Orientadora: Prof. Dra. Maria Gabriela Silva Martins da Cunha Marinho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Humanas e Sociais, 2017. / A Declaração Universal dos Direitos do Homem e do Cidadão de 1789 é considerada por alguns estudiosos o marco legal do direito de acesso à informação pública na sociedade ocidental. Essa declaração inova ao explicitar o direito de acesso à informação como direito humano fundamental, influenciando constituições de diferentes países que passaram a versar pela primeira vez o direito de acesso à informação em seus artigos, contribuindo para o surgimento de leis específicas regulamentando o assunto. Verifica-se assim, que há um processo de expansão da publicação de leis de acesso à informação em diferentes democracias consolidadas ou em vias de consolidação. Tal processo é resultado da atuação da sociedade civil que pressionou seus governos para obter o direito de se informar sobre os abusos anteriores desses governos, principalmente nos países que passaram por regimes ditatoriais, e das pressões das organizações internacionais que publicaram diferentes tratados internacionais versando sobre a transparência pública e o combate à corrupção. A promoção da política de acesso à informação é indispensável para a concretização da participação dos cidadãos na vida pública e política, resguardando o seu direito de controlar e vigiar as ações e decisões de seus governos eleitos democraticamente. Em 2011 o Brasil regulamentou a sua lei de acesso à informação, depois de vinte e três anos da promulgação da Constituição e após oito anos de tramitação, sendo o 90º país no mundo a regulamentá-la. O país foi, portanto, retardatário, considerando que diferentes países já haviam feito essa regulamentação bem anteriormente, por exemplo, o México, em 2002. As raízes patrimonialistas e conservadora, a postura autoritária do serviço público herdada do regime civil-militar que ainda resiste às mudanças, a falta de impessoalidade e publicidade nas relações políticas, as recorrentes práticas de corrupção, e o despreparo da classe política para lidar com as questões de transparência, participação e controle social são fatores que podem explicar semelhante atraso para a regulamentação e implementação da lei de acesso no Brasil. Todavia, o direito a informação é um indicador de cidadania e está assegurado na Constituição brasileira de 1988, tendo sido regulamentado pela lei federal 12.527, de 2011. No Estado de São Paulo a lei federal foi regulamentada pelo decreto 58.052, de 2012. Esta pesquisa analisa a política pública de acesso à informação do Governo do Estado de São Paulo com enfoque no Serviço de Informação ao Cidadão (SIC), num aspecto basilar: as solicitações de informações feitas pelos cidadãos que tiveram o acesso negado em primeira instância recursal pelos gestores públicos e foram parar na segunda instância entre o período de 2013 a 2016. Na finalidade de demonstrar como se configuraram as arbitrariedades dos gestores públicos ao se utilizarem de sua margem discricionária de decisão administrativa nessas negativas, considerando os regramentos emanados da Constituição e da lei de acesso. A discussão proposta só é possível numa perspectiva interdisciplinar, pois há diferentes questões sociais, culturais e políticas envolvidas no processo de regulamentação e implementação da lei de acesso na administração pública, principalmente pelo ineditismo da lei de acesso no Brasil e da análise proposta. / The Universal Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen of 1789 is considered by some scholars the legal demarcation of the right of access to public information in Western society. This declaration innovates by explaining the right of access to information as a fundamental human right, influencing constitutions of different countries that started to deal for the first time with the right of access to information in their articles, contributing to the emergence of specific regulatory laws concerning this subject. This way it is verified that, there is a process of expanding the publication of access to information laws in different democracies consolidated or under consolidation. This process is the result of civil society action pressioning governments for obtain the right to be informed of past abuses by these governments, especially in countries that have gone through dictatorial regimes, and the pressures of international organizations that have published different international treaties on public transparency and the fight against corruption. The promotion of the policy of access to information is indispensable for the realization of citizens' participation in public and political life, safeguarding their right to control and vicarious as actions and decisions of their democratically elected governments. In 2011 Brazil regulated its law on access to information, after twenty-three years of promulgation of the Constitution and after the years of tramitation, being the 90th country in the world to regulate it. The country was therefore laggard, considering that different countries had already done this regulation well before, for example Mexico in 2002. The patrimonialist and conservative roots, an authoritarian posture of the public service inherited from the civil-military regime that still resists to changes, the lack of impersonality and publicity in political relations, such as practical recurrences of corruption, and the unpreparedness of the political class to deal with issues of transparency, participation and social control are factors that can be advanced towards a regulation and implementation of the Law of Access in Brazil. However, the right to information is an indicator of citizenship and is guaranteed in the Brazilian Constitution of 1988, and was regulated by federal law 12,527 of 2011. In the State of São Paulo, this federal law was regulated by Decree 58,052, of 2012. This research analyze the public policy of access to information of the Government of the State of São Paulo with a focus on Citizen Information Service (SIC), in a basilar aspect: the requests for information made by citizens who were denied access at first instance by public managers and went to the second instance between the period from 2013 to 2016. In purpose to demonstrate how the arbitrariness of public managers when using their discretionary margin of administrative decision in these negative ones, considering the regulations emanated from the Constitution and access law. The proposed discussion is only possible in an interdisciplinary perspective, since there are different social, cultural and political issues involved in the process of regulation and implementation of access law in public administration, mainly due to the novelty of the access law in Brazil and the proposed analysis.

