L’impact de la religion sur la violence demeure à ce jour ambivalent dans la littérature. D’un côté, les religions et leurs préceptes de paix sont identifiés comme des facteurs de dissuasion dans la commission d’actes violents. D’un autre côté, l’identité religieuse est historiquement décriée comme une source majeure de guerres. Cette étude propose de comparer dans 163 pays du monde l’influence sur le taux d’homicide de quatre aspects religieux : la religion principale, l’hétérogénéité religieuse, la liberté religieuse et la religiosité. Les taux d’homicide sont fournis par l’Organisation mondiale de la santé alors que les variables religieuses proviennent de sources variées. Les analyses de régressions linéaires tiennent également compte de quelques facteurs socio-économiques. Certains sont considérés dans la littérature comme des facteurs majeurs influant sur l’homicide et d’autres sont plutôt soupçonnés d’interaction sur la relation ici étudiée. Les résultats indiquent qu’il y a modérément plus d’homicides dans les pays qui présentent une forte hétérogénéité religieuse ou une faible religiosité dans la population. Par ailleurs, les pays musulmans, notamment chiites, présentent les taux d’homicide les plus bas, surpassant les pays bouddhistes et hindouistes, alors que les pays chrétiens, notamment catholiques, présentent des taux d’homicide très élevés. Ce constat s’oppose à la théorie libérale chrétienne qui démonise les États religieux musulmans. Néanmoins, l’interprétation des conclusions de cette étude invite à la prudence étant donné son aspect délicat et exploratoire. / The impact of religion on violence remains ambivalent in the litterature. On the one hand, religions and their teachings of peace or compassion are identified as deterrents in the commission of violent acts. On the other hand, religious identity has historically been criticized as a major source of violence and war. This study proposes to compare in 163 countries worldwide the impact on violence of four religious factors : religious denomination, religiosity, religious heterogeneity and religious freedom. The analysis is based on the homicide rates, supplied mainly by the World Health Organization, while religious variables are taken from various sources. Linear regression analysis also take into consideration few socio-economic factors. Some of these are considered in the literature as major factors in homicide and others are suspected of interaction in the relationship studied here. The results indicate that there is moderately more homicides in countries that have strong religious heterogeneity or low religiosity among the population. In addition, muslim countries, especially chiites, presents the lowest homicide rates, surpassing buddhist and hindu countries, while christian countries, especially catholics, have the higher homicide rates. This finding opposes the christian liberal theory that demonizes muslim religious states. Nevertheless, interpretation of findings from this study suggest caution in view of its exploratory and delicate aspect.

This thesis uses a philosophical discussion to explore the tensions that result in the meeting between universal claims and particular contexts regarding human rights and how these tensions can be mediated by exploring the right to religious freedom. In order to do this, two approaches will be studied, one liberal and one postcolonial, represented by Martha Nussbaum and Saba Mahmood respectively. In comparing the approaches of Nussbaum and Mahmood, their arguments and positions become clearer, but also the nuances of the debate between universalism and contextualism. The right to religious freedom, with its many tensions between theory and practice, has been useful in exploring what values are at stake when we talk about human rights in general and how we can think about the apparent tension between universalism and contextual sensitivity. The thesis thus shows that there are more similarities between these two approaches than it may first seem and that they are not incompatible. This is argued to provide insight into possible ways of mediating human rights between theory and practice. / Denna uppsats utgår från en filosofisk diskussion kring spänningen mellan universella anspråk och specifika sammanhang när det kommer till mänskliga rättigheter och hur dessa spänningar kan medlas utifrån en undersökning av religionsfriheten. För att åstadkomma studeras två inriktningar, den ena liberal och den andra postkolonial. Dessa inriktningar representeras av Martha Nussbaum respektive Saba Mahmood. I och med en jämförande analys mellan dessa två inriktningar är förhoppningen att deras likheter och skillnader blir tydligare, samt att nyanserna inom debatten mellan universalism och kontextualism blir tydligare. Det finns många spänningar mellan teori och praktik när det kommer till rätten till religionsfrihet och just denna rättighet är på så sätt användbar för att utforska spänningen mellan universalism och kontextualism när det kommer till mänskliga rättigheter. Denna uppsats visar därmed att det finns flera likheter mellan dessa inriktningar och att de därför inte kan anses vara oförenliga med varandra. Detta för med sig en insikt i möjligheter till att medla mänskliga rättigheter mellan teori och praktik.

