Esta dissertação está inserida na área de configuração urbana, com foco em sistemas viários segregados por cidades. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi a exploração de dados viários urbanos disponíveis na Web e a extração de parâmetros com aplicabilidade em análises de morfologias de cidades. A intenção do trabalho foi corroborar a hipótese: A qualidade adquirida por dados de mapas colaborativos permite sua utilização em análises da morfologia urbana a nível local. Mapas colaborativos são plataformas online que agregam informações geográficas fornecidas pelos próprios usuários, de acordo com a experiência local. O Projeto OpenStreetMap foi utilizado como fonte de dados para avaliar o potencial e as limitações dos mapas colaborativos na representação das malhas viárias de municípios brasileiros. Os sistemas viários foram expressos em forma de grafos, em que as arestas representaram as ruas e os nós, as interseções entre ruas. Do ponto de vista da Engenharia de Transportes, o foco do uso da Teoria de Grafos em pesquisas de morfologias viárias está em questões como mensuração da acessibilidade, eficiência e resiliência da rede a falhas. As principais ferramentas computacionais utilizadas foram as bibliotecas OSMnx e Networkx, escritas em linguagem Python, com funções de construção e análises de redes. Para avaliar a viabilidade de utilização das ferramentas e da plataforma de dados propostos, foi realizada uma comparação com o estudo de Lima, Silva e van der Waerden (2003). Esse trabalho avaliou a compacidade e a acessibilidade global das malhas viárias de 11 cidades, com intuito de comparar exemplos brasileiros com estrangeiros. A reprodução do estudo de referência foi possível, com construção de redes com aumento médio de 47% de elementos, o que indicou expansão e maior detalhamento dos sistemas viários. Além disso, foi detectada uma diferença na comparação das cidades brasileiras com o panorama internacional. Marília e São Carlos apresentaram malhas mais próximas do padrão americano, junto com Piracicaba que já estava nesse grupo. Por outro lado, a malha viária de Presidente Prudente passou ao grupo de cidades mais próximas do padrão europeu. Em seguida, os materiais propostos neste trabalho foram utilizados para montar um banco de dados com mais de 300 cidades brasileiras de diferentes portes. Os parâmetros avaliados caracterizaram os municípios de acordo com a conectividade, acessibilidade e regularidade da malha viária. A grande variação destes aspectos ressaltou a diferença nas configurações ocasionadas pelos fatores influentes na formação de malhas viárias: processo histórico-social de crescimento urbano, limites geográficos e diferentes políticas de expansão. / This dissertation is inserted in the area of urban configuration, focusing on road systems segregated by cities. The objective of this research was the exploration of urban road data available on the Web and the extraction of parameters with applicability in analyzes of city morphologies. The intention of the work was to corroborate the hypothesis: The quality acquired by collaborative maps data allows its use in analyzes of the urban morphology at the local level. Collaborative maps are online platforms that aggregate geographic information provided by the users themselves, according to local experience. The OpenStreetMap Project was used as a data source to evaluate the potential and limitations of collaborative maps in the representation of road networks in Brazilian municipalities. The road systems were expressed in graph form, in which the edges represented the streets and nodes, the intersections between streets. From the point of view of Transport Engineering, the focus of the use of Graph Theory in research on road morphologies is on issues such as accessibility, efficiency and network resilience to failure measurement. The main computational tools used were the OSMnx and Networkx libraries, written in Python language, with built-in functions and network analysis. To evaluate the feasibility of using the proposed tools and data platform, a comparison was made with the study by Lima, Silva and van der Waerden (2003). This work evaluated the compactness and global accessibility of the road networks of 11 cities, in order to compare Brazilian examples with foreigners. The reproduction of the reference study was possible, with construction of networks with an average increase of 47% of elements, which indicated expansion and greater detailing of the road systems. In addition, a difference was detected in the comparison of Brazilian cities with the international panorama. Marília and São Carlos presented meshes closer to the American standard, along with Piracicaba who was already in that group. On the other hand, the road network of Presidente Prudente passed to the group of cities closest to the European standard. Then, the materials proposed in this work were used to build a database with more than 300 Brazilian cities of different sizes. The evaluated parameters characterized the municipalities according to the connectivity, accessibility and regularity of the road network. The great variation of these aspects highlighted the difference in the configurations caused by influencing factors in the formation of road networks: historical-social process of urban growth, geographical limits and different expansion policies

