nÃo hà / Infraestrutura adequada à condiÃÃo essencial para o crescimento de qualquer paÃs, sobretudo em paÃses em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil, que alÃm de significativas restriÃÃes fiscais possui larga extensÃo territorial. PaÃses que enfrentaram este tipo de problema encontraram como alternativa para o seu desenvolvimento o parceiro privado, que ao longo do tempo participou atuando de diferentes formas neste processo. Muitas foram Ãs experiÃncias adotadas na busca por melhoria e viabilidade de investimentos para a oferta de serviÃos pÃblicos. O presente trabalho faz um rÃpido relato dessa evoluÃÃo e se detÃm de forma mais especÃfica na nova modalidade de contrataÃÃo por meio da Parceria PÃblico-Privada, em que o pÃblico busca um aumento da eficiÃncia e eficÃcia em seus serviÃos. Aborda os processos envolvidos para os estudos de modelagem, utilizando ou nÃo o Procedimento de ManifestaÃÃo de Interesse, bem como o enquadramento e anÃlise da conveniÃncia e oportunidade por meio do Value for Money. Apresenta e analisa a experiÃncia do Governo do Estado do Cearà na elaboraÃÃo, execuÃÃo e monitoramento do projeto da Arena CastelÃo implantado, identificando seus aspectos positivos e negativos. / Adequate infrastructure is essential for the growth of any country, especially in developing countries such as Brazil, which in addition to significant fiscal constraints has large territorial extension. Countries that have faced this type of problem found as an alternative for its development the private partner, which over time took acting in different ways in this process. Many experiments have been adopted in the search for improvement and investment feasibility for the provision of public services. The present study is a quick account of this evolution and hold more specifically in the new mode of contracting through the Public- Private Partnership, in which the public seeks to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of their services through this modality. Discusses the processes involved for modeling studies, using or not the Expression of Interest Procedure as well as the framework and analysis of convenience and opportunity through Value for Money. Presents and analyzes the experience of the State of Cearà in the preparation, implementation and monitoring of the project implanted Arena CastelÃo, identifying their strengths and weaknesses.

En France, un tiers des personnes tuées sur la route le sont lors d’un accident sur un obstaclefixe. Dans 90% des cas, ces accidents surviennent après une perte de contrôle du véhicule.Les dispositifs de retenue de véhicule ont pour but de maintenir les véhicules en perdition surla chaussée en limitant la sévérité de l’impact.Ces dispositifs doivent subir des essais de chocs normatifs afin de pouvoir être installés sur lebord des routes européennes et d’évaluer leurs performances en termes de sévérité et dedéflexion.Les tolérances existantes sur les paramètres d’essai (véhicule, masse du véhicule, vitesse,angle et point d’impact …) et les incertitudes sur les caractéristiques mécaniques desmatériaux constituant le dispositif ont un effet sur les performances de ce dispositifs etdoivent être prises en compte lors des calculsLes dispositifs mixtes (acier-bois) présentent une difficulté supplémentaire en raison del’hétérogénéité du matériau et de sa sensibilité aux variables d’environnement telles que latempérature et l’humidité.Afin de prendre en compte cette variabilité et d’évaluer son impact sur les performances d’undispositif, des essais dynamiques sur des échantillons de structure ont été réalisés et modélisésnumériquement.Enfin, un modèle complet d’un dispositif de retenue de véhicule a été effectué et corrélé surun essai de choc réel à l’aide d’une méthode prenant en compte la variation de paramètresphysiques liés à l’apparition des modes de ruine de la structure. Une fois corrélé, le modèle aété utilisé afin d’évaluer l’incidence de la modification des caractéristiques mécaniques dubois liée aux variations des conditions environnementales. / In France, one third of the people dying on the roads are killed after impacting against ahazard. In 90% of the reported cases, these accidents result from loss of control. VehicleRestraint Systems (VRS) are specially designed to restrain an errant vehicle and to limitimpact severity.Before being installed on the roadsides, these devices have to be crash-tested according tostandards in order to evaluate their safety and deflexion performances.Tolerances exist on impact parameters (vehicle, vehicle mass, impact speed, impact angle,impact point …) and material’s mechanical characteristic uncertainties have an effect towardsdevice performances and have to be taken into account during numerical simulations.Steel-wood structures present an additional numerical challenge due to wood heterogeneityand its sensibility to environment variables such as temperature and moisture content.In order to assess the effect of this variability toward safety performances, three point bendingdynamic experiments on structural samples are performed and modelled.Finally, a complete model of a vehicle restraint system is built and validated according to realcrash test results thanks to a parametric method. This method takes into account the variabilityof the parameters associated to the failure modes of the structure. Once validated the model isused to assess the effect of wood mechanical properties modifications due to environmentvariable variations.

