As áreas protegidas são consideradas pilares para estratégias de conservação da diversidade biológica. Presume-se que a distribuição destas áreas representa a proteção de espécies e ecossistemas. Dentre as 20 metas globais para a redução da perda de biodiversidade, a Meta 11 de áreas protegidas estabelece, dentre outros aspectos, que 17% das áreas terrestres devem ser cobertas por sistemas de áreas protegidas ecologicamente representativos, efetivos, conectados e integrados a paisagens terrestres mais amplas. Neste estudo avaliou-se a representatividade ecológica, a efetividade e a integração a paisagens mais amplas do sistema de unidades de conservação, e perspectivas para subsidiar a sua ampliação no bioma Pampa. Além das unidades de conservação stricto senso, em parte das análises também foram considerados os sistemas complementares de terras indígenas e mecanismos de preservação em propriedades rurais definidos pela Lei de Proteção da Vegetação Nativa. A avaliação da representatividade foi feita considerando o Pampa (nível nacional) e também os 11 sistemas ecológicos presentes no bioma (nível regional). Foram levantadas 53 unidades de conservação no Pampa, com cobertura total de 3,23% do bioma Os mecanismos de preservação em propriedades rurais têm potencial de ampliar o sistema de áreas protegidas para até 9,64%, porém ainda depende de validação do órgão ambiental. O percentual protegido por unidades de conservação nos sistemas ecológicos variou entre 0% e 17,76%, sendo que nove dos 11 sistemas possuem menos de 3% em unidades de conservação. Os dados indicaram que as unidades são relativamente efetivas, pois 64% delas mantiveram ou recuperaram sua cobertura de vegetação nativa. As análises sugerem ainda, que a efetividade associada à cobertura vegetal no interior das unidades possui uma relação com a dinâmica no seu entorno. De forma geral, as unidades sofrem influência das alterações no uso da terra em suas adjacências. Para manutenção da efetividade da unidade de conservação, a unidade deve ser manejada considerando essas influências do entorno. Na perspectiva de ampliação do sistema, o esforço para conservação deve ser centrado na criação de novas unidades de conservação e diversificação de categorias. Os dados aqui obtidos indicam que o Pampa dificilmente alcançará a meta de 17% em um sistema de áreas protegidas ecologicamente representativo até 2020. / Protected areas are considered cornerstones for biodiversity conservation strategies. It is presumed that the distribution of these areas represents the protection of species and ecosystems. Among the 20 global targets for reducing biodiversity loss, Target 11 establishes that 17% of land areas must be covered by ecologically representative, effective and connected systems integrated to wider terrestrial landscapes, among other aspects. This study assessed ecological representativeness, effectiveness, and integration of protected area system, into wider landscapes of the Pampa biome. Perspectives to subsidize protected area expansion were also considered here. The representativeness assessment was made by considering the Pampa (national level) and also the 11 ecological systems present in the biome (regional level). Complementary systems of indigenous lands and mechanisms of preservation in rural properties defined by the Law of Protection of Native Vegetation was considered for the national level. Fifty-three protected areas were found in Pampa, with a total coverage of 3.23% of the biome Preservation mechanisms on rural properties have the potential to extend Pampa protected area system to up to 9.64%, but still depend on the environmental agencies validation. The percentage protected by protected areas in ecological systems ranged from zero to 17.76%, and nine of the 11 systems have less than 3% in protected areas. Data indicated that protected areas are relatively effective since 64% of them maintained or recovered their native vegetation cover. Data also indicated that protected area effectiveness has a relation to the dynamics in its surroundings regarding land use and vegetation cover. It is possible to affirm that Pampa protected areas are influenced by changes in land use in their vicinity. Protected areas must be managed considering these environmental influences to maintain their effectiveness. In perspective of expansion of the protected area system, the effort for conservation should be centered on the establishment of new protected areas with the diversification of management categories and in ecological systems with low percentages of protected areas cover. Data obtained here indicates that Pampa is unlikely to reach the 17% target in an ecologically representative protected area system by 2020.