O presente trabalho, fundamentado a partir da Análise da Conversa Etnometodológica (LODER; JUNG, 2008), tem como objetivos 1) descrever os momentos de ensaio, apresentação e fechamento da atividade pedagógica de encenar em grupos, segundo a concepção da abordagem de ensino por tarefas (conforme NUNAN, 1999), e 2) descrever momentos em que os participantes estejam se orientando para a construção de aprendizagem (ABELEDO, 2008) por meio da análise de seqüências de pedidos e ofertas de ajuda (BULLA, 2007). Os dados consistem em uma hora de registros audiovisuais de uma aula de inglês como língua estrangeira em uma escola de línguas. Foram registradas 6 ocorrências de pedidos de ajuda e 3 ocorrências de ofertas de ajuda. A análise de tais ocorrências permitiu observar que, para realizarem a atividade pedagógica de encenar em grupos, os participantes precisaram trabalhar interacionalmente a fim de instaurar a realidade ficcional e mantê-la. Assim, participantes demonstraram não estar simplesmente treinando para que um dia fizessem uma discussão familiar, mas sim estar construindo tal discussão aqui-e-agora. Foi possível descrever a atividade pedagógica de encenar em grupos como constituída em um momento de instruções (em que uma participante dividia os demais em grupos e distribuía os papéis a serem encenados por cada um), dois momentos de prática distintos (o de ensaio, em que os participantes produzem pedidos de ajuda como ações preferidas e ofertas de ajuda como ações despreferidas, e o de apresentação, em que os participantes produzem pedidos e ofertas de ajuda como ações despreferidas e produzem exibições de competência lingüística) e um momento de fechamento (em que os participantes discutem as ações construídas no momento da apresentação da encenação, além de produzirem exibições de competências e avaliações a respeito do desempenho no momento das apresentações). Assim, realizar a atividade pedagógica de encenar em grupos propicia a construção e a manutenção de diversas realidades dentro da sala de aula e a categorização (SCHGLOFF, 2007) dos participantes em categorias além das de aprendiz/professor. / This research is grounded on Ethnomethodological Conversation Analysis (LODER; JUNG, 2008) and is aimed at 1) describing the rehearsal, presentation and accountability (NUNAN, 1999) of the pedagogical activity of role-playing, and 2) describing moments in which participants orient to the construction of learning (ABELEDO, 2008). These objectives are achieved through the analysis of sequences of offers and requests for help (BULLA, 2007). The data consists of about one hour of video recorded interactions in one English class in a language center. I collected 6 sequences of requests for help and 3 sequences of offers of help. The analysis of such sequences enables the observation that, while performing the roleplaying pedagogical activity, participants produce interactional work to establish and maintain a fictional reality. Participants demonstrate that they are not only practicing the use of language for a further use in a different context; they are indeed using language in order to build and maintain a context here-and-now. We can describe the pedagogical activity of roleplaying as organized in a moment of instructions (in which one participant divided the others in groups and distributed the roles to be played), two different moments of practice (the rehearsal, in which participants produce requests for help as preferred actions and offers of help as dispreferred actions, and the presentation, in which participants produce offers and requests for help as dispreferred actions and produce exhibitions of linguistic competence) and an accountability (in which participants discuss the actions built during the presentation of the play, besides producing exhibitions of competence and assessments of the performance of the participants who produced the presentation of the plays). So, the pedagogical activity of role-playing is an opportunity for learners to build and maintain different realities in classroom and produce different actions and activate categories (SCHGLOFF, 2007) beyond learner/teachers.