Coxiella burnetii est une bactérie zoonotique affectant un grand nombre d’espèces animales. Chez les ruminants domestiques, l’infection est généralement asymptomatique, mais parfois associée à des problèmes reproducteurs. Néanmoins, le cycle de transmission de l’infection chez ceux-ci demeure peu connu. Dans ce contexte, nous avons réalisé une étude auprès de fermes bovines, ovines et caprines dans deux régions administratives du Québec afin d’estimer les prévalences de cette infection et d’identifier les facteurs de risque, aux niveaux individuel et troupeau, associés à la positivité. Nous avons estimé une prévalence de positivité au niveau troupeau de 44.6 % (IC95%=33.0-56.6) chez les bovins, de 70.8 % (IC95% =48.9-87.4) chez les ovins et de 66.7 % (IC95% =22.3-95.7) chez les caprins. Une association a été observée chez les troupeaux bovins entre leur positivité et la densité de petits ruminants par kilomètre carré dans un rayon de cinq kilomètres entourant la ferme. Chez les petits ruminants, une association avec la positivité des troupeaux a été observée avec la taille des troupeaux et la présence d’un chien sur la ferme. Au niveau individuel, le nombre de jours en lait ainsi que l’âge des petits ruminants étaient associés à la positivité, et ce dernier facteur était modulé par l’accès des animaux au pâturage. Aucun agrégat spatial de fermes positives n’a été détecté chez aucune des trois espèces. L’infection par Coxiella burnetii est donc fréquente dans les troupeaux de ruminants domestiques québécois et semble associée à certaines pratiques de régie et à la présence, ou proximité, d’autres animaux domestiques. / Coxiella burnetii is a zoonotic bacteria affecting a vast range of animal species. In domestic ruminants, the infection is usually asymptomatic, but sometimes linked with reproductive disorders. However, the transmission cycle of infection among them remains unclear. In that context, we conducted a study among dairy cattle, sheep and goats farms in two administrative regions of Québec to estimate the infection prevalence and identify the risk factors associated with farms and animals positivity. We estimated a herd prevalence of 44.6 % (95%CI=33.0 to 56.6) in dairy cattle, 70.8 % (95%CI=48.9 to 87.4) in sheep and 66.7 % (95%CI=22.3-95.7) in goats. On dairy cattle farms, we observed an association between their positivity and the density of small ruminants per square kilometer within a five kilometers radius around the farm. In small ruminants, at herd level, we observed an association with positivity and herd’s size and the presence of a dog on the farm. At the individual level, an association with positivity was found with the number of days in milk for small ruminants and their age, but the latter was also modulated by the individual’s previous access to pasture. No spatial cluster of positive farms was detected significant among dairy cattle nor small ruminants. The infection by Coxiella burnetii is therefore common on dodmestic ruminants’ farms in Québec and associated with some farm management practices and the presence, or proximity, of other domestic animals.