Magister Legum - LLM (Criminal Justice and Procedure) / As states continue to rapidly transition from conflict or autocracy to democracy, there has been need to address past gross human rights violations. To address these past egregious violations, transitioning countries often relied on immunities and prosecutions. However, prosecutions and amnesties presented several challenges that necessitated a recourse to truth and reconciliation commissions (hereafter TRCs). Since then, TRCs have evolved to be an essential accountability mechanism in transitional justice. Given the important role that TRCs play in transitioning countries, the composition of TRCs should be of credible character in the eye of the public. The selected and appointed truth commissioners (hereafter commissioners) play a key role in the truth-finding process and the importance of having a constraint-free and reliable work plan of selecting these commissioners cannot be overestimated. However, in practice the selection and appointment of the commissioners has proven to be a challenging exercise.

Magister Legum - LLM (Criminal Justice and Procedure) / As states continue to rapidly transition from conflict or autocracy to democracy, there has been need to address past gross human rights violations. To address these past egregious violations, transitioning countries often relied on immunities and prosecutions. However, prosecutions and amnesties presented several challenges that necessitated a recourse to truth and reconciliation commissions (hereafter TRCs). Since then, TRCs have evolved to be an essential accountability mechanism in transitional justice.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:53:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnnaCCG_DISSERT.pdf: 494354 bytes, checksum: cc3884ea40667a786d041d6af02a9d7f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-16 / The Behavioral Finance develop as it is perceived anomalies in these markets efficient. This fields of study can be grouped into three major groups: heuristic bias, tying the shape and inefficient markets. The present study focuses on issues concerning the heuristics of representativeness and anchoring. This study aimed to identify the then under-reaction and over-reaction, as well as the existence of symmetry in the active first and second line of the Brazilian stock market. For this, it will be use the Fuzzy Logic and the indicators that classify groups studied from the Discriminant Analysis. The highest present, indicator in the period studied, was the Liabilities / Equity, demonstrating the importance of the moment to discriminate the assets to be considered "winners" and "losers." Note that in the MLCX biases over-reaction is concentrated in the period of financial crisis, and in the remaining periods of statistically significant biases, are obtained by sub-reactions. The latter would be in times of moderate levels of uncertainty. In the Small Caps the behavioral responses in 2005 and 2007 occur in reverse to those observed in the Mid-Large Cap. Now in times of crisis would have a marked conservatism while near the end of trading on the Bovespa speaker, accompanied by an increase of negotiations, there is an overreaction by investors. The other heuristics in SMLL occurred at the end of the period studied, this being a under-reaction and the other a over-reaction and the second occurring in a period of financial-economic more positive than the first. As regards the under / over-reactivity in both types, there is detected a predominance of either, which probably be different in the context in MLCX without crisis. For the period in which such phenomena occur in a statistically significant to note that, in most cases, such phenomena occur during the periods for MLCX while in SMLL not only biases are less present as there is no concentration of these at any time . Given the above, it is believed that while detecting the presence of bias behavior at certain times, these do not tend to appear to a specific type or heuristics and while there were some indications of a seasonal pattern in Mid- Large Caps, the same behavior does not seem to be repeated in Small Caps. The tests would then suggest that momentary failures in the Efficient Market Hypothesis when tested in semistrong form as stated by Behavioral Finance. This result confirms the theory by stating that not only rationality, but also human irrationality, is limited because it would act rationally in many circumstances / As Finan?as Comportamentais desenvolvem-se ? medida em que s?o percebidas anomalias nos ditos mercados eficientes. Seus campos de estudos podem ser reunidos em tr?s grandes grupos: vi?s heur?stico, subordina??o a forma e mercados ineficientes. O presente estudo foca-se em quest?es relativas ?s heur?sticas da representatividade e do ancoramento. O presente trabalho objetivou ent?o identificar a sub-rea??o e sobre-rea??o, assim como a exist?ncia de simetria nos ativos de primeira e segunda linha do mercado acion?rio brasileiro. Para tal foi utilizada a L?gica Fuzzy e os indicadores que classificam os grupos, estudados a partir da An?lise Discriminante. O ?ndice mais