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-11-01T21:17:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaoHelisJuniorDeAzevedoBernardo_DISSERT.pdf: 3484130 bytes, checksum: f8c6117ef3a3facccdfb4317e8e41c61 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-11-07T22:16:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaoHelisJuniorDeAzevedoBernardo_DISSERT.pdf: 3484130 bytes, checksum: f8c6117ef3a3facccdfb4317e8e41c61 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-07T22:16:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaoHelisJuniorDeAzevedoBernardo_DISSERT.pdf: 3484130 bytes, checksum: f8c6117ef3a3facccdfb4317e8e41c61 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-31 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq) / A Integra??o Cont?nua (IC) ? uma pr?tica de desenvolvimento de software que leva os desenvolvedores a integrarem seu c?digo-fonte mais frequentemente. Projetos de software t?m adotado amplamente a IC com o intuito de melhorar a integra??o de c?digo e lan?ar novas releases mais rapidamente para os seus usu?rios. A ado??o da IC ? usualmente motivada pela atra??o de entregar novas funcionalidades do software de forma mais r?pida e frequente. Todavia, h? poucas evid?ncias emp?ricas para justificar tais alega??es. Ao longo dos ?ltimos anos, muitos projetos de software dispon?veis em ambientes de codifica??o social, como o GitHub, tem adotado a pr?tica da IC usando servi?os que podem ser facilmente integrados nesses ambientes (por exemplo, Travis-CI). Esta disserta??o investiga empiricamente o impacto da ado??o da IC no tempo de entrega de pull requests (PRs), atrav?s da an?lise de 167.037 PRs de 90 projetos do GitHub que s?o implementados em 5 linguagens de programa??o diferentes. Ao analisar a porcentagem de merged PRs por projeto que perderam pelo menos uma release antes de serem entregues aos usu?rios finais, os resultados mostraram que antes da ado??o da IC, em mediana 13.8% dos merged PRs tem sua entrega adiada por pelo menos um release, enquanto que ap?s a ado??o da IC, em mediana 24% dos merged PRs tem sua entrega adiada para futuras releases. Ao contr?rio do que se pode especular, observou-se que PRs tendem a esperar mais tempo para serem entregues ap?s a ado??o da IC na maioria (53%) dos projetos investigados. O grande aumento das submiss?es de PRs ap?s a IC ? uma raz?o fundamental para que projetos demorem mais tempo para entregar PRs depois da ado??o da IC. 77,8% dos projetos aumentam a taxa de submiss?es de PRs ap?s a ado??o da IC. Com o prop?sito de investigar os fatores relacionados ao tempo de entrega de merged PRs, treinou-se modelos de regress?o linear e log?stica, os quais obtiveram R-Quadrado mediano de 0.72-0.74 e bons valores medianos de AUC de 0.85-0.90. An?lises mais profundas de nossos modelos sugerem que, antes e depois da ado??o da IC, a intensidade das contribui??es de c?digo para uma release pode aumentar o tempo de entrega de PRs devido a uma maior carga de integra??o (em termos de commits integrados) da equipe de desenvolvimento. Finalmente, apresentamos heur?sticas capazes de identificar com precis?o os PRs que possuem um tempo de entrega prolongado. Nossos modelos de regress?o obtiveram valores de AUC mediano de 0.92 a 0.97. / Continuous Integration (CI) is a software development practice that leads developers to integrate their work more frequently. Software projects have broadly adopted CI to ship new releases more frequently and to improve code integration. The adoption of CI is usually motivated by the allure of delivering new software content more quickly and frequently. However, there is little empirical evidence to support such claims. Over the last years, many available software projects from social coding environments such as GitHub have adopted the CI practice using CI facilities that are integrated in these environments (e.g., Travis-CI). In this dissertation, we empirically investigate the impact of adopting CI on the time-to-delivery of pull requests (PRs), through the analysis of 167,037 PRs of 90 GitHub projects that are implemented in 5 different programming languages. On analyzing the percentage of merged PRs per project that missed at least one release prior being delivered to the end users, the results show that before adopting CI, a median of 13.8% of merged PRs are postponed by at least one release, while after adopting CI, a median of 24% of merged PRs have their delivery postponed to future releases. Contrary to what one might speculate, we find that PRs tend to wait longer to be delivered after the adoption of CI in the majority (53%) of the studied projects. The large increase of PR submissions after CI is a key reason as to why these projects deliver PRs more slowly after adopting CI. 77.8% of the projects increase the rate of PR submissions after adopting CI. To investigate the factors that are related to the time-to-delivery of merged PRs, we train linear and logistic regression models, which obtain sound median R-squares of 0.72-0.74, and good median AUC values of 0.85-0.90. A deeper analysis of our models suggests that, before and after the adoption of CI, the intensity of code contributions to a release may increase the delivery time due to a higher integration-load (in terms of integrated commits) of the development team. Finally, we are able to accurately identify merged pull requests that have a prolonged delivery time. Our regression models obtained median AUC values of 0.92 to 0.97.

