Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:25:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Alessandra_Lima.pdf: 1481884 bytes, checksum: 96048bc1655b1b5cda7bb927be1dfd55 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-16 / The management of a child s behavior in a dental setting is routinely accomplished by a good communicative technique known as basic methods. Advanced me thods (protective stabilization, sedation, and general anesthesia) have been indicated for resistant children. When the basics methods are not enough to provide a safe and effective treatment, Brazilian dentists seem to prefer the protective stabilization to restrain a child. After the establishment of rules for nitrous oxide sedation in Brazil, a change in practice can be expected. In minimal and moderate sedation, patient can respond to every dental treatment s stimulus with cry and struggle. The purpose of this study was to known the perceptions of sedation by accompanying adults and a sedation team. This was a qualitative research, based on three in-depth interviews with two groups of accompanying adults groups and one group of a dental sedation team. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and independently analyzed by three investigators through the thematic content method. The first analysis explored the ACCOMPANYING ADULTS SATISFACTION; two categories emerged: the good side (conscious, safety, satisfaction, behavior management) and the bad side (suffering, adverse effects) of pediatric dental sedation. The second analysis regarding the MEANINGS OF SEDATIONFOR ACCOMPANYING ADULTS generated FOUR categories: Protective stabilization (to bind, to protect on sedation), sedation (positive and negative side) , general anesthesia (positive point of a view) and mothers feelings (aversion peace, fair, security, motivation). Three categories emerged from the third interview about DENTAL TEAM PERCEPTIONS: knowledge (technique, indication, aim, amnesia, unexpected), disappointment (hopes, disappointment, depreciation), and difficulties (expense, accompanying adults and care team s opposition, tendency to be better). Accompanying adults did not accept physical restraint, but were satisfied with dental sedation despite its limitations and saw general anesthesia as an alternative method. The dental sedation team was aware of the sedation s advantages and flaws, but was pessimist about the method / A utilização de métodos de controle de comportamento da criança, quer sejam básicos (comunicativos) ou avançados (estabilização protetora, sedação e anestesia geral), é uma constante nos consultórios de odontopediatria. A sedação realizada em ambulatório, mantem o paciente responsivo e com isso o mesmo sente os estímulos inerentes à prática odontológica, podendo reagir a eles com choro e movimento. Tal procedimento já tem sua eficácia e segurança cientificamente comprovadas, todavia não se conhece as percepções que acompanhantes e profissionais envolvidos formulam sobre a sedação. Objetivou-se conhecer as percepções sobre sedação segundo um grupo de acompanhantes de crianças préescolares e equipe profissional vinculada ao atendimento sob sedação . Trata-se de trabalho de pesquisa qualitativa e realizou-se três entrevistas abertas, com enfoques distintos, com três grupos de indivíduos envolvidos no atendimento de crianças sob sedação no Núcleo de Estudos em Sedação Odontológica (NESO), sendo dois grupos de acompanhantes e um grupo com os membros da equipe profissional. O s dados foram transcritos, lidos exaust ivamente e analisados a partir da análise de conteúdo, modalidade temática. A análise dos dados e a apresentação dos resultados foram feitos de forma independente para cada grupo de dados coletados a saber: SATISFAÇÃO DOS RESPONSÁVEIS da análise das entrevistas como primeiro grupo de acompanhantes emergiram duas categorias temáticas, o Lado Bom (consciência, segurança, satisfação, condicionamento) e Lado Ruim da Sedação (sofrimento e efeito paradoxal) ; SIGNIFICADOS ATRIBUIDOS PELOS ACOMANHANTES AOS MÉTODOS AVANÇADOS DE CONTROLE COMPORTAMENTAL da análise do segundo grupo de entrevistas emergiram quatro categorias temáticas, Estabilização Protetora (amarrar, segurar na sedação) , Sedação (aspectos positivos e negativos) , Anestesia Geral (aspectos positivos), Sentimento dos Acompanhantes (revolta, tranqüilidade, medo, segurança, motivação); PERCEPÇÕES DA EQUIPE PROFISSIONAL da análise das entrevistas realizadas com os profissionais da equipe NESO emergiram as seguintes categorias temáticas o Conhecimento (técnica, indicação, objetivo, amnésia e imprevisibilidade), Frustração (expectativa, frustração e desvalorização) e Problemas (custo, resistência de pais e profissionais e tendência a melhorar) . Considerou-se que os acompanhantes entrevistados não aceitam a estabilização protetora para o atendimento de suas crianças, ponderam as l imitações da técnica de sedação e sentem-se satisfeitos apesar das limitações da mesma. E ainda, aceitam a anestesia geral como uma alternativa à técnica de sedação . Os profissionais do NESO, por outro lado, percebem a sedação de forma negativa e pessimista contrapondo -se à aceitação dos acompanhantes.