presente, nos per?odos estudados, foi o de Exig?vel/Patrim?nio L?quido, demonstrando a import?ncia deste no momento de discriminar os ativos a serem considerados vencedores e perdedores . Nota-se na MLCX que os vieses de sobre-rea??o se concentram no per?odo da crise financeira, sendo que nos demais per?odos, de vieses significantes estatisticamente, s?o obtidas sub-rea??es. Estas ?ltimas se dariam em momentos de n?veis moderados de incertezas. Nas Small Caps as rea??es comportamentais em 2005 e 2007 ocorrem de forma inversa ?s observadas nas Mid-Large Caps. Agora em momentos de crise ter-se-ia um marcado conservadorismo enquanto que nas proximidades do fim do preg?o viva-voz da Bovespa, acompanhado do aumento das negocia??es realizadas, nota-se uma rea??o excessiva por parte dos investidores. As demais heur?sticas nas SMLL ocorreram no final do per?odo em estudo, sendo esta uma de sub e outra de sobre-rea??o e a segunda ocorrendo em um per?odo financeiro-econ?mico mais positivo que a primeira. No que diz respeito a sub/sobre-rea??o em ambos tipos, n?o se detecta a predomin?ncia de nenhum destes, fato que provavelmente seria diferente nas MLCX em um contexto sem crise. Quanto ao per?odo em que tais fen?menos se d?o de forma significante estatisticamente notase que, em sua maioria, tais fen?menos ocorrem nos ?ltimos per?odos para as MLCX enquanto nas SMLL n?o apenas os vieses s?o menos presentes como tamb?m n?o h? concentra??o destes em nenhum per?odo. Diante do exposto, acredita-se que, embora detectese a presen?a de vieses comportamentais em certos per?odos, estes n?o aparentam tender a um tipo espec?fico de heur?stica ou e embora existam alguns ind?cios de uma sazonalidade nas Mid-Lage Caps, este mesmo comportamento n?o parece se repetir nas Small Caps. Os testes realizados sugerem ent?o que haveriam falhas moment?neas na Hip?tese de Mercados Eficientes quando testada em sua forma semi-forte conforme afirmado pelas Finan?as Comportamentais. Este resultado corrobora com a teoria ao afirmar que n?o apenas a racionalidade, mas tamb?m a irracionalidade humana, ? limitada, pois agir-se-ia racionalmente em in?meras circunst?ncias

As áreas protegidas são consideradas pilares para estratégias de conservação da diversidade biológica. Presume-se que a distribuição destas áreas representa a proteção de espécies e ecossistemas. Dentre as 20 metas globais para a redução da perda de biodiversidade, a Meta 11 de áreas protegidas estabelece, dentre outros aspectos, que 17% das áreas terrestres devem ser cobertas por sistemas de áreas protegidas ecologicamente representativos, efetivos, conectados e integrados a paisagens terrestres mais amplas. Neste estudo avaliou-se a representatividade ecológica, a efetividade e a integração a paisagens mais amplas do sistema de unidades de conservação, e perspectivas para subsidiar a sua ampliação no bioma Pampa. Além das unidades de conservação stricto senso, em parte das análises também foram considerados os sistemas complementares de terras indígenas e mecanismos de preservação em propriedades rurais definidos pela Lei de Proteção da Vegetação Nativa. A avaliação da representatividade foi feita considerando o Pampa (nível nacional) e também os 11 sistemas ecológicos presentes no bioma (nível regional). Foram levantadas 53 unidades de conservação no Pampa, com cobertura total de 3,23% do bioma Os mecanismos de preservação em propriedades rurais têm potencial de ampliar o sistema de áreas protegidas para até 9,64%, porém ainda depende de validação do órgão ambiental. O percentual protegido por unidades de conservação nos sistemas ecológicos variou entre 0% e 17,76%, sendo que nove dos 11 sistemas possuem menos de 3% em unidades de conservação. Os dados indicaram que as unidades são relativamente efetivas, pois 64% delas mantiveram ou recuperaram sua cobertura de vegetação nativa. As análises sugerem ainda, que a efetividade associada à cobertura vegetal no interior das unidades possui uma relação com a dinâmica no seu entorno. De forma geral, as unidades sofrem influência das alterações no uso da terra em suas adjacências. Para manutenção da efetividade da unidade de conservação, a unidade deve ser manejada considerando essas influências do entorno. Na perspectiva de ampliação do sistema, o esforço para conservação deve ser centrado na criação de novas unidades de conservação e diversificação de categorias. Os dados aqui obtidos indicam que o Pampa dificilmente alcançará a meta de 17% em um sistema de áreas protegidas ecologicamente representativo até 2020. / Protected areas are considered cornerstones for biodiversity conservation strategies. It is presumed that the distribution of these areas represents the protection of species and ecosystems. Among the 20 global targets for reducing biodiversity loss, Target 11 establishes that 17% of land areas must be covered by ecologically representative, effective and connected systems integrated to wider terrestrial landscapes, among other aspects. This study assessed ecological representativeness, effectiveness, and integration of protected area system, into wider landscapes of the Pampa biome. Perspectives to subsidize protected