O presente trabalho, fundamentado a partir da Análise da Conversa Etnometodológica (LODER; JUNG, 2008), tem como objetivos 1) descrever os momentos de ensaio, apresentação e fechamento da atividade pedagógica de encenar em grupos, segundo a concepção da abordagem de ensino por tarefas (conforme NUNAN, 1999), e 2) descrever momentos em que os participantes estejam se orientando para a construção de aprendizagem (ABELEDO, 2008) por meio da análise de seqüências de pedidos e ofertas de ajuda (BULLA, 2007). Os dados consistem em uma hora de registros audiovisuais de uma aula de inglês como língua estrangeira em uma escola de línguas. Foram registradas 6 ocorrências de pedidos de ajuda e 3 ocorrências de ofertas de ajuda. A análise de tais ocorrências permitiu observar que, para realizarem a atividade pedagógica de encenar em grupos, os participantes precisaram trabalhar interacionalmente a fim de instaurar a realidade ficcional e mantê-la. Assim, participantes demonstraram não estar simplesmente treinando para que um dia fizessem uma discussão familiar, mas sim estar construindo tal discussão aqui-e-agora. Foi possível descrever a atividade pedagógica de encenar em grupos como constituída em um momento de instruções (em que uma participante dividia os demais em grupos e distribuía os papéis a serem encenados por cada um), dois momentos de prática distintos (o de ensaio, em que os participantes produzem pedidos de ajuda como ações preferidas e ofertas de ajuda como ações despreferidas, e o de apresentação, em que os participantes produzem pedidos e ofertas de ajuda como ações despreferidas e produzem exibições de competência lingüística) e um momento de fechamento (em que os participantes discutem as ações construídas no momento da apresentação da encenação, além de produzirem exibições de competências e avaliações a respeito do desempenho no momento das apresentações). Assim, realizar a atividade pedagógica de encenar em grupos propicia a construção e a manutenção de diversas realidades dentro da sala de aula e a categorização (SCHGLOFF, 2007) dos participantes em categorias além das de aprendiz/professor. / This research is grounded on Ethnomethodological Conversation Analysis (LODER; JUNG, 2008) and is aimed at 1) describing the rehearsal, presentation and accountability (NUNAN, 1999) of the pedagogical activity of role-playing, and 2) describing moments in which participants orient to the construction of learning (ABELEDO, 2008). These objectives are achieved through the analysis of sequences of offers and requests for help (BULLA, 2007). The data consists of about one hour of video recorded interactions in one English class in a language center. I collected 6 sequences of requests for help and 3 sequences of offers of help. The analysis of such sequences enables the observation that, while performing the roleplaying pedagogical activity, participants produce interactional work to establish and maintain a fictional reality. Participants demonstrate that they are not only practicing the use of language for a further use in a different context; they are indeed using language in order to build and maintain a context here-and-now. We can describe the pedagogical activity of roleplaying as organized in a moment of instructions (in which one participant divided the others in groups and distributed the roles to be played), two different moments of practice (the rehearsal, in which participants produce requests for help as preferred actions and offers of help as dispreferred actions, and the presentation, in which participants produce offers and requests for help as dispreferred actions and produce exhibitions of linguistic competence) and an accountability (in which participants discuss the actions built during the presentation of the play, besides producing exhibitions of competence and assessments of the performance of the participants who produced the presentation of the plays). So, the pedagogical activity of role-playing is an opportunity for learners to build and maintain different realities in classroom and produce different actions and activate categories (SCHGLOFF, 2007) beyond learner/teachers.