This dissertation analyses the use of the word “religion” in Canadian law and theorises the consequences of its use for the legal protection of religious movements in Canada. Chapter One establishes the problems of the word “religion” in academic discourse by providing an overview of work in the field of critical religion. This dissertation considers whether the critiques of the term “religion” by scholars working within critical religion are equally relevant when considering the role of religion in human rights law. Chapter Two turns an investigative eye toward Canadian case law using the word “religion”, from Chaput v Romain (1959) to Alberta v Hutterian Brethren of Wilson Colony (2009). The analysis highlights how the use of “religion” in Canadian law does indeed reflect academic concerns. Chapter Three uses queer theory to speculate the consequences of an unstable concept of religion for the protection of religious freedom, especially as it pertains to new religious movements. Judith Butler’s notions of performativity and drag are applied to theorise the performance of “religion” and its outcomes. Some suggestions for how to proceed conclude the dissertation.

La liberté religieuse, qui représente l’un des principaux mythes fondateurs des États-Unis, est devenue un enjeu juridique et d’intérêt public majeur qui s’est renforcé au seuil du XXIe siècle. Garantie par le Premier Amendement à la Constitution fédérale, elle affirme que « le Congrès ne fera aucune loi visant l’établissement d’une religion où l’interdiction du libre exercice de celle-ci ; ou à limiter la liberté d’expression, de la presse ou le droit des citoyens de se réunir pacifiquement ou d’adresser à l’État des pétitions pour obtenir réparation de torts subis. ». Aussi, l’État se doit-il de garantir la liberté religieuse de ses citoyens (selon la célèbre clause du libre-exercice), tout en restant neutre à l’égard de toutes les religions (c’est ce que l’on appelle la clause d’établissement). Si à première vue les clauses constitutionnelles semblent claires, la formulation délibérément vague choisie par les Pères fondateurs, dont James Madison qui fut chargé de rédiger les Amendements, jette déjà les bases des débats perpétuels sur l’interprétation du rôle de l’État dans la gestion du fait religieux et plus particulièrement des limites de la liberté religieuse expressément protégée par la clause du libre-exercice, mais dont la portée demeure confuse. Lorsque la finalité de la loi ne permet pas l’intégration d’un aménagement prévoyant des clauses spécifiques à une religion, le groupe peut alors demander à être totalement exempté de l’application de la loi en question. L’exemption est donc le deuxième recours envisageable, mais contrairement à l’aménagement, elle est accordée uniquement par les juges, qui après le passage de la loi, peuvent, au nom de la clause du libre exercice, dispenser le groupe religieux ou l’individu d’observer la loi qui représente selon eux une entrave à leur liberté religieuse. Dans la grande majorité des cas, le conflit entre pratique religieuse et application de la loi donne lieu à un litige opposant l’État, représenté par le Procureur (Attorney General) au groupe en question, et donc à un procès. Ces trente dernières années, les procès pour menace à la liberté religieuse ont été plus nombreux que dans toute l’histoire du pays. Comme l’observe le sociologue des religions James Richardson, ce sont principalement les mouvements religieux minoritaires qui sont concernés par ces litiges, leurs pratiques religieuses paraissant parfois trop « déviantes » au vu de la culture protestante, dominante aux États-Unis. L’objet premier de cette thèse est donc de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension des situations de conflit entre les pratiques religieuses collectives ou individuelles d’une part, et l’exercice de l’autorité de l’État, de l’autre, sachant que ce dernier se doit de faire appliquer la loi à l’ensemble de ses citoyens, tout en veillant à protéger leurs droits constitutionnels. Afin de tenter d’apporter un éclairage sur la jurisprudence en matière de liberté religieuse, nous proposons une analyse de conflits juridiques impliquant exclusivement ce type de groupes (et non des religions dites « traditionnelles »). Dans le cadre de nos études de cas, nous avons privilégié une analyse de cinq mouvements religieux minoritaires (MRM), dont la pertinence réside principalement, à notre sens, dans leur diversité. Nous soulignerons ici que nous n’entendons pas fournir une étude exhaustive de la jurisprudence en matière de liberté religieuse, puisqu’il s’agit de ne retenir que quelques affaires qui ont jalonné l’histoire de cette chronologie façonnée de manière assez inconstante par une Cour Suprême changeante, à la fois