This research focuses on one of the least studied cultural dimension, “indulgence versus restraint” (IVR) and how it affects consumer behavior, international marketing, and global business operations in the U.S. and Mongolia. This project is the first research on IVR in Mongolia since the country is rarely studied and there is no available data for this cultural dimension. Samples of undergraduate business students (as consumers) from both countries were studied through surveys. The findings support that Mongolians and Americans are different regarding the “indulgence” cultural dimension. This paper has a significant contribution to the cross-cultural literature regarding the indulgence cultural dimension and its applications in global business and marketing and advertising strategies.

L’utilisation des mesures d’isolement et de contentions en milieu psychiatrique intrahospitalier se produit fréquemment en réponse à des comportements agressifs et continue de soulever la controverse. À cet égard, de plus en plus d’études tendent à démontrer que le personnel soignant travaillant sur ces unités est influencé par plusieurs facteurs de nature différente, notamment la perception de l’agressivité, quand vient le temps de prendre une décision quant à l’utilisation (ou non) de ces mesures coercitives. Méthodologie : Plus de trois cents membres du personnel soignant travaillant en milieu psychiatrique intrahospitalier ont été recrutés dans huit établissements psychiatriques du Québec. Dans un premier temps, un questionnaire leur a été distribué afin de mettre en relief les différents facteurs (individuels et organisationnels) ayant un impact sur l’utilisation des mesures coercitives. Simultanément, l’analyse factorielle de la version française de deux échelles permettant de mesurer la perception de l’agressivité en milieu hospitalier (le MOAS et le POAS) a été faite. Résultats : Un modèle final multivarié a démontré que le type d’unité psychiatrique, l’expression de la colère et de l’agressivité parmi les membres de l’équipe de soins, la perception de la fréquence de gestes autoagressifs et la perception de mesures de sécurité insuffisantes dans le milieu de travail étaient des prédicteurs indépendants de l’utilisation de procédures d’isolement et de contentions. L’analyse factorielle a pour sa part mis en évidence une structure à 4 facteurs pour le MOAS et à 3 facteurs pour le POAS, conformément à ce que l’on retrouvait dans la littérature scientifique. Conclusion : Ces résultats soulignent l’importance des facteurs organisationnels par rapport aux facteurs individuels dans l’utilisation des mesures coercitives en psychiatrie et la nécessité d’évaluer les perceptions quant à l’agressivité et à la sécurité chez le personnel soignant. En comprenant mieux les phénomènes qui amènent leur utilisation, il sera possible de trouver des alternatives aux mesures d’isolement et de contentions et ainsi réduire le recours à ces dernières. / Psychiatric staff can have both positive and negative attitudes towards inpatient aggression. Different attitudes towards aggression can have a substantial influence on how such behaviour is dealt with on psychiatric wards. In this manner, seclusion and restraint are frequently used measures for managing violent behaviour. However, their use raises several concerns. Method: Over three hundred staff members were recruited from eight psychiatric hospitals in the province of Quebec. First of all, an examination was conducted from the staff perspective of the organizational and staff factors that may be associated with increased recourse to seclusion and restraint in psychiatric wards. Simultaneously, factorial analysis of the French version of two scales used to measure staff attitude towards institutional violence and aggression (MOAS and POAS) was completed. Results: The final multivariate model showed that the following factors independently predict to greater use of seclusion and restraint: the type of hospital ward; greater expression of anger and aggression among staff members; perceptions of the frequency of incidents of physical aggression against the self; and the perception of insufficient protection measures in the workplace. Factor analyses revealed a four factor structure for the MOAS and a three factor structure for the 12-item POAS, which is similar to what is found in recent scientific literature in North American and European countries. Conclusion: These findings underscore the importance of evaluating a variety of factors, including perceptions of safety and violence, when exploring the management of aggression and violence on psychiatric wards and the reasons seclusion and restraint measures are used. These findings represent the first stage of a research program of the multidisciplinary group to whom the author is associated, aimed at reducing recourse to seclusion and restraint in Quebec psychiatric services.

