natural heritage for a sustainable development.

Nouvel échelon de régulation intermédiaire, le droit de l'Union européenne apparaît à la fois comme le produit et le catalyseur des mouvements de territorialisation et de régionalisation de la gouvernance des espaces et des activités maritimes. Les enjeux humains, économiques et environnementaux de la sécurité maritime ont fait de son ordre juridique un théâtre privilégié de la confrontation entre les traditions libérales du monde maritime et le besoin d'une régulation par la puissance publique en vue de prévenir, limiter et indemniser les préjudices de toutes natures pouvant résulter d'un accident. La Cour de justice de l'Union européenne a ainsi proposé les termes d'une réconciliation inédite entre les principes anciens régissant les régimes de responsabilité maritime tels qu'ils sont organisés par le droit international, et les principes nouveaux du droit de l'environnement. Sous l'effet de l'intégration européenne, le droit de la prévention s'harmonise progressivement à l'échelle continentale, limitant la compétition législative que les États membres sont susceptibles de se livrer dans l'exercice de l'autorité du pavillon et de l'autorité du port. Par la coordination de la position des États européens au sein des enceintes internationales, l'Union européenne parvient à influer sur l'orientation du droit international de la sécurité maritime, et à tempérer la compétition législative externe. Faute d'une harmonisation positive, le rapprochement du droit des États membres dans le domaine de la fiscalité et de la protection sociale des gens de mer naît pour l'heure d'un alignement sur les pratiques internationales. De même, alors que l'attractivité commerciale de son marché intérieur l'y autoriserait, le législateur européen a fait jusqu'à présent un usage limité des instruments d'incitation économique. L'intégration européenne a également conduit à la création d'un cadre de coopération régional structuré autour d'une Agence de régulation spécialisée, doublé d'un rapprochement organisationnel et fonctionnel des administrations maritimes nationales, dont il résulte une homogénéisation progressive des pratiques administratives, en particulier dans le domaine de la conduite des contrôles portuaires, de l'agrément des organismes agissant au nom et pour le compte de l'État du pavillon, de la reconnaissance des formations maritimes, etc. Cette coopération confère un rayonnement externe aux exigences européennes, dont la singularisation par rapport au droit international de référence demeure toutefois stratégiquement limitée. / As a new level of regulation, European Union law appears both as the product of and catalyst for territorialisation and regionalisation of the governance of maritime spaces and activities. The human, economicand environmental challenges of maritime safety have made its legal order a privileged scene for the confrontation between the liberal traditions of the maritime sectors and the need for regulation by the public authorities with a view to preventing, limiting and compensating damages of any kind that may result from an accident. The European Court of Justice has thus proposed the terms of an unprecedented reconciliation between the traditional principles governing maritime liability regimes as organised by international law on the one handand the new principles of environmental law on the other hand. As a result of European integration, maritime safety requirements are gradually harmonizing at theregional scale, limiting the legislative competition between EU Member States while acting as flag or port authorities. By coordinating the position of EU States in international forums, the European Union succeeds in orienting international law dealing with maritime safety: it thus contributes to temper external legislativecompetition. Without a positive harmonisation in the field of taxation and social protection of seafarers, the convergence of EU Member States law results from an alignment with international practices. Similarly, whereas the commercial attractiveness of its internal market would allow it, the European legislator has so far made limited use of economic incentives. European integration has also led to the creation of a regional cooperation framework built around a dedicated regulatory Agency, in addition to an organisational and functional rapprochement of the national maritime administrations, resulting in a gradual homogenisation of European administrative practices,particularly in the field of port controls, licensing of recognized organisations acting on behalf of the flag State,mutual recognition of maritime diplomas and certificates, etc. This co-operation gives extended application to European requirements, although their singularity in relation to international law remains strategically limited.

Magister Legum - LLM / This research paper, therefore, will focus on (i) the challenges and opportunities presented by hard infrastructure and (ii) the potential scope of public-private partnerships in alleviating such challenges and responding to the opportunities. This research paper, as a secondary objective, cautions against missing an opportunity to advocate for the deployment of capital in a manner that benefits the region and gives sufficient returns to investors. Simply put, such a failure has the potential to derail the regional integration project in Southern Africa. This would translate to consumers and market participants being subjected to a finite market, less competition, higher prices and less innovation. In responding to the above analyses, this research paper undertakes a thorough study of the current legal framework and practices in SADC which allow for participation of the private sector in public-private partnerships. In this regard, this research paper will consider which between institutionalisation or the ad hoc participation of the private sector in public-private partnerships is a viable policy goal.