Depuis ces vingt dernières années, la représentativité des organisations internationales est au cœur du débat politique sur la réforme des institutions de la gouvernance mondiale. Considérée comme un enjeu clé de leur légitimité, la représentativité apparaît à la fois comme une qualité liée au fait de « bien représenter » mais aussi comme un objet dont se saisissent les institutions pour permettre à certains acteurs d’en représenter d’autres. À partir d’une recherche menée dans le cadre de l’Organisation internationale du travail (OIT) sur une période s’étendant de 1919 à 2014, nous proposons de recourir à la notion de « valeur pratique » pour aborder cette notion polysémique et ambivalente qu’est la représentativité dans le cadre d’une organisation internationale à la fois particulière et emblématique des enjeux soulevés aujourd’hui par le problème de la représentativité. Créée en 1919, l’OIT est en effet, à la différence de toutes les autres organisations internationales du système des Nations unies et de Bretton Woods, la seule à être composée non seulement des représentants des gouvernements mais aussi des représentants des organisations syndicales de travailleurs et d’employeurs (représentation tripartite). L’OIT constitue donc un cas particulièrement intéressant pour étudier la représentativité sur le long terme à la fois au niveau des États et des acteurs non étatiques. Sur le plan méthodologique, nous défendons l’intérêt d’une démarche socio-historique qui accorde une place importante aux représentations des acteurs, sans pour autant faire l’économie de l’analyse des pratiques de représentation objectivables à travers le temps. / In the past two decades, the representativeness of international organisations has been at the heart of political debates on the reform of world governance institutions. Representativeness is key to the legitimacy of international organizations. It entails the fact of "representing well" but also constitutes a tool which the institutions use in order to make certain actors represent others. Building on empirical research on the International Labour Organisation (ILO) from 1919 to 2014, this work develops the concept of "practical value" to address the polysemous and ambivalent notion of representativeness. The case of the ILO is both particular and emblematic of the problems that representativeness poses today. Indeed, unlike the United Nations or Bretton Woods systems, the ILO, created in 1919, is the sole international organisation composed of government representatives and representatives from workers’ and employers’ unions (tripartite representation). Hence, the ILO is a particularly interesting case to study representativeness over the long term at the level of states and non-state actors. Methodologically, this work defends a socio-historical approach that gives a central place to actors’ conceptions about representativeness, while also analysing the way representational practices are objectivised through time.

[pt] A representatividade feminina em espaços de poder é uma necessidade e um direito em sociedades cujos valores democráticos são inegociáveis para se alcançar a cidadania política das mulheres. No entanto, a consagração dos direitos políticos das mulheres é atravessada por uma série de desafios e tensões que limitam a autonomia, o reconhecimento e o exercício de tais direitos, compelindo-as à mobilização e luta. Esta inquietação ensejou a pergunta que direcionou o presente trabalho de pesquisa: de que modo a violência política contra grupos vulnerabilizados, especialmente mulheres, emerge enquanto categoria mobilizada por diferentes atores sociais? A fim de respondê-la, a tese incialmente reconstrói as dinâmicas de organização e de participação política deste grupo em torno da construção do(s) movimento(s) feminista(s) brasileiros, buscando compreender como a questão da violência se tornou um vetor de articulação das agendas feministas desde a ditadura civil – militar e durante a redemocratização. Ainda, passa pela busca de nomeação do problema do assédio e da violência política a partir da experiência do ativismo latino-americano, em especial, do caso Boliviano, até a produção legislativa da primeira norma específica sobre o tema no Brasil, no âmbito da Lei número 14.192/2021, destacando como a técnica legislativa focada no aspecto punitivo e a obliteração do gênero irrompem como dimensão moral vinculada à agenda contrária aos direitos das mulheres; e se aproxima das narrativas de mulheres que fazem política no Brasil, especialmente representantes de cargos eletivos, que informam, a partir de suas experiências relatadas publicamente, os contornos e especificidades com que essas violências e assédios se apresentam. Ainda, apresento o primeiro processo judicial no âmbito da Lei número 14.192/2021, com o objetivo de demonstrar os caminhos procedimentais adotados e a recepção da justiça especializada para processar e julgar a matéria. Considero que a violência política contra as mulheres, no contexto em que abordo, é decorrente da combinação entre fatores históricos - culturais e os arranjos do sistema político-eleitoral e que se manifesta por meio de omissões, atos e/ou práticas de grupos ou indivíduos com o intuito de inviabilizar o ingresso e a permanência das mulheres nos cargos representativos. Ela emerge