Depuis la désinstitutionalisation dans les milieux psychiatriques, il a été souvent mentionné qu’une augmentation des admissions dans les milieux carcéraux et de psychiatrie légale était en cours afin de prendre soin des personnes atteintes de troubles mentaux graves (TMG). Parallèlement, plusieurs auteurs ont rapporté que les individus ayant des troubles mentaux sévères sont plus à risque de perpétrer des gestes antisociaux ou de violence. À l’égard de cette problématique, nous soutenons le modèle de la spécificité clinique. Celui-ci précise que des profils psychopathologiques particuliers augmentent le risque de violence, conduisent à différents types de fonctionnement social et articulent la demande de soins. L’environnement a, de plus, un effet modulateur au niveau du fonctionnement distinctif de l’individu. Une relation bidirectionnelle se construit entre la spécificité psychopathologique et l’environnement, plus particulièrement en ce qui a trait aux relations interpersonnelles, au milieu socioéconomique, au patron d’utilisation des services de psychiatrie et à l’interaction avec le système de justice qui déterminent subséquemment le type de prise en charge ou le statut légal du patient. Afin d’appuyer ce modèle, les profils des patients atteints de TMG en fonction des statuts légaux, du milieu de soins (psychiatrie générale et psychiatrie légale) et de l’utilisation des mesures d’isolement et de contentions ont été examinés. Les patients ont été évalués par des mesures sociodémographiques (indicateurs du fonctionnement social, des relations interpersonnelles et du milieu socioéconomique), psychodiagnostiques (SCID-I et II) et de la psychopathie. De même, le dossier criminel, les dossiers médicaux hospitaliers et administratifs (MED-ECHO et RAMQ) ont été observés. Les devis étaient rétrospectifs. Par ailleurs, au niveau de l’interaction entre les services de psychiatrie et l’individu atteint d’un TMG, nous avons exploré la perception subjective des intervenants en santé mentale quant à l’agressivité et la violence. Nous avons considéré l’impact de cette perception sur la manière d’offrir des soins, plus particulièrement en ce qui a trait aux mesures coercitives (mesures d’isolement avec ou sans contentions), lors des hospitalisations. Les cinq études ont appuyé l’idée d’une spécificité clinique tant sur le plan des profils cliniques des individus que sur la manière d’offrir les services, spécialement au niveau des mesures de contrôles. Les caractéristiques de la personne et de l’environnement semblent de ce fait jouer un rôle important dans le type de services que recevra un individu souffrant de TMG. Ces travaux ouvrent sur la possibilité de mieux déterminer l’étiologie et la gestion de la violence de même que la manière dont le système s’occupe des patients à risque de violence. / Since deinstitutionalization in psychiatry, it has often been mentioned that individuals who in the past would have been cared for in psychiatric hospitals are today ending up in forensic hospitals or, worse, in prison. Meanwhile, several authors have reported that individuals with severe mental illness are more likely to commit antisocial acts or violence. In respect of this issue, we support the clinical specificity model. It specifies that psychopathological profiles increase the risk of violence and lead to different types of social functioning. The environment has also a modulating effect on the functioning of the individual distinctiveness. A bidirectional relationship is built between the specific psychopathology and the environment, particularly with regard to interpersonal relationships, socioeconomic background, the pattern of psychiatric services use and the interaction with the justice system that subsequently determine the type of care or patient's legal status. To support this hypothesis, we examined the profiles of patients with severe mental illness based on legal status and care setting (general psychiatry and forensic psychiatry) and the use of seclusion and restraint. Patients were evaluated by sociodemographic measures (indicators of social functioning, interpersonal relationships and socioeconomic background) and measures of psychodiagnostic (SCID-I and II) and psychopathy. In addition, criminal records, official provincial government physician-billing and hospitalization files (MED-ECHO and Medicare) were observed. The designs were retrospectives. Moreover, in order to explore the subjective perception of aggression and violence of mental health workers, the level of interaction that occurs between psychiatric services and the individual suffering from severe mental illness, were evaluated. We considered the impact of this perception on how to provide care, particularly with respect to coercive measures (measures of seclusion with or without restraints) during hospitalization. The five studies have supported the clinical specificity of both the clinical profiles of individuals and the way to deliver services, especially coercion. The characteristics of the individual and the environment seem to play an important role in the type of service received by an individual with severe mental illness. This work opens the possibility in subsequent studies to better determine the etiology of aggression, how to manage violence and to identify the care offered on the issue.