area expansion were also considered here. The representativeness assessment was made by considering the Pampa (national level) and also the 11 ecological systems present in the biome (regional level). Complementary systems of indigenous lands and mechanisms of preservation in rural properties defined by the Law of Protection of Native Vegetation was considered for the national level. Fifty-three protected areas were found in Pampa, with a total coverage of 3.23% of the biome Preservation mechanisms on rural properties have the potential to extend Pampa protected area system to up to 9.64%, but still depend on the environmental agencies validation. The percentage protected by protected areas in ecological systems ranged from zero to 17.76%, and nine of the 11 systems have less than 3% in protected areas. Data indicated that protected areas are relatively effective since 64% of them maintained or recovered their native vegetation cover. Data also indicated that protected area effectiveness has a relation to the dynamics in its surroundings regarding land use and vegetation cover. It is possible to affirm that Pampa protected areas are influenced by changes in land use in their vicinity. Protected areas must be managed considering these environmental influences to maintain their effectiveness. In perspective of expansion of the protected area system, the effort for conservation should be centered on the establishment of new protected areas with the diversification of management categories and in ecological systems with low percentages of protected areas cover. Data obtained here indicates that Pampa is unlikely to reach the 17% target in an ecologically representative protected area system by 2020.

This paper proposes a reception research about advertisements that approach homoaffective content in their campaigns, especially ones broadcasted on television, and its role in identity construction and in fighting homophobia. According to the Cultural Studies approach, mainly the latin-american theoretical-methodological work of Jesús Martín-Barbero. This research aims to verify the perception of young audiences about advertisements that features homosexual content, for that reason we did a theoretical survey about the way in which those individuals are represented in Brazilian cinema, soap operas and advertisements. A qualitative study of reception was carried with heterosexuals and homosexuals of different levels of education, of different social classes, between 18 and 24 years old living in the city of Aracaju, Sergipe. The techniques used to collect the data were a questionnaire and a in-depth interview, with the questionnaire being the first part of the research and the interview the second one. This we verified how young people think about homosexuals represented in advertisements and in society. We found two main troublesome factors for the young people who do not agree with the presence of gay couples in advertising pieces, they are religion and sexism. / Este trabalho propõe uma pesquisa de recepção sobre as peças publicitarias que abordam em suas campanhas conteúdos homoafetivos, veiculados principalmente na televisão e o seu papel na luta contra a homofobia e na formação de identidade. De acordo com a vertente dos Estudos Culturais, principalmente a perspectiva teórico-metodológica latino-americana das mediações de Jesús Martín-Barbero. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é verificar qual a percepção da audiência jovem acerca das produções publicitárias que apresentam em seu conteúdo referências a homoafetividade, por isso buscamos fazer um levantamento teórico sobre a maneira com que esses indivíduos são representados no cinema, nas novelas brasileiras e na publicidade. Metodologicamente, foi realizado um estudo de recepção, qualitativo, com jovens heterossexuais e homossexuais de diferentes níveis de escolaridade de classes sociais diferentes, entre 18 e 24 anos que residem na cidade de Aracaju, Sergipe. As técnicas utilizadas para coletar os dados foram o questionário e a entrevista em profundidade, sendo o questionário responsável pela primeira parte da pesquisa e a entrevista pela segunda. Dessa forma verificamos como os jovens enxergam os homossexuais que são representados nas propagandas e na sociedade. Encontramos dois fatores principais de incomodo por parte dos jovens que não concordam com a presença de casais gays em peças publicitárias, são eles a religião e o machismo. / São Cristóvão, SE