reflet et actrice des évolutions de la société. / Religious freedom is one of United States’ major founding myths and it has become a key issue in the public sphere. The First Amendment to the US Constitution states that “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances”. Religious freedom is thus a fundamental principle protected by the first part of the Amendment called the free exercise clause while the State is prohibited from interfering with or favoring any religion. However, when a law of generally applicability is seen by an individual or a group as overlapping their religious freedom, going to trial to protect their constitutional right appears in many as the best option. The “case by case” approach by the courts, and in particular by the federal Supreme Court, as well as the lack of a coherent jurisprudence show how difficult and challenging dealing with religious freedom issues are. Indeed, beyond judging facts in the various cases the judges hear, their constant redefinitions of the boundaries of religious freedom have given them a major role in regulating religious matters. In our study, we focus on six such religious groups which have been involved in litigations and most of whom had their case heard by the US Supreme Court, in order to seek an exemption from the law and continue their otherwise illegal religious practice. After a review of the Mormons’ famous polygamy cases in the late 19th century, we move on to analyzing the litigation involving a Brazilian Church (called the Centro Espirto Beneficente Uniao do Vegetal) using an illegal substance in their sacramental tea. The child death cases involving Christian Scientists are also analyzed as they point out the question of the limits of parents’ religious rights when it comes to their children’s health. The issue of parents’ rights is further discussed in the following case studies of the Amish who can have their own community schools since the famous US Supreme Court Yoder decision in 1972, and in the case of the Twelve Tribes who have been facing accusations of child abuse and illegal child labor.

9 Summary The SSPX is a society of Roman Catholic priests, who aren't organized in any religious order, however, it's organization is similar to many religious orders. As its mission the SSPX consider the defense of a catholic priesthood, the Tridentine Mass and the true doctrine of the Church against danger, which supposedly affected the Church after the Second Vatican Council. The SSPX was established in 1970 and its center became Ecône Seminary in Switzerland. Hereafter, a wider informal group of Catholics, who were unsatisfied with an evolution of the Church, formed around the Society. The members of this group attended masses, celebrated by SSPX priests. This group had united more after a breakup between the SSPX and superiors of the Catholic church, which was caused by an illicit ordinations of a priests and following excommunication of a founder, archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, and his nearest fellows in 1988. From that point, these believers are forming to some kind of congregations similar to parishes, but which are unofficial and improvised. These activities, as well as a sacraments celebrated by SSPX priests, are unacceptable in a catholic canon law system (however, these sacraments are valid, if they were already celebrated!). The ethos of this society is conservative - both in a relation to...

The SSPX is a community of non-monastic priests with a structure similar to that of many religious orders. It was founded in 1970 by Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre. Its pro- gram is to defend traditional Catholic values against the danger supposedly represented by the reforms initiated by the Second Vatican Council. A wider community of Catholics disagreeing with developments in the Church was formed around the SSPX. Following the breakup of the SSPX with the leadership of the Church in 1988, this community gained strength and a character of a certain denomination. The Second Vatican Council (1962-1965) carried out a lot of changes, many of which have not yet been fully implemented. They concern the liturgy, pastoral care, interpretation of Scripture, and theology studies, among other issues. The common denominator of the con- ciliar reforms was to make the proclamation of Christ more comprehensible to modern man and make many things in the church consistent with the spirit of the Gospel and early Chris- tian tradition. The most significant shifts, initiated by the council, were the new approaches to ecumenism, to principle of religious freedom and to interfaith dialogue. Many circles in the Church, however, considered these changes as grinding the truths of faith; these Cath- olics began to be...