The purpose of this study is to examine the differences and similarities regarding verbal politeness in greetings and requests in Swedish and the Chilean variety of Spanish. A survey with 12 questions, both open-ended and closed-ended, has been distributed to 20 native speakers of the two languages. Thus, the questions have been analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The results show that the perception that the Swedes and the Chileans have about verbal politeness is similar, since the speakers of both languages see it as a way to show respect towards others. The study also shows that Swedes and Chileans share a similar view upon politeness, i.e. as a social norm that facilitates social interaction between people.

當談到外語教學時，教材具有相當重要性。其中，教科書更被視為重要的一環，是教師教學的主要資源，也是學生學習的重要指引。因此，教科書評鑑自然地受到重視。透過教科書評鑑，教師能對於教科書有適當認知並妥善利用教科書，另一方面，教科書評鑑能作為編撰者和出版商檢討與改進的參考。然而，文獻有許多有關教科書評鑑的研究，卻很少是從語言行為方面檢視臺灣高中生所使用的英文教科書。 本研究之主要目的為分析讚美、拒絕、請求三種語言行為如何呈現在三民、龍騰、遠東三套不同版本高中英文課本內的對話教材中。首先，統計三種語言行為在三套教科書內的對話中出現的頻率。接著，檢視這三種語言行為在三套教科書呈現的方式並判斷他們是否主要以美國觀點呈現。最後，探索三套教科書和教師手冊是否有提供相關語言行為的跨文化解釋。 研究結果顯示，三套教科書皆呈現三種語言行為，但是各版本著墨不一。另外，三種語言行為在三套教科書呈現的方式並不是完全採用美國觀點。更重要的是，三套教科書和教師手冊中幾乎沒有提供跨文化解釋。 本研究的發現能提供給對語言行為教學有興趣的老師和研究人員參考。研究結果希望激勵教科書編撰者、出版商以及教師重視語言行為教學，並期盼能協助教科書編撰者在未來補強三套教科書中對話教材不足之處。 / When it comes to foreign language teaching, teaching materials, without doubt, have been of vital importance. Textbooks, for teachers, serve as the major teaching resources. They are identified as important guidelines for students as well. Therefore, textbook evaluation has naturally received attention. Through textbook evaluation, for one thing, teachers can gain a proper understanding of textbooks, then making good use of them. For another thing, it enables textbook editors and publishers to examine and improve on textbooks. Although there have been many studies regarding textbook evaluation, few of them have been done on speech act behavior in senior high school English textbooks in Taiwan. The main goal of the current study is to analyze how the three speech acts, compliments, refusals, and requests, are presented in the conversation sections of the three series of the senior high school English textbooks, published by San Min, Lung Teng, and Far East. First of all, the frequency of compliments, refusals, and requests in the three series of the textbooks was examined. The next part was to look at how the three speech acts were presented in these textbooks and whether they showed American preference. Lastly, cross-cultural comparisons and contrasts in the textbooks and their corresponding teachers’ manuals were scrutinized. The results revealed that the three series of the textbooks examined presented the three speech acts in different proportion. Additionally, they were not completely presented in American ways. More importantly, there were few cross-cultural explanations found in the textbooks and their corresponding teachers’ manuals. The findings of the present study can work as reference for teachers and researchers interested in the teaching and learning of speech act behavior. They may motivate textbook editors and writers as well as teachers to place great emphasis on how to teach speech acts well. Last but not least, textbook compilers can compensate for the limitations of the conversation sections of senior high school textbooks in Taiwan in future materials development.