La sécurité automobile est l’une des principales considérations lors de l’achat d’un véhicule. Avant d’ être commercialisée, une voiture doit répondre aux normes de sécurité du pays, ce qui conduit au développement de systèmes de retenue tels que les airbags et ceintures de sécurité. De plus, des ratings comme EURO NCAP et US NCAP permettent d’évaluer de manière indépendante la sécurité de la voiture. Des essais catapultes sont entre autres effectués pour confirmer le niveau de protection du véhicule et les résultats sont généralement basés sur des valeurs de référence des dommages corporels dérivés de paramètres physiques mesurés dans les mannequins.Cette thèse doctorale présente une approche pour le traitement des données d’entrée (c’est-à-dire des paramètres des systèmes de retenue définis par des experts) suivie d’une classification des essais catapultes frontaux selon ces mêmes paramètres. L’étude est uniquement basée sur les données du passager, les données collectées pour le conducteur n’ étant pas assez complètes pour produire des résultats satisfaisants. L’objectif principal est de créer un modèle qui définit l’influence des paramètres d’entrées sur la sévérité des dommages et qui aide les ingénieurs à avoir un ordre de grandeur des résultats des essais catapultes selon la législation ou le rating choisi. Les valeurs biomécaniques du mannequin (outputs du modèle) ont été regroupées en clusters dans le but de définir des niveaux de dommages corporels. Le modèle ainsi que les différents algorithmes ont été implémentés dans un programme pour une meilleur utilisation quotidienne. / Safety is one of the most important considerations when buying a new car. The car has to achievecrash tests defined by the legislation before being selling in a country, what drives to the developmentof safety systems such as airbags and seat belts. Additionally, ratings like EURO NCAP and US NCAPenable to provide an independent evaluation of the car safety. Frontal sled tests are thus carried outto confirm the protection level of the vehicle and the results are mainly based on injury assessmentreference values derived from physical parameters measured in dummies.This doctoral thesis presents an approach for the treatment of the input data (i.e. parameters ofthe restraint systems defined by experts) followed by a classification of frontal sled tests accordingto those parameters. The study is only based on data from the passenger side, the collected datafor the driver were not enough completed to produce satisfying results. The main objective is tocreate a model that evaluates the input parameters’ influence on the injury severity and helps theengineers having a prediction of the sled tests results according to the chosen legislation or rating.The dummy biomechanical values (outputs of the model) have been regrouped into clusters in orderto define injuries groups. The model and various algorithms have been implemented in a GraphicalUser Interface for a better practical daily use.