This dissertation analyses the use of the word “religion” in Canadian law and theorises the consequences of its use for the legal protection of religious movements in Canada. Chapter One establishes the problems of the word “religion” in academic discourse by providing an overview of work in the field of critical religion. This dissertation considers whether the critiques of the term “religion” by scholars working within critical religion are equally relevant when considering the role of religion in human rights law. Chapter Two turns an investigative eye toward Canadian case law using the word “religion”, from Chaput v Romain (1959) to Alberta v Hutterian Brethren of Wilson Colony (2009). The analysis highlights how the use of “religion” in Canadian law does indeed reflect academic concerns. Chapter Three uses queer theory to speculate the consequences of an unstable concept of religion for the protection of religious freedom, especially as it pertains to new religious movements. Judith Butler’s notions of performativity and drag are applied to theorise the performance of “religion” and its outcomes. Some suggestions for how to proceed conclude the dissertation.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:18:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 luiz_mesquita_filho.pdf: 609759 bytes, checksum: e7eb70d1c97922b40bb804aefbba0e8f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-15 / Brazil is a secular country, and has adopted this condition since the Republican period, which began with the 1891 Constitution. Since 1946, religious immunity has been assured to the temples of any belief, which means that churches are free of charge taxes on its assets and income tied to their core activities. Considering the above, this study discusses issues related with religious immunity, from religious secularism, with examination of Brazilian constitutions and related legislation on the subject, focusing tax administration, including the supervision and law execution. / O Brasil é um país laico, tendo adotado esta condição a partir do período republicano, iniciado com a Constituição de 1891. Desde 1946, foi assegurada a imunidade religiosa para os templos de qualquer culto, o que significa dizer que as igrejas são livres da cobrança de impostos sobre seu patrimônio, renda e serviços vinculados às suas atividades essenciais. Considerando o exposto, esta Dissertação discute problemas relacionados à imunidade religiosa, partindo da laicidade religiosa, com análise das constituições brasileiras e legislações relacionadas com o tema, tendo como foco a administração tributária, incluindo a fiscalização e execução da lei.

Submitted by Biblioteca Central (biblioteca@unicap.br) on 2017-11-29T18:29:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 jussara_rocha_koury.pdf: 976386 bytes, checksum: 7eb41aa8583b0022ac63398cf6f0900a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-29T18:29:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 jussara_rocha_koury.pdf: 976386 bytes, checksum: 7eb41aa8583b0022ac63398cf6f0900a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-07 / The aim of the present study is to analyze some aspects of the origin of religious prejudice, found in the anthropological constitution of the Brazilian people in their originating matrices – the Brazilian indigenous, the Portuguese and the Black – as well as to inquire about the formation of our popular religiosity in order to understand the violence of Brazilian religious prejudice in relation to its African matrices. To do so, we used a qualitative approach and carried out our research through literary review as we wished to investigate, as far as possible, the socio-anthropological context that resulted (and still results at present) in implicit and/or explicit intolerance to Afro-Brazilian religious expressions. We seek shelter in Darcy Ribeiro‟s work because it is, if not the most important, one of the keys to understanding the ethnic and cultural formation of the Brazilian people. Our first concern was to inquire as to why a country as plural as ours is, at the same time, a bigoted country, at all levels of social relations, including the Afro-Brazilian religious practices. What is revealed, step by step, is the role that was played by the Catholic Church in the formation of religious prejudice, particularly with relation to the religions of African and indigenous matrices. The Catholic religion, like others with Jewish-Christian roots, adopts, in her monotheistic expression, the idea of a people chosen by the Only and True God. Thus, she expresses itself with a natural attitude of superiority over other peoples, dictating thought and behavior. And so, the Brazilian people repeat as they have learned: there is salvation only in the Jewish-Christian tradition. There is no room for questioning. The vision of all people as the children of God finds no place in this discussion. Is prejudice justified in this way? No. With awareness, one can understands its roots in order to build another kind of relationship with the originating matrices of the Brazilian people, in the hope of retrieving our identity also in the religious aspect. / Nossos objetivos nesta dissertação consistem em