La loi du 20 août 2008 portant rénovation de la démocratie sociale a institué un nouveaumode de reconnaissance de la représentativité syndicale. Cette réforme a renouvelé les critères de lareprésentativité syndicale dont l’audience électorale des organisations syndicales aux électionsprofessionnelles constitue le socle. Dès lors, la représentativité syndicale n’est plus déterminée par unschéma descendant du niveau national et interprofessionnel vers les branches et les entreprises maispar un système ascendant dont le point de départ est l’entreprise. Ce changement a créé non seulementun lien entre les organisations syndicales et la communauté de travail mais également un lien entre lesreprésentants syndicaux et la communauté de travail dont le vote des salariés constitue le principalfondement. Désormais, la reconnaissance des périmètres des institutions représentatives élues dupersonnel conditionne ceux d’appréciation de la représentativité syndicale. Ainsi, l’enchevêtrementdes établissements distincts pour la mise en place des institutions représentatives élues du personnelrend délicate l’appréciation de la représentativité syndicale dans les entreprises à structure complexe.Face aux nouveaux enjeux liés à la reconnaissance de ces périmètres, l’employeur et les représentantsdes organisations syndicales pourraient être amenés à les instrumentaliser dans ce type d’entreprise.A ce titre, nous confronterons les dispositions de la loi du 20 août 2008, telles que réceptionnées par lajurisprudence, avec les garanties qu’elles apportent pour la préservation des liens précédemmentévoqués dans les entreprises à structure complexe. / The law of 20 August 2008 on renewing social democracy has established a new way ofrecognition of trade union representativeness. This reform has renewed the criteria for trade unionrepresentativeness whose the number of votes for trade unions in personnel representative bodies is thefoundation. Therefore, trade union representativeness is no longer determined by a top-down approachfrom national level to branch and company level, but by a bottom-up system where the starting point isthe company. This change has created not only a link between trade unions and the workingcommunity, but also a link between union representatives and the working community whose vote isthe main foundation. Now, the recognition of the boundaries of the elected personnel representativebodies determines where trade union representativeness will be appreciated. Thus, the tangle ofseparate institutions for the establishment of elected personnel representative bodies makes nuancedappreciation of union representativeness in the complex-structure companies. Faced with newchallenges related to the recognition of these boundaries, the social partners could be asked to exploitthem in this type of companies. As such, we will confront the law of 20 August 2008, as interpreted bycase law, with the guarantees they provide for the preservation of the links mentioned above incomplex-structure companies.

As áreas protegidas são consideradas pilares para estratégias de conservação da diversidade biológica. Presume-se que a distribuição destas áreas representa a proteção de espécies e ecossistemas. Dentre as 20 metas globais para a redução da perda de biodiversidade, a Meta 11 de áreas protegidas estabelece, dentre outros aspectos, que 17% das áreas terrestres devem ser cobertas por sistemas de áreas protegidas ecologicamente representativos, efetivos, conectados e integrados a paisagens terrestres mais amplas. Neste estudo avaliou-se a representatividade ecológica, a efetividade e a integração a paisagens mais amplas do sistema de unidades de conservação, e perspectivas para subsidiar a sua ampliação no bioma Pampa. Além das unidades de conservação stricto senso, em parte das análises também foram considerados os sistemas complementares de terras indígenas e mecanismos de preservação em propriedades rurais definidos pela Lei de Proteção da Vegetação Nativa. A avaliação da representatividade foi feita considerando o Pampa (nível nacional) e também os 11 sistemas ecológicos presentes no bioma (nível regional). Foram levantadas 53 unidades de conservação no Pampa, com cobertura total de 3,23% do bioma Os mecanismos de preservação em propriedades rurais têm potencial de ampliar o sistema de áreas protegidas para até 9,64%, porém ainda depende de validação do órgão ambiental. O percentual protegido por unidades de conservação nos sistemas ecológicos variou entre 0% e 17,76%, sendo que nove dos 11 sistemas possuem menos de 3% em unidades de conservação. Os dados indicaram que as unidades são relativamente efetivas, pois 64% delas mantiveram ou recuperaram sua cobertura de vegetação nativa. As análises sugerem ainda, que a efetividade associada à cobertura vegetal no interior das unidades possui uma relação com a dinâmica no seu entorno. De forma geral, as unidades sofrem influência das alterações no uso da terra em suas adjacências. Para manutenção da efetividade da unidade de conservação, a unidade deve ser manejada considerando essas influências do entorno. Na perspectiva de ampliação do sistema, o esforço para conservação deve ser centrado na criação de novas unidades de conservação e diversificação de categorias. Os dados aqui obtidos indicam que o Pampa dificilmente alcançará a meta de 17% em um sistema de áreas protegidas ecologicamente representativo até 2020. / Protected areas are considered cornerstones for biodiversity conservation strategies. It is presumed that the distribution of these areas represents the protection of species and ecosystems. Among the 20 global targets for reducing biodiversity loss, Target 11 establishes that 17% of land areas must be covered by ecologically representative, effective and connected systems integrated to wider terrestrial landscapes, among