Pour faire face à la stigmatisation et l’exclusion vécues par les personnes atteintes de troubles mentaux, le Ministère de la Santé et des Services Sociaux au Québec (province du Canada) a mis en place un plan d’action en santé mentale 2005-2010, la force des liens, afin d’offrir des services de première ligne en santé mentale accessibles et efficients dans la communauté.. Cette société de droit par son dispositif législatif, veut protéger les personnes vulnérables d’autant plus les personnes présentant un danger pour elles-mêmes ou pour autrui, ceci parfois même au prix de leur liberté, par des mesures de contrôle, ce qui implique ingérence médicale et sociale. La révision des services de santé mentale dans un centre de santé et des services sociaux au Québec permet de préciser ce qu’en disent les acteurs impliqués et les personnes souffrant de troubles mentaux. Cette démarche met en évidence les difficultés des personnes utilisatrices de services pour recevoir le support nécessaire à leur intégration dans la communauté et à l’atteinte de leur pleine citoyenneté. Un des défis de l’avenir est de solliciter leur participation à différents niveaux de décision, les stratégies législatives internationales viennent illustrer et compléter cet alignement. / In order to take on stigmatization and exclusion experienced by people who have mental health problems, the Quebec Minister of Health and Social Services (province of Quebec in Canada) put in place The Mental Health Action Plan 2005 – 2010 The Strength of Links offering first line services in Mental Health that are accessible and of quality to the community. The Legislative assembly of Quebec as a society of rights wants to protect vulnerable persons and even more so those persons who are a danger to others or themselves sometimes at the price of their freedom, by measures of restraint that implicate medical and social intrusion. The revision of Mental Health Services in a Quebec Health and Social Services Centre permits clearer understanding of needs expressed by those implicated who suffer from mental health as well as the users of the services. This method gives a greater overview of the difficulties people have in receiving the necessary care and support so as to integrate fully in society as full citizenship entails. This is a challenge for the future, to seek their participation at different decision levels; international legislative strategies do illustrate and complete this alignment.

This doctoral thesis deals with the volume changes of structural concrete caused by its shrinkage. Great importance is given to the evaluation of concrete resistance against shrinkage cracking, too. A lot of physical and numerical experiments were carried out before results and conclusion of observed phenomena was publicized. The amount of physical tests and utilization rate of the experiments can be enlarged and intensified due to the usage of materials made of micro-concrete. Consequently, the design of concrete mixtures with the ordinary size of aggregate particle reflected the large knowledge obtained by micro-concrete. In this work, the effect of different fibres and its different amount was also researched. Finally, the optimized fibre concrete mixture was designed. During the testing, the unique method referred to as “Complex experiment” was developed. Obtained data from the Complex experiment allows predicting when the shrinkage cracks may occur. The final comparison between all tested materials made of concrete was performed by means of unique parameter referred to as “Critical degree of restraint”. It was proofed that the resistance of optimized fibre concrete against to shrinkage cracking is twice of ordinary concrete. Moreover, the shrinkage cracks did not occur in the developed fibre concrete during the observed period. Based on the obtained results the new scaling factors for the rheological model B4 were derived. Due to the new scaling factors, the model B4 describes the real behavior of special composite materials very well.

M. Lukasová: Ethical Aspect of Restriction of Free Movement in the Course of Providing Social and Health Care Abstract In the course of providing social and health care, the providers on occasions resort to measures which limit the person's freedom of movement with the aim to prevent a harm to their life or health. Depending on the circumstances it involves a more or less invasive intervention - sometimes it is immediate and includes use of force in the situation of conflict and aggression management, other times it is rather a long-term nursing practice, for instance focused on fall prevention. Restraining is connected with the risk of considerably negative effects on health of a patient/service user. Therefore some authors doubt whether the use of restrictive intervention is ethical and lawful, and it is seen as inhuman and degrading treatment. Nevertheless, the most widespread approach accepts restrictive interventions as a measure of last resort (ultima ratio) providing that the principles of necessity and subsidiarity are respected. In the Czech Republic the public and professional debate is not sufficient and the use of restrictive interventions is not subjected to the state inspection. The human rights monitoring of persons held in health and social care institutions reports cases of restrictions...