Perspectives about the Studies on the Inka Dominance in the Southern Oriental Edge of the KollasuyuThe Inka archaeological record of the Argentine mid-west affords the possibility to consider the space involved effectively controlled by the state organization. The existing documents yield data and offer case studies of the Inka domination over the regional ethnic. The documents also offer an insight of the new relations established with the later domination from the first times of the Spanish conquest, all of which allows to improve understanding of the ways and functions of the Inka control, of the reactions and adjustments, over continuity and change, by evidence recognized in the records.We are presenting part of the known regional Inka infrastructure and materials, their characteristics and functions contrasting them with those of the native population. Thus, based on the former and joining it with archive documents and chroniclers’ references we offer an ad hoc model from the periphery in the austral end and in the final expansion epoch. This model is followed by a, perhaps, similar one for the first times of Spanish influence. / El registro arqueológico inka en el centro-oeste argentino, así como la existencia de documentación de los primeros tiempos coloniales hispánicos —con datos acerca de la dominación y de las nuevas relaciones resultantes— brindan grandes posibilidades de investigación. Así, es factible adentrarse en consideraciones sobre el espacio abarcado y el efectivamente controlado por la organización estatal. Del mismo modo, pueden conocerse las formas y funciones del control, las reacciones y ajustes zonales, la continuidad y el cambio en las diversas expresiones disponibles, entre otros.En el presente trabajo se presentará una parte de la infraestructura y de los materiales inkas regionales conocidos. Estos son tratados sobre la base de sus características y funciones, en contraste con los propios de las poblaciones locales. Tales bases se articularán con la documentación de archivos y referencias de los cronistas. De ello se derivará la interpretación de un modelo ad hoc válido para la periferia, en el extremo austral, para la época final de la expansión. Esta será seguida de un modelo, quizás similar, válido para los primeros tiempos de la incidencia hispánica.

Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-10T18:08:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Karine.pdf: 2815099 bytes, checksum: e4c6b6ffe38a9e8195190ca7f9e9b6ad (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-04-22T19:42:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Karine.pdf: 2815099 bytes, checksum: e4c6b6ffe38a9e8195190ca7f9e9b6ad (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-22T19:42:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Karine.pdf: 2815099 bytes, checksum: e4c6b6ffe38a9e8195190ca7f9e9b6ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / A coleta domiciliar é uma componente importante do serviço de limpeza urbana. Uma remoção falha pode implicar no descarte do resíduo no solo, em rios ou na queima indiscriminada, podendo provocar a poluição do ar, das águas e dos solos, além do estímulo à proliferação de vetores transmissores de doenças, causando problemas à saúde pública e contribuindo para a degradação do ambiente. A dissertação tem como objetivo analisar a influência do sistema viário e da topografia na Coleta de Resíduos Sólidos Domiciliares por meio de dados coletados em 31 micro-áreas distribuídas na cidade de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Como unidade de estudo foi utilizado o trecho de logradouro, sendo este o trecho entre dois cruzamentos de vias. Totalizaram-se 1.477 trechos, em 120.792m de vias. Analisou-se o cruzamento dos seguintes dados levantados por trecho: pavimentação e largura (características do sistema viário), declividade e tipologia ocupacional (dados topográficos), com os dados de coleta (motorizada, alternativa e inexistente). Com base nos resultados obtidos é possível observar, com alguma evidência, que determinadas medidas de largura do trecho e de declividade, e determinados estados de conservação do pavimento limitam a realização da coleta porta-a-porta tradicional. Entretanto, observou-se que a limitação oferecida pela largura é mais evidente, pois 51,9% dos trechos sem coleta domiciliar porta-a porta, possui largura inferior a 2,80m. É reduzido o número de trechos servidos pela coleta domiciliar porta-a-porta alternativa, sobre os quais as limitações citadas não incidiram. Os resultados deste estudo mostram com alguma evidência que as condições viárias e topográficas não impedem a realização da coleta domiciliar, apenas funcionando como barreiras que parecem já haverem sido transpostas, ainda que este serviço não seja universal, já que foi observado, que a largura, a declividade e o estado de conservação do pavimento limitam a realização da coleta domiciliar motorizada, mas não impossibilitam a sua realização, pois existem trechos, ainda que reduzidos, aonde a coleta é realizada com tecnologias não convencionais, de maneira alternativa, sobre os quais tais limitações não incidiram. / Salvador