no Brasil como categoria mobilizada pela sociedade civil desde os relatos narrados pelas ofendidas e inspirada pelas experiências de advocacy e legislações de outros países, ao passo que a versão normativa da categoria emerge a partir do aumento dos episódios de violência em meio à conjuntura política permeada pelo extremismo bolsonarista e discursos de ódio, de modo a se constituírem mutuamente. / [en] Women s representation in spaces of power is both a necessity and a right in societies whose democratic values are non-negotiable for achieving women s political citizenship. However, the consolidation of women s political rights is crossed by a series of challenges and tensions that limit their autonomy, recognition, and the exercise of such rights, compelling women to mobilize and fight. This concern gave rise to the question that guided this research work: how does political violence against vulnerable groups, especially women, emerge as a category mobilized by different social actors? In order to answer this question, the thesis initially reconstructs the dynamics of women s organization and political participation around the construction of the Brazilian feminist movement(s), seeking to understand how the issue of violence has become a vector of articulation of feminist agendas since the civil-military dictatorship and during redemocratization. It also goes through the search for the naming of the problem of political violence since the experience of Latin American activism, especially the Bolivian case, until the legislative production of the first specific norm on the subject in Brazil, under Law number 14.192/2021, highlighting how the legislative technique focused on the punitive aspect and the obliteration of gender erupt as a moral dimension linked to the agenda contrary to women s rights; and approaches the narratives of women who do politics in Brazil, especially elected representatives, who inform, from their publicly reported experiences, the contours and specificities with which these violence and harassment present themselves. Furthermore, the analysis of the first case related to political violence referred to in Law number 14.192/21 is carried out, with the objective of demonstrating the procedural paths adopted and the reception of the specialized justice to process and judge the matter. I consider that political violence against women, in the context in which I address it, is a result of the combination of historical-cultural factors and the arrangements of the political-electoral system and that it manifests itself through omissions, acts and/or practices of groups or individuals aimed at hindering women s entry into and permanence in representative positions. It emerged in Brazil as a category mobilized by civil society from the reports narrated by the offended women and inspired by advocacy experiences and legislation in other countries. The normative version of the category emerges from the increase in episodes of violence in the midst of the political conjuncture permeated by bolsonarist extremism and hate speech.

[pt] Esta pesquisa analisa a representatividade da bancada feminina na Câmara Federal, por meio do método dedutivo, considerando duas dimensões principais: presença e ideias. O objetivo geral dessa investigação é examinar as potenciais interações entre essas duas perspectivas no âmbito do legislativo federal brasileiro. Partindo de uma abordagem feminista, a pesquisa delineia o conceito de representatividade, destacando o debate internacional em relação a construção de medidas institucionais de inclusão no cenário político que se fortaleceu a partir da década de 90. Além disso, destaca as lutas políticas articuladas pelas mulheres na conquista e expansão de seus direitos políticos no Brasil, desde a luta pelo sufrágio até a implementação das cotas eleitorais de gênero e a consolidação da bancada feminina. A pesquisa ressalta a importância de fortalecer e ampliar os direitos políticos das mulheres, enfatizando que a busca pela equidade de gênero nos espaços políticos está intrinsecamente ligada a esforços para transformar as estruturas de poder que perpetuam a injustiça e a desigualdade. / [en] This research examines the representativeness of the women s bench in the Federal Chamber through deductive methodology, considering two main dimensions: presence and ideas. The overarching aim of this investigation is to scrutinize the potential interactions between these two dimensions within the scope of the Brazilian Federal legislature. Departing from a feminist approach, the research outlines the concept of representativeness, highlighting the international discourse surrounding the construction of institutional inclusion measures in the political landscape that gained momentum from the 1990s onwards. Furthermore, it underscores the political struggles orchestrated by women in their pursuit and expansion of political rights in Brazil, spanning from the suffrage movement to the implementation of gender electoral quotas and the consolidation of the women s bench. The research underscores the significance of bolstering and broadening women s political rights, emphasizing that the quest for gender equity in political spaces is inherently tied to efforts to transform power structures that perpetuate injustice and inequality.