Uppsatsen syftar till att utreda två skatterättsliga frågor som uppkommit i samband med ett avvisat avgörande från Högsta förvaltningsdomstolen avseende terminsavtal i ett incitamentsprogram. Frågorna är om terminer och terminsavtal utgör värdepapper och om eventuella förfoganderättsinskränkningar i dessa avtal har betydelse för förmånsbeskattningen. Utgångspunkten i uppsatsen är beslutet från Högsta förvaltningsdomstolen som avvisades och det därtill hörande förhandsbeskedet från Skatterättsnämnden. Utifrån de diskussioner som förts i uppsatsen kan författaren konstatera att terminer och terminsavtal kan klassificeras som värdepapper. Begreppet värdepapper är inte definierat i lagtext men utifrån praxis och doktrin samt viss EU-lagstiftning kan det utläsas att terminsavtal uppfyller de krav som ställs på en klassificering som värdepapper. När det gäller beskattning av en förmån krävs det att den anställde förvärvar ett värdepapper, annars utgör rättigheten en personaloption. Författaren anser att då ett terminsavtal ingår i ett incitamentsprogram så representerar det ett ekonomiskt värde för den anställde som ska förmånsbeskattas. Inom incitamentsprogrammen kan det finnas villkor och förfoganderättsinskränkningar. Dock har Högsta förvaltningsdomstolen i ett flertal fall kommit fram till att sådana begränsningar i den rättighet som förvärvas inte påverkar värdepappersstatusen hos rättigheten. Enligt ett av förarbetena så syftar värdepappersregeln till att förmånsbeskattning ska ske oavsett hur villkoren är utformade. Det som har framkommit i framställningen medför att författaren anser att det är märkligt att Högsta förvaltningsdomstolen inte tog beslut i frågan om förmånsbeskattning av terminsavtal. En konsekvens är att det kan leda till framtida problem med tillämpningen av värdepappersregeln i samband med terminsavtal. / The aim of this thesis is to examine two taxation questions that arise from the judgement by the Supreme Administrative Court regarding futures contracts in employee incentive plans. The questions concerns whether futures are to be classified as securities and if any restraint in the right of disposition might have an impact on the fringe benefits taxation according to chapter 10 section 11 of the Swedish Income Tax Act. As a result of the discussions in the thesis the author comes to the conclusion that futures might be classified as securities. The terminology regarding securities is not defined in the Swedish Income Tax Act but case-law and literature and also directives from the European Union stipulate demands that futures fulfil. According to the Swedish legislation it is crucial that the employee acquire a security in order for the fringe benefits taxation to apply. The author is of the opinion that when futures are a part of an employee incentive plan then they represent an economic value, which should be taxed as a benefit. The employee incentives plan could be restrained in the right of disposition. However the Supreme Administrative Court has in multiple cases found that it does not affect the classification of a security. The preparatory work shows that the purpose of chapter 10 section 11 in the Swedish Income Tax Act is to tax all benefits regardless of the restraints connected to them.  Based on the findings in the thesis the author is of the opinion that the decision by the Supreme Administrative Court regarding the fringe benefits taxation of futures is strange. This is because the decision might cause problem in the future interpretation of chapter 10 section 11 in the Swedish Income Tax Act.