O crescimento constante no número de empreendimentos rodoviários licenciados em âmbito federal desde a instituição da Resolução Conama nº 001 de 1986, que estabeleceu a obrigatoriedade de elaboração de EIA e RIMA para implantação de empreendimentos com significativo impacto ambiental, demonstra a importância deste tipo de intervenção no território, particularmente contexto nacional. Tendo em vista suas características de construção e expressão espacial, os impactos associados à sua implantação e operação são extremamente relevantes em termos espaciais e de volume de material mobilizado. Contraditoriamente, os EIAs e demais estudos ambientais de avaliação e monitoramento do impacto de rodovias apresentam, usualmente, abordagens genéricas e introdutórias, no que tange ao meio físico e, mais especificamente, à geomorfologia, negligenciando a magnitude e expressão espacial e temporal das mudanças, efeitos e impactos deste tipo de intervenção. A presente pesquisa objetivou identificar e caracterizar, qualitativa e quantitativamente, com base nos referenciais da ciência geomorfológica, a natureza das mudanças, efeitos e impactos potenciais de rodovias no meio físico, em relação às formas, materiais e processos afetados por sua implantação. Realizou-se pesquisa bibliográfica abrangendo a Geomorfologia Aplicada, Geomorfologia Antropogênica, Cartografia Geomorfológica, Geologia de Engenharia, Geotecnia e manuais de avaliação de impactos no meio físico, levantando conceitos-chave destas disciplinas, as diferentes abordagens ao tema e sistematizando os principais efeitos e impactos no sistema geomorfológico. Esta sistematização subsidiou a seleção e proposição de geoindicadores para avaliação de impactos, estruturada em quadro síntese apresentado como resultado metodológico. Para validação dos geoindicadores propostos, selecionou-se como universo de análise, bacia hidrográfica localizada em São Bernardo do Campo, segmentada pelo Trecho Sul do Rodoanel Mário Covas (SP-021). Diante das características de sua intervenção e da disponibilidade de insumos para análise, selecionou-se seis recortes temporais, representativos das fases pré-intervenção, intervenção ativa e intervenção consolidada. Obtiveram-se como resultados, valores e descrições derivadas da aplicação dos geoindicadores em cada fase, bem como quadro síntese, com os resultados de todos os períodos, possibilitando a comparação e análise dos geoindicadores para avaliação da magnitude dos efeitos e impactos geomorfológicos da implantação e operação da rodovia na área de estudo. Ao final realizou-se considerações sobre a metodologia empregada, apontando suas vantagens, limitações e encaminhamentos para pesquisas futuras. De modo geral, os resultados contribuíram para o conhecimento geomorfológico dos efeitos e impactos no meio físico associados a esta categoria de intervenções, para o aprimoramento e maior inserção da Geomorfologia Antropogênica e da proposta dos geoindicadores nesta discussão, assim como, para as possibilidades de complementação e adoção de novas abordagens nas avaliações de impactos e estudos do meio físico. / The constant growth of licensed road projects, at the national level, since CONAMAs established the obligation of EIA/RIMA for the implementation of projects with significant environmental impact (Resolution 001/86), demonstrates the importance of these interventions in the territory, particularly in the Brazilian context and its landscape. Given their building technical features and spatial expression, the impacts associated with its implementation and operation are extremely relevant in spatial terms and related to the volume of material. Incoherently, EIAs and other environmental assessments (e.g. monitoring projects of the impact of roadways), regarding the physical environment - more specifically, concerned with geomorphology - usually analyze this issue with generic and introductory approaches, neglecting the magnitude, spatial and temporal expressions of changes derived from this type of intervention. This research intended to identify and characterize (qualitatively and quantitatively), based on the conceptual tools of geomorphological science, the nature of changes, effects and impacts of highways on geomorphological systems (forms, materials and processes) produced by its implementation. A great literature research was made covering Applied Geomorphology, Anthropogenic Geomorphology, Geomorphological Mapping, Engineering Geology, Geotechnical and Impact Assessment Manuals. Key concepts of these disciplines were raised and an important effort was made to identify different approaches of the subject and to systematize the main effects and impacts on geomorphological systems. This systematization supported the selection and proposition of geoindicators for impact assessment, which was structured in a summary table presented as a methodological result. In order to validate the geoindicators proposed, we applied them on a watershed located in São Bernardo do Campo (São Paulo, Brazil), segmented by the Southern Section of Mário Covas beltway (SP-021). Considering the characteristics of the intervention and the availability of inputs for analysis, we selected six temporal scenarios which are representative of the phases of roadways implementation: pre-intervention, active intervention and consolidated intervention. As a result, values and descriptions derived from the application of geoindicators at each phase were explored, as well as summary table with the results achieved for all periods was formulated, allowing comparison and analysis of geoindicators to assess the magnitude of geomorphic effects and impacts in the study area. Finally, discussions on the methodology applied, were developed, pointing its advantages, limitations and possibilities for future research. Generally, we considered that the results obtained were important and contributed to the geomorphological knowledge of the effects and impacts on the physical environment associated with this category of interventions. They were also valuable for improvement and greater inclusion of Anthropogenic Geomorphology and the proposal of geoindicators, as well as for supplementary possibilities and adopting of new approaches in impact assessments and studies of the physical environment.