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Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T18:15:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elementos Pre-textuais.pdf: 189044 bytes, checksum: 745bc88512e6d6aaf54c2d072bbb5a6d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-04 / This dissertation was prepared starting from the assumption that the historical and cultural heritage built as architectural representation, consists of meanings and symbols that express the identity and historical experiences of a people, while contributing to the maintenance of the social memory. With this parameter - considering the spatial area, the urban village of the district rural municipal Guaragi, Ponta Grossa/PR (with its particularities, peculiarities and context) - the research is considered relevant to verify and analyze which one(s) to representative(s) is(are) designated to shareholders as a means of demonstrating their importance in the collective social site. Thus, for this study of the representation related to heritage was investigated, it was decided by the State School Field Dr. Munhoz da Rocha, being the equity presented analysis conditions, whereas the other local heritage, the railway station, was being rebuilt. Thus, to achieve the central objective of this research was necessary theoretical subjects about the issues involving the proposed discussion and use qualitative methodology, which helped to know that, through the acquisition of graphic representations (drawings) and the questionnaires, the significant elements that are part of the experience of local residents. From this, we sought to identify and analyze the factors affecting the reality experienced by local residents, i.e., the geographical context in relation exists in rural and urban spatial area (the village) and the historical-economical and socio-cultural factors that led the current reality. Then research turned understanding of cultural heritage, its historical construction and legislation established national forums, regional and local level as a way to support the understanding, and then analyze the data acquired from the field research, to be presented at the time that the research examines how the residents were related to the existing cultural heritage, which ones have the notion, which ones tied meanings and importance, starting with the abstract framework coming to a close and with the object that collaborated with the research, the school in question. The survey results showed that for the local population cultural heritage is linked to economic factors, through tourism, politics, the possibility of investment of rulers, historical, through the consecration of local history and memory, which ones confirms the story and makes links of symbolic significance to the local society with cultural heritage. Also found through the search result that other buildings have heritage conditions. That the rural/urban village existing in the same district gives a particular and new possibility of discussion concerning areas such as rural districts. / A presente dissertação foi elaborada partindo-se do pressuposto que o patrimônio histórico e cultural edificado, enquanto representação arquitetônica, é constituído por significados e simbologias que expressam a identidade histórica e as vivências de um povo, ao mesmo tempo em que contribui para a manutenção da memória social. Com este parâmetro — considerando o recorte espacial, a vila urbana do distrito rural municipal de Guaragi, Ponta Grossa/PR (com suas especificidades, peculiaridades e contextos) — a pesquisa considerou relevante verificar e analisar qual(is) a(s) representatividade(s) esta(ão) designada(s) ao patrimônio como forma de ratificar sua importância no coletivo social local. Desta forma, para que o estudo sobre a representatividade relacionada ao patrimônio fosse investigado, optou-se pelo Colégio Estadual do Campo Dr. Munhoz da Rocha, por ser o patrimônio que apresentou condições de análise, visto que o outro patrimônio local, a estação ferroviária, estava sendo reconstruída. Com isso, para alcançar o objetivo central foi necessário realizar a revisão teórica acerca dos temas que envolvem a discussão proposta e recorrer a metodologia qualitativa que proporcionou conhecer, mediante a aquisição de representações gráficas (desenhos) e da aplicação dos questionários, os elementos significativos que fazem parte da vivência dos moradores locais. A partir disto, buscou-se conhecer e analisar os elementos condicionantes da realidade vivenciada pelos moradores locais, ou seja, o contexto geográfico na relação rural e urbana existente no recorte espacial (a vila) e os fatores histórico-econômicos e socioculturais que a conduziram a realidade atual. Em seguida a pesquisa se voltou a compreensão do patrimônio cultural, sua construção histórica e legislação constituída nas instâncias nacional, regional e local como forma de subsidiar a compreensão, para então analisar os dados adquiridos a partir da pesquisa de campo, que será apresentado no momento em que a pesquisa analisa como os moradores se relacionavam com os patrimônio culturais existentes, qual noção possuem, quais significados e importância vinculavam, iniciando pelo âmbito abstrato e findando com o objeto que colaborou com a pesquisa, o colégio em questão. Os resultados da pesquisa demonstraram que para os moradores locais o patrimônio cultural está vinculado a fatores econômicos, através do turismo, político, pela possibilidade de investimentos dos governantes, histórico, através da consagração da história local e pela memória, que ratifica a história e faz os elos de significação simbólica da sociedade local para com o patrimônio cultural. Também constatou através do resultado da pesquisa que outras edificações possuem condições de serem patrimoniadas. Que a relação rural/urbana existente na vila distrital dá a mesma uma particularidade e nova possibilidade de discussão referente a espaços como o dos distritos rurais.