Efter introduktionen av Eurokoderna har mängden minimiarmering i betongkonstruktioner ökat. Denna ökning beror på skillnader i metoderna som nu används för att beräkna mängden minimiarmering i olika typer av betongkonstruktioner och de som användes tidigare då BKR var den gällande normen. Minimiarmering används i betongkonstruktioner för att omfördela tvångsdeformationer. I detta arbete undersöks om mängden minimiarmering kan minskas utan att dess huvudsakliga funktion går förlorad. I arbetet har ett antal metoder för att beräkna minimiarmering jämförts för att se hur stora skillnaderna i armeringsmängd blir, varför dessa uppkommer och vilka för- och nackdelar som finns med metoderna. De undersökta metoderna inkluderar den som anges i Eurokod 2, förändringar som gjorts i den tyska nationella bilagan till Eurokod 2 och ett förslag till ändring som presenterats av Hallgren i ett preliminärt arbete.   Resultaten bygger på simuleringar utförda i FEM-programmet Atena där olika typfall undersökts. I typfallen har betongens hållfasthetsklass, tvärsnittsdimension, armeringsdimension, täckande betongskikt och vidhäftningsförutsättning varierats. Armeringsmängden varierades för att motsvara den mängd som krävs vid beräkning enligt de tidigare nämnda metoderna. I alla undersökta fall antas tvärsnittet vara utsatt för ren dragbelastning, vilket är fallet vid krympning. Resultaten från de numeriska simuleringarna visade att en större armeringsmängd ger minskade sprickbredder och ökade möjligheter att omfördela tvångsdeformationer till nya sprickor. Bildandet av nya sprickor sker också vid en mindre krympning. Skillnaderna jämfört med om en mindre armeringsmängd används blir dock i de flesta fall små och mängden armering kan reduceras utan att minimiarmeringens sprickfördelande funktion äventyras. Resultaten från de numeriska simuleringarna användes också för att ta fram ett alternativ som ger en mindre mängd minimiarmering utan att armeringens huvudsakliga funktion försvinner. I detta arbete föreslås en förändring rörande koefficienten k i Eurokod. Förändringen av värdet på koefficienten k gör att mängden erforderlig minimiarmering minskar betydligt vid beräkningar, speciellt för tvärsnitt med en större tvärsnittshöjd. Fler numeriska simuleringar utfördes och det kunde säkerställas att en armeringsmängd motsvarande den som ges med den föreslagna ändringen fungerar för alla undersökta typfall. Endast en liten ökning av sprickbredderna sker.   En undersökning av sprickproblematiken under betongens hållfasthetstillväxtfas har gjorts, och resultaten visar att problem med sprickbildning inte beror på den autogena krympningen eller på uttorkningskrympningen. Endast en liten andel av denna krympning hinner uppnås under de första veckorna, samtidigt som hållfasthetstillväxten sker relativt snabbt. Problem med sprickbildning under denna tidsperiod beror istället på andra faktorer såsom en stor värmeutveckling i betongen, en ojämn uttorkning eller en ojämn temperaturfördelning över tvärsnittet i kombination med tvång. Efter den värmeutveckling som skett i betongen under det första dygnet efter gjutning påbörjas en avsvalningsfas. Under denna kan sprickbildning uppstå i betongen, och denna sprickbildning finns kvar när uttorkningskrympningen senare fortskrider. En jämförelse har även gjorts mellan handberäkningar av karaktäristiska sprickbredder enligt Betongföreningens handbok till Eurokod 2 och sprickbredder utlästa ur resultaten från de numeriska simuleringarna. Resultaten visar att metoden överlag fungerar bra, men att vissa justeringar skulle kunna göras för att anpassa den till mindre värden på betongens krympning. / After the introduction of the Eurocodes, the minimum amount of reinforcement for crack control in concrete structures has increased. This is due to differences in themethods for calculating the minimum amount of reinforcement used in the Eurocodes and in BKR, a standard which was used in Sweden before the Eurocodes. Minimum reinforcement for crack control is used in concrete structures to redistribute the tensile stresses caused by restraint during the shrinkage. This thesis examines if the amount of minimum reinforcement can be reduced without compromising the main functions of the reinforcement. In this thesis a number of methods for calculating the minimum reinforcement has been compared to see how large the differences in the amount of reinforcement are, why they occur and what are the advantages and disadvantages of the different methods. The different methods revised in this thesis are the method in Eurocode 2, the changes made in the German National Annex to the Eurocode 2 method and a method proposed by Hallgren in a preliminary work.   The results are based on simulations performed in the FEM-application Atena where different scenarios were examined. In the investigated scenarios, the strength classes of the concrete, the cross-sectional dimensions, the size of the reinforcement bars, the size of the concrete cover and the bond strength has been varied. The amount of reinforcement in each case has been varied to correspond to the required minimum amount according to the different methods for calculating minimum reinforcement. In all investigated cases, the cross section is assumed to be exposed to pure tensile load, which is the case for shrinkage. The results of the simulations showed that a larger amount of reinforcement reduces the width of the cracks, that a larger amount of small cracks are formed, and that new cracks are formed earlier at a lower shrinkage value. The differences are however in most cases small compared to when a lower amount of reinforcement is used. In other words, a lower amount of reinforcement could be used without compromising the main functions of the minimum reinforcement. The results from the simulations have also been used to obtain an alternative method for calculating the minimum reinforcement that gives a lower amount of reinforcement without compromising the main functions. The proposed change in Eurocode is a modification in the value of the coefficient k. By changing the value of the coefficient k, the amount of required minimum reinforcement is decreased significantly, especially for large crosssection heights. More numerical simulations were performed to ensure that the reinforcement amount according to the proposed change works for all scenarios considered in this thesis. The results showed that the reinforcement were capable of redistributing the tensile stresses caused by restraint. Only a small increase in the crack widths could be observed.   An investigation was conducted to find an explanation to why cracks occur during the first weeks after casting of the concrete. The results show that the problem with cracks occurring during this period is neither due to the autogenous shrinkage nor the drying shrinkage. Only a small share of those types of shrinkage are achieved during the first weeks, and at the same time the concrete strength growth is relatively fast. Instead, the problems with cracks seem to be caused by other factors, such as a large heat development in the concrete during the first day, uneven drying shrinkage or an uneven temperature distribution over the cross section in combination with restraint. Cracks can develop during the first days after casting of the concrete due to the shrinkage that occur when the concrete cools off after the large heat development the first day. These cracks remain when the drying shrinkage continues. A comparison was also made between hand calculations of the characteristic crack widths according to “Betongföreningens handbok till Eurokod 2” and the crack widths read out of the results from the numerical simulations. The results showed that the method generally works well, but some minor adjustments could be made to adapt the method to smaller values of concrete shrinkage.