This thesis presents the stability analysis of an Electric Road System (ERS), which is often abbreviated as eHighway, used for the electrification of the hybrid vehicle. The overall system modelling of the ERS, starting from the sub-station to the critical part of the Scania hybrid truck is performed in the MATLAB Simulink environment. The ERS consists of an overhead catenary line (OCL), where vehicles are electrified by using a pantograph mounted over the vehicle. The stability analysis of the power supply of the overhead line is done by taking into account several aspects of the system. The simulation results are validated with the real test track measurements and the deviations are shown. The frequency response of the system is considered to measure the stability margin. The resonance conditions are clarified and essential variable choke is proposed to damp them out. Also the harmonic components injected from the vehicle side, that are in the closer range of the resonance, are figured out and filtered. When multiple vehicles are electrified from the same catenary line, then there are interferences in between the vehicles. These disturbances both to the vehicles and the overhead power supply system are presented in the time domain. Finally, the results are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the variable choke to increase the stability margin in the overhead supply system. In the frequency domain results, it has shown that the resonance is shifted out of the system operating frequency. In the time domain results, it has shown that the high amplitude of the current and voltage signals are sufficiently damped out by variable choke implementation.

Sustainable transportation solutions are the goal for the future. With the technological shit happening in the transportation market towards electric vehicles, the electric road system (ERS) is a necessary technology required to reach the sustainability goals for the future. While many studies show the role of innovation in a socio-technical landscape, many neglect the diffusion process of the innovation which occurs to create a socio-technical change. The nature of this thesis is an exploratory case study with a qualitative approach. To address the study, a literature review for the diffusion of innovation, its characteristics, multi-level perspective, and technology readiness level (TRL) was presented in order to provide a better understanding and build a foundation for the research. A review of scientific articles regarding the electric road system was performed to provide insights and obtain information on the technology. The data from scientific articles were complemented by interviews from experts regarding electric road systems to obtain an understanding of technology if it was to be implemented in the future in Sweden. The empirics collected were analyzed using the literature framework and conclusions were drawn. Analyzing the data was required to find the factors hindering the technology and if there is a window of opportunity for the technology to exist in the Swedish market. Environmental sustainability has been the driving factor, but the rate of diffusion for the technology will depend on the complexity and the maturity of the technology to function as a whole working system. The study contributes to evaluating the implementation of an inductive electric road system in the Swedish context and if it could be a viable solution in the transportation market. The perspectives of the technology in the Swedish market and the motivation for the solution are discussed. An analytical contribution by evaluating if the technology could exist in the future and insights on the diffusion of the technology into the existing landscape.

The following paper is a master thesis written at KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden. This master thesis is done in a collaboration with a Swedish Consulting Company SWECO. The main focus of this master thesis is to investigate if an implementation of Electric Road System (ERS) on Södertörn Crosslink is profitable, and if so, approximate the payback period for the investment. Additionally, the costs associated with the electrification of the bus fleet, currently operating on road 259, will be determined. There are three different ERS technologies, inductive (wireless), conductive overhead, and conductive rail have been compared, looking at advantages and disadvantages, with regard to the implementation of ERS on Södertörn Crosslink. To accompany this, case study methods have been used, where the results are based on interviews, theory and calculations. The result shows that the payback period for both inductive and conductive rail, based on this study’s forecast, is 7 years and 9,3 years respectively with regard to a discount factor of 9,0 percent. However, the conductive overhead solution does not seem to be profitable as this technology is limited to heavy trucks and buses capable of connecting to the overhead wires. The inductive ERS solution seems to be the best suitable option for Södertörn Crosslink, viewed from an economical and technological perspective. while also considering other factors such as aesthetics. / Denna rapport är ett examensarbete skrivet på KTH, Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan, i Stockholm, Sverige. Denna masteruppsats gjordes i samarbete med ett svenskt konsultföretag, SWECO. Det huvudsakliga syftet av denna masteruppsats är att ta reda på vilka möjligheter det finns för en elektrifiering av framtida motorvägen Tvärförbindelse Södertörn i södra Stockholm, Sverige. Syftet med masteruppsatsen är att undersöka om det finns lönsamhet i implementeringen av ett elvägssystem på Tvärförbindelse Södertörn och därefter approximera hur lång den eventuella återbetalningstiden skulle vara. Kostnader för en elektrifiering av bussflottan, som kör för närvarande på väg 259, ska också bestämmas. Tre olika tekniker för elvägssystem, induktiv (trådlös), konduktiv via luftledningar, och konduktiv via spår, jämförs med avseende på deras för och nackdelar, för att därefter kunna bestämma den mest lämpliga lösningen för Tvärförbindelse Södertörn. För att jämföra dessa tekniker har en fallstudie genomfört. Resultatet visade att återbetalningstiden för de induktiva och konduktiva (via spår) lösningarna, utifrån egen prognos, är 7 år respektive 9,3 år, med hänsyn till diskonteringsränta på 9,0 procent. Den konduktiva lösningen (via luftledningar) visade sig dock inte lönsam i och med att denna teknik är begränsad då endast högre fordon, lastbilar eller bussar, kan ansluta sig till luftledningen. Utifrån olika perspektiv, bland annat ekonomisk och tekniska mognad, visade det sig att den induktiv trådlösa elvägstekniska lösningarna kan vara bäst lämpade, utifrån ett lönsamhetsperspektiv, att implementeras på den framtida vägen, Tvärförbindelse Södertörn.