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-11-01T11:02:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marina da Silva Bordin_.pdf: 2144079 bytes, checksum: 2ccee015d2de440beeda23a7584c7df5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-01T11:02:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marina da Silva Bordin_.pdf: 2144079 bytes, checksum: 2ccee015d2de440beeda23a7584c7df5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-05 / Nenhuma / Este trabalho tem como principal objetivo analisar, à luz das boas práticas de governança, a participação e a representatividade dos associados nos núcleos pesquisados e, a partir dos resultados, propor ações. O método de investigação escolhido nesta pesquisa descritiva-exploratória é o estudo de caso, de abordagem quantitativa, através de questionário respondido por 674 associados de núcleos do Programa Sicredi Pertencer. As questões foram construídas a partir de sete categorias advindas do referencial teórico: perfil; convocação, realização e ata da assembleia; votação e eleição; documentos para deliberação; educação para associados; participação; representatividade. As respostas dos questionários foram organizadas em excel e importadas para o software IBM SPSS, a fim de gerar tabelas e realizar testes de hipóteses. Foi utilizada estatística descritiva, nomeadamente a determinação de frequências, percentagens, médias e desvio padrão. Para se identificar correlações entre algumas variáveis, utilizou-se o teste do Qui-Quadrado, com nível de significância de (p = 0,05) e para se determinar a diferença entre as médias das respostas em duas variáveis utilizou-se o teste-t, com nível de significância de (p = 0,05). A partir da análise dos resultados da pesquisa para cada categoria, observou-se que há diferenças significativas entre os núcleos, o que fez com que as oportunidades de melhoria fossem direcionadas, explicitando-se os núcleos com mais necessidade de desenvolvimento. Duas sugestões provenientes deste trabalho já foram implementadas: a construção do perfil dos núcleos do Sicredi e o desenvolvimento do nucleômetro, uma ferramenta que objetiva instrumentalizar o Delegado de Núcleo para desempenhar o seu papel, bem como engajar os associados em reuniões de núcleo a participar mais ativamente do desenvolvimento da sua Cooperativa. Duas sugestões estão em avaliação: a utilização do CRM como impulsionador de boas práticas de governança e a introdução do conceito de Giro de Núcleo, objetivando realizar esforços para que associados que já possuem um bom nível de relacionamento (utilização de produtos e serviços) com a cooperativa, mas que ainda não participaram de nenhum encontro com associados, participem de pelo menos um encontro. A pesquisa também concluiu que as Cooperativas têm oportunidade de melhorias em relação a dar acesso e oportunizar a participação dos associados, pois na maioria das vezes eles tendem a aproveitar a boa prática implementada. Não foi possível assegurar as hipóteses de que associados de Cooperativa mais antiga são mais participativos nem de que associados de cidades menores são mais participativos. / This study is meant to examine the good governance practices, participation and representativeness of members in surveyed core groups, and from the results propose actions. The research method chosen in this descriptive and exploratory research is a case study with a quantitative approach, through a questionnaire answered by 674 members of the Sicredi Pertencer Program. The questions were defined from seven categories, which resulted from the theoretical framework: profile; call notice, the meeting and the minute; voting and election; documents for deliberation; education for members; participation; representativeness. The survey answers were imported into IBM SPSS software in order to generate tables, and perform hypothesis testing. It was used the descriptive statistics, namely the determination of frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations. In order to identify correlations among variables, it was used the chi-square, with significance level (p = 0.05), and to determine the difference among the average response in two variables, it was used the test-t, with level of significance (p = 0.05). From the analysis of the survey results for each category, it was observed that there are significative differences among the core groups, which made the improvement opportunities being able to be directed, that explained the core groups most in need of development. Two suggestions from this work have already been implemented: the construction of the profile of the Core Groups of Sicredi and the development of the Core Group Meter (a tool to support the Core Group’s leader to play its role and to engage members in the meetings to participate actively in the Credit Union’s development). Two suggestions are being reviewed: using CRM as a driver of good governance practices and the introduction of the concept of Core Group Turnover, aiming to make efforts to the members, whom already have a good relationship level (use of goods and services) with the credit union, but have not yet participated in any meeting with members, to participate in at least one meeting. The survey also found that unions have the opportunity to improvement to give access and create opportunities for member’s participation, because most of the time, they tend to take benefit from the good practice implemented. It was not possible to secure the chances of neither the old Cooperative members being more participative nor the members from smaller cities.