analisar aspectos da criação do preconceito religioso, presentes na constituição antropológica do povo brasileiro a partir de suas matrizes originantes – o índio, o luso e o negro –, como também em inquirir a formação de nossa religiosidade popular para, enfim, compreender a violência do preconceito religioso brasileiro em relação a suas matrizes africanas. Para tanto, utilizamos uma abordagem qualitativa e conduzimos nossa pesquisa por meio de uma revisão literária porque quisemos investigar, o quanto possível, o contexto socioantropológico que resultou (e resulta ainda hoje) na intolerância implícita e/ou explícita às expressões religiosas afro-brasileiras. Buscamos guarida em Darcy Ribeiro por ser, senão a mais importante, uma das chaves para compreendermos a formação étnica e cultural do povo brasileiro. Nossa inquietação primeira consistiu em indagar por que um país tão plural quanto o nosso é, ao mesmo tempo, um tão país preconceituoso, em todos os níveis de relações sociais, assim como no que se refere às práticas religiosas afro-brasileiras? O que se descortinou, passo a passo, foi o papel desempenhado pela Igreja Católica na formação do preconceito religioso, com recorte em relação às religiões de matrizes africanas e indígenas. Ela, como as outras de origem judaico-cristã, assume, em sua face monoteísta, a ideia de um povo escolhido pelo Deus Único e Verdadeiro. Assim sendo, reveste-se de uma natural – assim pensa, assim se comportou – superioridade em relação aos outros povos. E, desse modo, o povo brasileiro repete tal qual aprendeu: só existe salvação na tradição judaico-cristã. Aqui não há espaço para questionamentos. E a imagem de todos serem filhos de Deus não encontra espaço em tal discurso. Justifica-se, assim, o preconceito? Não. Compreendem-se suas raízes para, a partir do conhecimento, construir-se uma outra relação com as matrizes originantes do povo brasileiro, na esperança de conquistarmos nossa identidade também no aspecto religioso.

Submitted by Biblioteca Central (biblioteca@unicap.br) on 2018-04-17T18:38:32Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Ok_regina_bezerra_gouveia.pdf: 1450346 bytes, checksum: 9e327718153b88eaa755aa5c3f15b44b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-17T18:38:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Ok_regina_bezerra_gouveia.pdf: 1450346 bytes, checksum: 9e327718153b88eaa755aa5c3f15b44b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-19 / This resarch aims to reflect the representative interface about the connections between sexual and religion, as weel as to investigate the social representations of Recife Municipal Education Network – RMER – teachers, with religious identities, around the Recife. We chose the Theory of Social Representations of Moscovici (2003) to understand the meanings shared by teachers about Sexual Diversity form the implementation of the Education Policy of Recife. We use Content Analysis, by Bardin (2011), to analyze and interpret the data in the apprenhension of responses that present possible directions for harmonizing the recurring conflicts between religion and the affirmative education of plural identities, differences and LGBT rights. The analysis of the data revealed that RS harbor contradictions and inconsistencies, in the face of sexual diversity and education policy, depending on religious beliefs. Another notable result is the high percentage of teachers who do not know the theoretical basis of Sexuality Education present in Recife's Education Policy. The results that point out some ways to solve the conflicts point out that answers from the perspective of social, human and plural need to come as much through the educational, academic and social, as through the religious way. / Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo refletir sobre a interface representativa acerca das conexões entre sexualidade e religião, bem como, investigar as representações sociais de docentes da Rede Municipal de Ensino do Recife, que promulgam identidades religiosas e suas percepções em torno da diversidade sexual, presente no espaço escolar e enquanto Política de Ensino do Recife. A Teoria das Representações Sociais de Moscovici (2003) foi escolhida para compreender os sentidos compartilhados por docentes em torno da Diversidade Sexual a partir da implementação da Política de Ensino do Recife. Como aporte teórico, utilizamos o conteúdo de Bardin (2011) para analisar e interpretar os dados na apreensão de respostas que apresentem direções possíveis para harmonizar os reincidentes conflitos entre religião e a educação afirmativa das identidades plurais, das diferenças e dos direitos LGBT. A análise dos dados revelou que as RS abrigam contradições e incoerências, diante da Diversidade Sexual e da Política de Ensino, em função das crenças religiosas. Outro resultado notório é o alto percentual de docentes que desconhecem a base teórica da Educação em Sexualidade presente na Política de Ensino do Recife. Os resultados obtidos com a pesquisa sinalizam que alguns caminhos para solucionar os conflitos indicam que respostas nas perspectivas sociais, individuais e plurais precisam vir tanto pela via educacional, acadêmica, social, quanto pela via religiosa.