2004年4月，歐盟執委會頒佈了新的「技術授權協議集體除外規則」及其「指導原則」，以取代1996年開始實施的舊規則。這個規則係在規範技術授權行為於歐體條約第81條下之合法性。其改革所代表的意義，主要則體現於兩個層面。其一，本次改革顯示了歐盟官方對於智慧財產權與競爭政策之關係的態度。其二，則是涉及到歐體競爭法之集體除外制度，乃至於競爭法本身如何更驅現代化的發展軌跡。以前者而言，歐體競爭法在執法思考上傾向於更加尊重智慧財產權之行使；就後者而言，則不論是在競爭規範或執法上，均更強調經濟導向的思維模式。尤其在集體除外規則中設計了以市占率為門檻之安全區制度，將使主管機關更能專注於真正重大限制競爭之案件，並使事業有更大的彈性空間因應日益複雜化的授權實務。 在現今全球化的商業實務，授權活動不可避免地將更具跨國性。因此本文的目的，即在於剖析歐盟新的集體除外制度，希冀提供各界參酌。除此以外，並藉由對歐盟新制的探討，回頭檢視我國公平法對於授權活動之規範。尤其，係對照分析公平會技術授權處理原則之規範說明。希望藉由探討歐盟新架構下的規範思考，亦能夠帶給我國規範或執法上一些新的啟發。 / On 7 April, 2004, the European Commission adopted a new Block Exemption Regulation with respect to technology transfer agreements (TTBER) along with some detailed Guidelines. The new Regulation, which replaces the Reg. 240/96, addresses the evaluation on licensing activities under Article 81 of the EC Treaty. This reform shows the official attitude toward the interaction between Intellectual Property Rights and the Competition Law. Moreover, it demonstrates the path of the modernization of Block Exemption Regulations, and also the EC Competition Law itself. This article will illustrate the framework of the new TTBER with comparison to the old one and the U.S. approach. Furthermore, it will survey our position on licensing practices, especially focusing on our “Fair Trade Commission Guidelines on Technology Licensing Arrangements”. Based on the research, a proposed revolution for Taiwan FTC’s measures concerning the licensing activities will be provided at the end of this article.

Univ., Diss.--Köln, 2004. / Literaturverz. S. 219 - 242.

A considerable percentage of the UK population are overweight (BMI≥25kg/m2) or obese (BMI≥30kg/m2). However, despite living in the same culture and exposed to a similar “obesogenic” environment, some individuals gain weight while others do not (French et al., 1995). This variability in weight control has been suggested to be associated with individual differences in eating behaviours (French et al., 2012). Certain factors, such as motivation (hedonic hunger and hunger status) as well as cognition (impulsivity and memory) may have an impact on eating behaviours and their relationship with weight control. Thus, the objective of this thesis was to explore individual differences in eating behaviours and investigate their relationship with motivation, cognition and weight control. The first experiment (Chapter 2) investigated the relationship between eating behaviours, motivation (hedonic hunger) and food consumption during an ad-libitum buffet. This study suggests that restrained eating behaviour was associated with higher overall energy intake, greater energy intake from unhealthy foods and greater energy intake from both high and low energy dense foods. However, no interactions between restraint and disinhibition or hedonic hunger was seen. Following this, the second experiment (Chapter 3) examined whether eating behaviours, such as disinhibition, restraint and hunger, change during a weight loss and weight maintenance period and whether they could predict changes in weight during these periods. Indeed, the results suggest that lower baseline restraint could predict greater weight loss during a low-energy liquid diet and interventions which increase restraint and decrease disinhibition may be beneficial for longer term weight maintenance. The third experiment (Chapter 4) was designed to investigate whether motivation and cognition influences eating behaviours. The results suggest that hedonic hunger, restraint and impulsivity may lead to higher levels of disinhibited eating behaviour. This study was also able to replicate the findings of previous literature suggesting that episodic memory is negatively associated with BMI (Cheke et al., 2016). Finally, following on from the previous study results, the fourth experiment (Chapter 5) included a more diverse sample of participants including dieters. The results provide evidence that individuals on a diet have poorer episodic memory ability than those currently not on a diet. This study also extended previous results suggesting that hedonic hunger (but also episodic memory and hunger) are important factors in disinhibited eating. Hedonic hunger was also shown to be important in levels of hunger.