<p>The variety of fish species found at the archaeological sites indicates the exploitation of local and regional ecosystems. The focus of the fisheries varies from site to site. </p><p> The study is based on the analyses of faunal materials from 10 archaeological sites from Eastern Middle Sweden, Gotland, and Åland dating to approximately 3800 – 1850 B.C. The mainland assemblages are mainly burnt and highly fragmented. When comparing burnt and unburnt bone materials, results showed a marked predominance of fish specimens within the unburnt assemblages. The burnt bone materials showed a striking preponderance of marine mammals. The burning process impairs identification and quantification of fishbone. Species presence per context complemented summary data and showed that low and medium frequency species were handled more often than summary data indicate. Intra-site studies of burnt bones demonstrated the importance of detailed studies of the taphonomic history of the faunal assemblages.</p><p> At Ajvide on the island of Gotland, large amounts of well preserved unburnt faunal remains, and ca. 600 bone fishhooks have been unearthed. Replicas of fishhooks from this assemblage were subjected to strength test, osteometric, morphological, and breakage studies. Results point to an elaborated fishing technology for capturing medium sized cod. Incremental studies of cod otoliths (ear stones) from Ajvide showed that most cod were captured in fall and winter. A comparison with the contemporaneous Jettböle site on the Åland islands, showed that in general smaller cod and herring were captured there. </p><p> The ecological conditions were somewhat different during the Neolithic. The growth pattern for cod indicate a more rapid growth for young cod but with a lower asymptotic length compared to modern cod.</p>

The variety of fish species found at the archaeological sites indicates the exploitation of local and regional ecosystems. The focus of the fisheries varies from site to site. The study is based on the analyses of faunal materials from 10 archaeological sites from Eastern Middle Sweden, Gotland, and Åland dating to approximately 3800 – 1850 B.C. The mainland assemblages are mainly burnt and highly fragmented. When comparing burnt and unburnt bone materials, results showed a marked predominance of fish specimens within the unburnt assemblages. The burnt bone materials showed a striking preponderance of marine mammals. The burning process impairs identification and quantification of fishbone. Species presence per context complemented summary data and showed that low and medium frequency species were handled more often than summary data indicate. Intra-site studies of burnt bones demonstrated the importance of detailed studies of the taphonomic history of the faunal assemblages. At Ajvide on the island of Gotland, large amounts of well preserved unburnt faunal remains, and ca. 600 bone fishhooks have been unearthed. Replicas of fishhooks from this assemblage were subjected to strength test, osteometric, morphological, and breakage studies. Results point to an elaborated fishing technology for capturing medium sized cod. Incremental studies of cod otoliths (ear stones) from Ajvide showed that most cod were captured in fall and winter. A comparison with the contemporaneous Jettböle site on the Åland islands, showed that in general smaller cod and herring were captured there. The ecological conditions were somewhat different during the Neolithic. The growth pattern for cod indicate a more rapid growth for young cod but with a lower asymptotic length compared to modern cod.

Studien undersöker om och i så fall hur rekryteringsprocessen är en bidragande mekanism till fortlevnad av vertikal- och horisontell segregering. Studien genomförs i fem av Göteborgs Stads stadsdelsförvaltningar och belyser hur könsfördelningen och rekryteringen ser ut vid chefsrekrytering i kommunen. Vi har även intervjuat respondenter från den fackliga organisationen Vision Göteborg och processledaren för rekryteringsprocessen från Stadsledningskontoret.Vi utgår från forskningsfrågor om könsfördelningen, regler och policys, och bidragande faktorer till könsmönster. I referensramen behandlas teorier om homosocialitet, psykometriska- och sociala ansatsen, glastak, manliga- och kvinnliga egenskaper, könskodade yrken, positiv särbehandling samt Svenska lagar om diskriminering. Vi har genomfört semistrukturerade intervjuer med sju respondenter. Med hjälp av vår referensram skapar vi intervjufrågor där vi sedan i analysen kopplar respondenternas svar till teorier som vi presenterat tidigare, vi jämför teorin med praktiken.Studien visar att det finns skilda meningar bland respondenterna om det förekommer könsmönster eller inte i Göteborgs Stad. Vår kvantitativa forskning visar att andelen kvinnor på chefsposter inte är tillräcklig för att bidra till representativitet. / The study investigates whether, and if so, how the recruitment process is a contributing mechanism for the survival of vertical and horizontal segregation. The study is conducted in five of the City of Gothenburgs administrations districts and highlights how gender distribution in the recruitment of executives appears in the municipality. We also interviewed respondents from the trade union organization Vision Gothenburg and the process manager for the recruitment process from the City Executive Office.Our research questions are about gender balance, the framework addressed theories of homosociality, psycometric and social approach, glass roof, male- and female characteristics, gender-coded professions, affirmative action and Swedish laws about discrimination. We conducted semi-structured interviews with seven respondents. Using our framework, we create interview questions where we in the analysis linking the respondents' answers to the theories that we presented earlier, we compare theory with practice.The study shows that there are different opinions among the respondents if there are gender patterns or not the City of Gothenburg. Our quantitative research shows that the proportion of women in executive posts is not enough to contribute to representativeness.