The purpose of this study was to examine any differences that may exist among demographic variables such as gender, age, and race in regard to internalization of society and media messages leading to body dissatisfaction that may lead to disordered eating behaviors such as preoccupation with weight, dieting, and eating restraint. A total of 324 participants completed the demographic questionnaire, the Multidimensional Body Self Relations Questionnaire, the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire for women, the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-Revised-Male-Version for men, and Rotter’s Internal-External (I-E) Locus of Control Scale. The results of this study found, as predicted, that Caucasians reported higher internalization, higher body dissatisfaction, and higher preoccupation with weight, dieting, and eating restraint than African Americans. This study showed no differences regarding men’s and women’s internalization or body dissatisfaction but did reveal that women reported higher preoccupation with weight, dieting, and eating restraint than men. Regarding age, this study found that age did not predict internalization, body dissatisfaction, or preoccupation with weight, dieting, and eating restraint.

M. Lukasová: Ethical Aspect of Restriction of Free Movement in the Course of Providing Social and Health Care Abstract In the course of providing social and health care, the providers on occasions resort to measures which limit the person's freedom of movement with the aim to prevent a harm to their life or health. Depending on the circumstances it involves a more or less invasive intervention - sometimes it is immediate and includes use of force in the situation of conflict and aggression management, other times it is rather a long-term nursing practice, for instance focused on fall prevention. Restraining is connected with the risk of considerably negative effects on health of a patient/service user. Therefore some authors doubt whether the use of restrictive intervention is ethical and lawful, and it is seen as inhuman and degrading treatment. Nevertheless, the most widespread approach accepts restrictive interventions as a measure of last resort (ultima ratio) providing that the principles of necessity and subsidiarity are respected. In the Czech Republic the public and professional debate is not sufficient and the use of restrictive interventions is not subjected to the state inspection. The human rights monitoring of persons held in health and social care institutions reports cases of restrictions...

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