L’impératif anglais est ici étudié en supposant un lien motivé entre sa forme et ses sens, dans le cadre d’une sémantique textuelle et énonciative cottienne. Analysant un corpus de films américains contemporains, l’étude décrit la construction du sens de requêtes pour y chercher la contributionpropre de l’impératif. Les éléments sémiotisés et non-sémiotisés à ce mode figurant souvent par ailleurs dans le discours, l’impératif apparaît comme une posture énonciative choisie par le locuteur. Celle-ci consiste en un rapport d’immédiateté aux signes et à l’action. L’injonction apparaît ainsi comme d’abord mentale, ce qui explique les cas où l’impératif ne doit pas mener à agir dans le monde. La sous-sémiotisation des relations est aussi une forme de refus des processus d’entrée dans le linéaire de la parole, ce qui peut anticiper une sortie vers le monde des actes. Les hypothèses proposées espèrent ainsi contribuer à montrer comment la brièveté peut être exploitée à des fins directives. / This study analyzes the English imperative in the framework of Pierre Cotte’s textual-gramatical semantics. It hypothesizes that the grammar of imperatives is iconic, i.e. motivated to some degree. The study describes the construction of meaning of requests found in a corpus of contemporary North-American films and isolates the specific contribution of imperatives. The elements verbalized in an imperative clause and those not verbalizedin it are actually both often verbalized in other phases of a request. This suggests that the imperative is a linguistic-cognitive attitude adopted by the speaker: the structure manifests and imposes a relationship of immediacy with the signs and with the action. The imperative command is therefore cognitive first, which explains the cases where an imperativedoes not require the hearer to act. The hypo-semiotic verbalization of the action may also mimic a refusal of the processes that produce connected speech, thus anticipating an exit from talk to action.Keywords: English imperative, iconicity, requests, film corpus, enunciation, textual semantics, grammatical semantics, enunciative linguistics.

Cette thèse aborde les problématiques liées à la construction de Topic Maps et à leur utilisation pour la recherche d’information dans le cadre défini par le Web sémantique (WS). Le WS a pour objectif de structurer les informations disponibles sur le Web. Pour cela, les ressources doivent être sémantiquement étiquetées par des métadonnées afin de permettre d'optimiser l'accès à ces ressources. Ces métadonnées sont actuellement spécifiées à l'aide des deux standards qui utilisent le langage XML : RDF et les Topic Maps. Un contenu à organiser étant très souvent volumineux et sujet à enrichissement perpétuel, il est pratiquement impossible d’envisager une création et gestion d’une Topic Map, le décrivant, de façon manuelle. Plusieurs travaux de recherche ont concerné la construction de Topic Maps à partir de documents textuels [Ellouze et al. 2008a]. Cependant, aucune d’elles ne permet de traiter un contenu multilingue. De plus, bien que les Topic Maps soient, par définition, orientées utilisation (recherche d’information), peu d’entre elles prennent en compte les requêtes des utilisateurs.Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons donc conçu une approche que nous avons nommée ACTOM pour « Approche de Construction d’une TOpic Map Multilingue ». Cette dernière sert à organiser un contenu multilingue composé de documents textuels. Elle a pour avantage de faciliter la recherche d’information dans ce contenu. Notre approche est incrémentale et évolutive, elle est basée sur un processus automatisé, qui prend en compte des documents multilingues et l’évolution de la Topic Map selon le changement du contenu en entrée et l’usage de la Topic Map. Elle prend comme entrée un référentiel de documents que nous construisons suite à la segmentation thématique et à l’indexation sémantique de ces documents et un thésaurus du domaine pour l’ajout de liens ontologiques. Pour enrichir la Topic Map, nous nous basons sur deux ontologies générales et nous explorons toutes les questions potentielles relatives aux documents sources. Dans ACTOM, en plus des liens d’occurrences reliant un Topic à ses ressources, nous catégorisons les liens en deux catégories: (a) les liens ontologiques et (b) les liens d’usage. Nous proposons également d’étendre le modèle des Topic Maps défini par l’ISO en rajoutant aux caractéristiques d’un Topic des méta-propriétés servant à mesurer la pertinence des Topics plus précisément pour l’évaluation de la qualité et l’élagage dynamique de la Topic Map. / The research work in this thesis is related to Topic Map construction and their use in semantic annotation of web resources in order to help users find relevant information in these resources. The amount of information sources available today is very huge and continuously increasing, for that, it is impossible to create and maintain manually a Topic Map to represent and organize all these information. Many Topic Maps building approaches can be found in the literature [Ellouze et al. 2008a]. However, none of these approaches takes as input multilingual document content. In addition, although Topic Maps are basically dedicated to users navigation and information search, no one approach takes into consideration users requests in the Topic Map building process. In this context, we have proposed ACTOM, a Topic Map building approach based on an automated process taking into account multilingual documents and Topic Map evolution according to content and usage changes. To enrich the Topic Map, we are based on a domain thesaurus and we propose also to explore all potential questions related to source documents in order to represent usage in the Topic Map. In our approach, we extend the Topic Map model that already exists by defining the usage links and a list of meta-properties associated to each Topic, these meta-properties are used in the Topic Map pruning process. In our approach ACTOM, we propose also to precise and enrich semantics of Topic Map links so, except occurrences links between Topics and resources, we classify Topic Map links in two different classes, those that we have called “ontological links” and those that we have named “usage links”.