Traffic accidents are the second leading cause of child fatality among children younger than 15 years of age. In the course of 10 years, the implementation of child restraint systems has decreased child fatality in traffic accidents with 50%, for children younger than 15 years. To gain an understanding of the kinematics and injury mechanisms of children in cars, finite element based human body models, representing higher biofidelity compared to crash test dummies, are developed. An FP7 European project, PIPER, developed a child HBM with an associated framework for scaling, morphing and positioning. The PIPER child HBM is scalable between the ages of 1.5-6YO, with scalable anthropometrics. This makes the PIPER child HBM, a powerful tool for analyzing children in vehicles.  There are insufficient analyses conducted with the PIPER child HBM, due to its recent release. The purpose is thus to study the robustness of the HBM and its sensitivity to variation of lap belts by conducting a parametric study. Injury analysis and its sensitivity to lap belt variations were in addition studied in terms of kinematics by the study of submarining, the pelvic interaction with the lap belt, and the study of injuries related to the skull, brain, kidneys and liver. A full frontal crash simulation of a 6YO PIPER child HBM, with anthropometrics, covering the 50th percentile, have been investigated. The 6YO PIPER child HBM was seated with no booster, Volvo booster cushion and Volvo highback booster, with variations of the lap belt. The hip interactions and the submarining response of the 6YO PIPER child HBM were studied, by the study of the lap belt interactions with the pelvis and abdominal organs. The abdominal organs were related to the liver and kidneys, and compared to published threshold values.  This study showed that the overall robustness of the model was questionable. With respect to kinematics, the model indicated higher robustness, however, when conducted the crash simulations with the 6YO PIPER child HBM, it was concluded that the robustness was low due to repeated premature terminations. The 6YO PIPER child HBM revealed repeated errors such as, mesh distortions, negative volume and shooting nodes. When studying the sensitivity of the 6YO PIPER child HBM, when varying the lap belt angles, as well as changing the type of boosters in addition to vehicle anchorage positions, it could be seen that the 6YO PIPER child HBM was able to capture variations with respect to lap belt positioning. Hence, the model seems to be capable of providing relevant information regarding sensitivity for lap belt variations from the kinematic perspective, in terms of being able to capture kinematic o↵set, submarining and pelvis interaction with the lap belt. However, with respect to predicted abdominal injuries and head injuries, the sensitivity was not as distinct. Some limitations were observed in which the 6YO PIPER child HBM indicated unrealistic predicted injuries related to the head, which was associated with excessive movement of the 6YO PIPER child HBM. / Trafikolyckor är den näst vanligaste orsaken till barndödlighet i världen bland barn yngre än 15 år. Inom loppet av 10 år har användning av bilbarnstolar i fordon minskat barndödligheten med 50% hos barn under 15 år. För att få en ökad förståelse om barn i bilar framtogs finita element humanmodeller som har en detaljerad anatomi samt responser liknande till människan. Ett FP7 finansierat europeiskt projekt, PIPER, skapade en barnhumanmodell med en tillhörande programvara som används för skalning, förvandling, och positionering av barnhumanmodellen. Humanmodellen är skalbar för åldrarna 1.5 år upp till 6 år, med olika antropometriska värden. Detta gör att PIPER barnhumanmodellen är ett kraftfullt verktyg att använda sig av för att studera barn i bilar. Då PIPER barnhumanmodell lanserades nyligen, finns det i dagsläget bristfällig information om humanmodellen och programmet. Syftet var därmed att undersöka hur robust modellen var samt hur dess känslighet var mot variationer av höftbältet genom en parameterstudie. Skadors känslighet studerades dessutom mot variationer av höftbältet genom att studera kinematiken i form av underglidning och höftens interaktion med höftbältet. Dessutom studerades känsligheten på skador relaterade till skallen, levern och njurarna. I denna studie har en frontalkrock med en 6 årig PIPER barnhumanmodell med antropometriska värden, som innefattar 50:e percentilen, undersökts. Den 6åriga PIPER barnhumanmodellen var placerad utan bilbarnstol, på en Volvo bälteskudde och på en Volvo bältesstol, där höftbältet sedan varierades. Höftens interaktion och PIPER barnhumanmodellens respons för variationer i höftbälte studerades. Interaktionerna med höften och bukorganen var relaterade till skador på levern och njurarna genom att jämföra med publicerad data. Denna studie påvisade att den generella robustheten av modellen kunde ifrågasättas. Modellen hade ändock högre robusthet med hänsyn på kinematiken, men på grund av de upprepande felen vid simuleringarna, kunde man konstatera att robustheten på den 6åriga PIPER barnhumanmodellen var låg. När höftbältet varierades, både när bilbarnstol varierades såväl som vinkel på höftbälte, kunde man konstatera att den 6åriga PIPER barnhumanmodellen kunde fånga skillnaderna med hänsyn på höftbältets vinkel. Modellen var dessutom kapabel till att fånga känsligheten från det kinematiska perspektivet i form av kinematisk förskjutning, underglidningen samt höftens interaktion med höftbältet. Modellen påvisade däremot ingen distinkt känslighet med hänsyn på skador relaterade till bukorganen samt huvudet. Några begränsningar observerades där den 6åriga PIPER barnhumanmodellen indikerade orealistiska skador på huvudet, som var relaterade till modellens överrörlighet. / FFI, Assessment of Passenger Safety in Future Cars