other aspects. This study assessed ecological representativeness, effectiveness, and integration of protected area system, into wider landscapes of the Pampa biome. Perspectives to subsidize protected area expansion were also considered here. The representativeness assessment was made by considering the Pampa (national level) and also the 11 ecological systems present in the biome (regional level). Complementary systems of indigenous lands and mechanisms of preservation in rural properties defined by the Law of Protection of Native Vegetation was considered for the national level. Fifty-three protected areas were found in Pampa, with a total coverage of 3.23% of the biome Preservation mechanisms on rural properties have the potential to extend Pampa protected area system to up to 9.64%, but still depend on the environmental agencies validation. The percentage protected by protected areas in ecological systems ranged from zero to 17.76%, and nine of the 11 systems have less than 3% in protected areas. Data indicated that protected areas are relatively effective since 64% of them maintained or recovered their native vegetation cover. Data also indicated that protected area effectiveness has a relation to the dynamics in its surroundings regarding land use and vegetation cover. It is possible to affirm that Pampa protected areas are influenced by changes in land use in their vicinity. Protected areas must be managed considering these environmental influences to maintain their effectiveness. In perspective of expansion of the protected area system, the effort for conservation should be centered on the establishment of new protected areas with the diversification of management categories and in ecological systems with low percentages of protected areas cover. Data obtained here indicates that Pampa is unlikely to reach the 17% target in an ecologically representative protected area system by 2020.

In december 2019, the first cases of covid-19 were reported in Wuhan, China. Since then, the virus has spread rapidly around the world. In order to try to stop the spread of the virus, isolation has become actual. Except affecting the public health, the virus has caused deep traces in the global economy. A clear stock market fall on the Swedish stock exchange could be observed in February-March 2020. The financial crisis that has arisen is the first crisis many of the young investors, of the age 18–30 years old have to manage. Due to the economic crisis that has arisen, this study aimed to describe young investors' decision-making in the financial market during the period 1 January 2020 to 5 May 2020. The research question goes as follows: What factors influence young investors' decision-making in the financial market during an economic crisis? The study was conducted on the basis of the Theory of Behavioral Finance. This theory assumes that the individual's decision-making in the financial market is largely influenced by emotions and other psychological factors. Furthermore, the theory is based on a number of different assumptions about human psychological and behavioral phenomena that influence investment decisions. The procedure for conducting the study was to make a descriptive quantitative study. This meant that a questionnaire was passed on to young investors and that the answers were then compiled in diagrams and tables. The results indicated that the factors overconfidence, representativeness bias and anchoring bias seemed most likely to describe young investors' decision-making in the financial market during an economic crisis. At the same time, a reasonable interpretation seemed to be that herding behavior and risk and loss aversion cannot describe the young investors' decision-making to a large extent. The importance of mental accounting could not be determined in this context, as the answers received provided an incomplete basis for deciding this. To be able to draw conclusions about the role of mental accounting in decision-making, several issues that dealt with this would have been useful. One suggestion for continued research is to study other factors that may underlie young investors' decision-making during an economic crisis.

Consumer price index captures the changing costs of the consumer basket of a typical household. Despite differences in spending patterns, change in con- sumer price index is used as a measure of inflation for the whole population. The aim of this thesis is to assess how close to the official inflation rate house- holds are and determine which groups have significantly different inflation. Using the Czech data from the Household Budget Survey over the 1990-2012 period we calculated specific inflation for each household in our sample. We first found out that on average only two thirds of households are close to the official inflation rate, which led us to the construction of subgroup price indices. In the empirical part, we examined the effect of household characteristics on inflation by applying the fixed effects estimation. We found that low-income households, pensioners, households in urban areas and households with few members have higher than average inflation.