La France connaît un vieillissement de sa population sans précédent. La part des séniors s’accroît et notre société se doit de repenser son organisation pour tenir compte de ce changement et mieux connaître cette population.De nombreuses cohortes de personnes âgées existent déjà à travers le monde dont quatre en France et, bien que la part de cette population vivant dans des structures d’hébergement collectif (EHPAD, cliniques de soins de suite) augmente, la connaissance de ces seniors reste lacunaire.Aujourd’hui les groupes privés de maisons de retraite et d’établissements sanitaires comme Korian ou Orpéa s’équipent de grandes bases de données relationnelles permettant d’avoir de l’information en temps réel sur leurs patients/résidents. Depuis 2010 les dossiers de tous les résidents Korian sont dématérialisés et accessibles par requêtes. Ils comprennent à la fois des données médico-sociales structurées décrivant les résidents et leurs traitements et pathologies, mais aussi des données textuelles explicitant leur prise en charge au quotidien et saisies par le personnel soignant.Au fil du temps et alors que le dossier résident informatisé (DRI) avait surtout été conçu comme une application de gestion de base de données, il est apparu comme une nécessité d’exploiter cette mine d’informations et de construire un outil d’aide à la décision destiné à améliorer l’efficacité des soins. L’Institut du Bien Vieillir IBV devenu entretemps la Fondation Korian pour le Bien Vieillir a alors choisi, dans le cadre d’un partenariat Public/Privé de financer un travail de recherche destiné à mieux comprendre le potentiel informatif de ces données, d’évaluer leur fiabilité et leur capacité à apporter des réponses en santé publique. Ce travail de recherche et plus particulièrement cette thèse a alors été pensée en plusieurs étapes.- D’abord l’analyse de contenu du data warehouse DRI, l’objectif étant de construire une base de données recherche, avec un versant social et un autre de santé. Ce fut le sujet du premier article.- Ensuite, par extraction directe des informations socio-démographiques des résidents dès leur entrée, de leurs hospitalisations et décès puis, par un processus itératif d’extractions d’informations textuelles de la table des transmissions et l’utilisation de la méthode Delphi, nous avons généré vingt-quatre syndromes, ajouté les hospitalisations et les décès et construit une base de données syndromique, la Base du Bien Vieillir (BBV) . Ce système d’informations d’un nouveau type a permis la constitution d’une cohorte de santé publique à partir de la population des résidents de la BBV et l’organisation d’un suivi longitudinal syndromique de celle-ci. La BBV a également été évaluée scientifiquement dans un cadre de surveillance et de recherche en santé publique au travers d’une analyse de l’existant : contenu, périodicité, qualité des données. La cohorte construite a ainsi permis la constitution d’un outil de surveillance. Cet échantillon de population a été suivi en temps réel au moyen des fréquences quotidiennes d’apparitions des 26 syndromes des résidents. La méthodologie d’évaluation était celle des systèmes de surveillance sanitaire proposée par le CDC d’Atlanta et a été utilisée pour les syndromes grippaux et les gastro entérites aiguës. Ce fut l’objet du second article.- Enfin la construction d’un nouvel outil de santé publique : la distribution de chacun des syndromes dans le temps (dates de transmissions) et l’espace (les EHPAD de transmissions) a ouvert le champ de la recherche à de nouvelles méthodes d’exploration des données et permis d’étudier plusieurs problématiques liées à la personne âgée : chutes répétées, cancer, vaccinations et fin de vie. / French population is rapidly aging. Senior citizens ratio is increasing and our society needs to rethink its organization, taking into account this change, better knowing this fast growing population group.Even if numerous cohorts of elderly people already exist worldly with four in France and, even as they live in growing numbers in nursing homes and out-patient treatment clinics, knowledge of this population segment is still missing.Today several health and medico-social structures groups as Korian and Orpéa invest in big relational data bases enabling them to get real-time information about their patients/residents. Since 2010 all Korian residents’ files are dematerialized and accessible by requests. They contain at the same time, structured medico-social data describing the residents as well as their treatments and pathologies, but also free-textual data detailing their daily care by the medical staff.Through time and as the computerized resident file (DRI) was mainly conceived as a data base management application, it appeared essential to mine these data and build a decision-making tool intended to improve the care efficiency. The Ageing Well Institute becoming meanwhile the Korian Ageing Well Foundation chose then, working in a private/public partnership, to finance a research work intented to better understand these datas’ informative potential, to assess their reliability and response to public health threats. This research work and this thesis were then designed in several steps:- First, a content analysis of the data warehouse DRI, the objective being to build a research data base, with a social side and a health side. This was the first paper subject.- Then, by direct extraction of the residents’ socio-demographic information at nursing home (NH) entry, adding hospitalizations and deaths, and finally, by an iterative textual extraction process of the transmissions data and by using the Delphi method, we created twenty-four syndromes, added hospitalizations and deaths and built a syndromic data base, the Ageing Well data base. This information system of a new kind, allowed the constitution of a public health cohort for elderly people from the BBV residents’population and its syndromic longitudinal follow-up. The BBV was also scientifically assessed for surveillance and public health research through present situation analysis: content, periodicity and data quality. This cohort then gave us the opportunity to build a surveillance tool and follow the residents’ population in real-time by watching their 26 daily frequency syndromic distributions. The methodology for that assessment, Atlanta CDCs’ health surveillance systems method, was used for flu and acute gastro enteritis syndroms and was the second paper subject.- Finally, the building of a new public health tool: each syndrom’s distribution through time (transmissions dates) and space (transmissions NH ids) opened the research field to new data exploration methods. I used these to study different health problems afflicting senior citizens: frequent falls, cancer, vaccinations and the end of life.

The teaching of pragmatics is often neglected in foreign language classes despite the wellknown importance of pragmatic competence. No matter how well a learner masters thetarget language, errors of a pragmatic nature may lead to major communicative failure orturbulence. Both studies in language teaching and current language educational laws inSweden (following the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages) pointtowards the necessity for the learner to be pragmatically proficient. Following these lines,textbooks are expected to mirror curricula and educational laws. The present study aimsto address this very issue and investigates the pragmatic content of ELT books in Swedenwith a specific focus on lower and upper secondary school (year 6, 9 and last year ofupper secondary school). The study has as its primary data set three ELT books from thesame publisher and extensively used in Swedish schools, namely Good Stuff Gold A,Good Stuff Gold D, and Blueprint C 2.0. The presence of pragmatic content isinvestigated through the method of content analysis of the textbooks focusing on threespeech acts - greetings, requests, and refusals. The first part of the study is complementedby semi-structured interviews complemented with two teachers of English in Sweden.The findings point to considerable differences in the representation of the three speechacts in the books, with regression from lower to higher levels, and the interviews with theteachers reveal that teachers' complementary activities often compensate for the lack ofpragmatic content in the books. The findings from the present study reveal shortcomingsof the selected textbooks omitting important information, something that might hinderstudents from developing communicative competence. The findings of the present studyhave the potential to inform the practices of teaching professionals in their efforts to teachpragmatic competence.