Electric Road System is an emerging infrastructure with potential of accelerating the transition towards electric vehicles. At the same time, Swedish municipalities are showing difficulties in electrifying their vehicle fleets. This study examines if an Electric Road System can be of value for a municipality, and if there are any challenges for an actor to establish a business model for such a system in the municipal context. Currently, there is a lack of previous studies in this area. This thesis addresses the topic of business models for Electric Road Systems in a municipal context through a single case study in a Swedish municipality. Six conclusions are drawn regarding opportunities for creating and capturing value from an Electric Road System with a municipal customer: 1) A combination of dynamic and stationary charging is probabl yneeded. 2) Extended possibilities for vehicle electrification can be provided. 3) Vehicle availability and reliability can be achieved. 4) Additional services should be evaluated thoroughly. 5) The pricing strategy should include a fixed price. 6) Major uncertainties exist regarding potential size of value capture. Additionally, three conclusions are drawn regarding challenges in the creation of a business model for a municipal Electric Road System: 1) The possibility of electrifying state roads is uncertain. 2) The national choice of ERS-technology will have an impact. 3) The uncertainty regarding prices of ERS-compatible vehicles presents a risk. With these conclusions, this study contributes with an increased knowledge on business models for Electric Road Systems in the municipal context. / Elvägssystem är en framväxande infrastrukturlösning med möjlighet att accelerera övergången till eldrivna fordon. Samtidigt visar svenska kommuner på svårigheter i elektrifieringen av sina fordonsflottor. Den här studien undersöker om ett elvägssystem kan vara av värde för en kommun och om det finns några utmaningar i att etablera en affärsmodell för ett sådant system i en kommun. För närvarande finns en avsaknad av studier som berör detta område. Detta examensarbete behandlar ämnet affärsmodeller för elvägssystem i kontexten av en kommun genom en fallstudie i en svensk kommun. Sex slutsatser dras gällande möjligheterna för skapande och fångst av värde från ett elvägssystem med en kommun som kund: 1) En kombination av dynamisk och stationär laddning behövs förmodligen. 2) Utökade möjligheter för fordonselektrifiering kan uppnås. 3) Tillgängliga och pålitliga fordon kan erhållas. 4) Tilläggstjänster bör utvärderas noggrant. 5) Prissättningsstrategin bör inkludera ett fast pris. 6) Stora osäkerheter finns gällande hur stort värde som kan fångas. Dessutom dras tre slutsatser gällande utmaningar i skapandet av en affärsmodell för ett elvägssystem i en kommun: 1) Möjligheten att elektrifiera statliga vägar är osäker. 2) Det statliga valet av elvägsteknik kommer att påverka. 3) Osäkerheten gällande priset på elvägsfordon utgör en risk. Med dessa slutsatser bidrar denna studie till en ökad kunskap om affärsmodeller för elvägar i kontexten av en kommun.

The toll system selected countries, taxes of road transport in Italy, legislation, used technology, compatibility, taxes of vehicles, repair and system organization, next fiscal arrangements in the area road transport, payment methods, Telepass, contractual and technical interoperability.

The aim of this thesis is to analyse and interpret the existent and future needs of the people and environment of the mission station, Kwasizabantu,to ensure settlement growth that will enhance the social, economical and environmental aspects of the settlement. This will result in a development framework of the whole site, a master plan for the lifespan of the settlement and detailed design of the heart of the settlement. / Dissertation (ML(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Architecture / unrestricted