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:46:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGSR.pdf: 961318 bytes, checksum: 7b39d151a447d6d3d4af505baacc134b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-21 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The dental treatment and all its components (behaviors and the clinical environment) frequently acquire aversive functions. The objective of this study was to describe strategies used by the dentist and its effects on children s escape or avoidance behaviors during the dental treatment. Participants were a dentist and six children with previous history of traumatic dental treatment. Two studies were carried out. In first study the procedure consisted of eight sessions separated by two Experimental Conditions. In the First Condition, treatment should be conducted at the first 4 sessions with an explicit requirement of not using children s Physical Restraint. This requirement was suspended for the Second Condition. In the other study, two dental treatments were carried out without any special requirement, separated by an interval of two years. For both studies, all the sessions were recorded in VHS and behavioral events sequentially analyzed. Children and professional s behaviors were recorded in a formal protocol. The treatments were analyzed session by session and in each dental routine. Records were made by independent observers. Results showed that children with a history of non-cooperative behaviors when exposed to the same type of situation presented a reduction in the frequency of non-cooperative behaviors, what can be supposed to be a result of an extinction process. Extinction also occurred concerning dentist´s interactive responses. Dentist used Physical Restraint to manage dental treatment. Participant 1 showed cooperative behaviors during almost all treatment sessions. When the dentist used Physical Restraint, this child emitted escape responses. For Participant 2, Physical Restraint worked as punition, because it suppressed non-cooperative behaviors. Considering the treatment of Participants 3, 4, 5 and 6 data reveals the possibility of an extinction process of non-cooperative behaviors. Results suggest that the dentist and child learn with each other during dental treatment, and this situation is important not only for the dental health, but also for the promotion and development of coping repertoires with situations that involve aversive events. / A situação de tratamento odontológico, os comportamentos do cirurgião-dentista e o ambiente do consultório freqüentemente adquirem funções aversivas, passando a fazer parte de relações funcionais definidas como comportamentos de medo e ansiedade. O objetivo desse trabalho foi descrever as estratégias comportamentais empregadas pelo cirurgião-dentista e seus possíveis efeitos na modificação dos comportamentos de fuga ou esquiva de crianças durante o atendimento odontológico. Os participantes foram um dentista e seis crianças com história prévia de dificuldades em atendimentos. Foram realizados dois estudos. No primeiro estudo o procedimento geral consistiu em oito sessões de tratamento separadas em duas condições experimentais. Na Primeira Condição Experimental o atendimento era conduzido de acordo com procedimento padrão, exceto pela exigência explícita de não usar contenção física e ameaça contingente a comportamentos de não colaboração. Esta exigência foi suspensa para a Segunda Condição Experimental. No segundo estudo foram realizados dois momentos de atendimento sem qualquer exigência, separados por um intervalo de dois anos. Nos dois estudos, todas as sessões foram gravadas em VHS e analisadas seqüencialmente. Nas gravações foram inseridos sinais sonoros a cada 15 segundos. A cada sinal a resposta da criança e do profissional era registrada segundo categorias previamente definidas em um protocolo de registro. Os tratamentos foram analisados por sessão e por rotina odontológica realizada. Os registros foram feitos por observadores independentes e mostraram confiabilidade adequada. Os resultados mostraram que crianças com história comportamental de não colaboração, quando expostas, repetidamente, ao mesmo tipo de situação apresentam diminuição na freqüência de suas respostas não colaborativas, que podem ser interpretadas como resultantes de um processo de extinção. A extinção ocorreu para as respostas interativas do dentista no decorrer das sessões. Frente a não colaboração das crianças o dentista utiliza-se da Contenção Física para realizar o tratamento. O Participante 1 colaborou com o tratamento. No momento em que o dentista utilizou-se da Contenção Física e essa criança emitiu respostas de fuga (contracontrole). Para o Participante 2, a Contenção Física pode ser considerada como punitiva, pois suprimiu os comportamentos não cooperativos. Com relação ao atendimento do Participante 3, 4, 5 e 6 é possível inferir que o uso da restrição só pode considerada uma estratégia de manejo eficiente quando foi empregada contingente à resposta não cooperativa. Os resultados sugerem que o dentista e a criança aprendem a se comportar um em relação ao outro durante o tratamento odontológico, e que essa situação é importante não apenas para a saúde bucal, mas, também, para a promoção do desenvolvimento de repertórios de enfrentamento de situações que envolvam eventos aversivos.