Foi avaliado o fornecimento do colostro bovino liofilizado como alternativa de fonte inicial de imunoglobulinas para caprinos recém-nascidos bem como as características histológicas, considerando avaliações histomorfométricas, estereológicas, imunohistoquímicas e o número de células caliciformes no epitélio intestinal destes animais. Foram utilizados dois grupos de 15 cabritos, que receberam 5% do peso vivo de colostro bovino liofilizado (CBL) ou colostro caprino (CC), com 55 mg/mL de imunoglobulina G, às 0, 7 e 14 horas de vida. Amostras do duodeno, jejuno médio e íleo foram coletadas às 18, 36 e 96 horas de vida para análises histológica e imunohistoquímica. Três animais foram sacrificados logo após o nascimento, constituindo o grupo zero hora. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, sendo as variáveis morfométricas consideradas em arranjo fatorial 2x3+1, tendo como efeitos principais os dois tipos de colostro, os três horários de abate e o grupo zero hora. A concentração de IGF-I no colostro bovino liofilizado e colostro caprino foi de 158,71 e 356,32 ng/mL, respectivamente. A altura das vilosidades no jejuno mostrou-se superior (P<0,05), apresentando vilosidades 30,7% e 24,2% mais altas do que o duodeno e o íleo às 36h, respectivamente. O duodeno, às 18h, apresentou profundidade das criptas 48,4% maior que o jejuno e, às 96h as criptas duodenais mostraram-se 23,2% maiores que as criptas do íleo (P<0,05). No jejuno, as criptas apresentaram-se mais profundas às 96h (P<0,05) do que nos outros horários. A espessura da túnica muscular no jejuno apresentou-se mais espessa às 36 e 96h do que à zero h e mais espessa às 36h do que às 18h (P<0,05). No geral, jejuno e íleo, apresentaram túnica muscular menos espessa (P<0,05) que a encontrada no duodeno. Independente dos segmentos, às 96h a túnica muscular foi mais espessa que às 18h. O Vv da mucosa absortiva foi maior no jejuno, enquanto no íleo às 36h o Vv foi maior do que nos demais horários experimentais. Independente do segmento, às 36h o Vv foi 17,3% maior que às 96h. O número de células caliciformes no jejuno foi 78,6% menor às 18h (P<0,05) nos cabritos que ingeriram colostro caprino e 54,6% maior às 96h (P<0,05) nos animais que ingeriram colostro bovino liofilizado. Colostro bovino liofilizado pode ser utilizado como fonte de proteção passiva alternativa para os caprinos recémnascidos. O IGF-I presente no colostro não influenciou a morfometria entérica. O jejuno mostrou-se o segmento mais importante no processo absortivo de imunoglobulinas. A distribuição dos anticorpos internalizados pelo epitélio entérico mostrou-se relacionada aos segmentos do intestino e tempo de vida dos recém-nascidos, independente da fonte de anticorpos, bovina liofilizada ou caprina. / It was evaluated the supply of the lyophilized bovine colostrum as an alternative source of immunoglobulin for newborn goat kids and the histological characteristics, through histomorphometric, stereological, immunohistochemical evaluations and goblet cells number in the intestinal epithelium in this animals. Two groups of fifteen newborn goat kids received 5% of body weight of lyophilized bovine colostrum (LBC) or caprine colostrum (CC) with 55 mg/mL of immunoglobulin G at 0, 7 and 14 hr of life. Samples of duodenum, medium jejunum and ileum were collected at 18, 36 and 96 hr of life for histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Three animals were sampled just after birth representing the zero hr group. A completely randomized designing was used, and the variable morphometric was considered as 2x3+1 factorial arrangement, having as the main factors colostrum supply, the three slaughter hours and the zero hr group. The IGF-I concentration in lyophilized bovine colostrum or caprine colostrum was 158,71 and 356,32 ng/mL, respectively. Villous height was superior in the jejunum (P<0.05) with villous 30.7% and 24.2% higher than duodenum and ileum at 36hr, respectively. The duodenum showed at 18hr crypts 48.4% deeper than in the jejunum and at 96hr, the duodenal crypts was 23.2% deeper than ileum crypts (P<0.05). In the jejunum, crypts were deeper at 96hr compared to the other experimental hours. The muscularis submucosal thickness in the jejunum was thicker at 36 and 96hr than zero hr and was thicker at 36hr than 18hr. Jejunum and ileum, in general thinner (P<0.05) tunica muscular layer than found in the duodenum. Regardless of the segments, at 96hr, the muscularis submucosal was thicker than 18hr. The absorptive mucosa partial volume (Vv) was higher in the jejunum, while in the ileum the Vv was higher at 36hr than all other experimental dates. Regardless of the segments, at 36hr, the Vv was 17.3% higher than at 96hr. The goblet cells number was different in jejunum with 78.6% less cells at 18hr (P<0.05) in the goat kids fed caprine colostrum and 54.6% higher at 96hr (P<0.05) in the goat kids fed lyophilized colostrum. Lyophilized bovine colostrum can be used as an alternative source of passive protection for the newborn kids. The IGF-I present in colostrum didnt influence the enteric morphology. The jejunal epithelium was the most important segment related to absorption process. The internalized antibody distribution in the enteric epithelium showed related to the small intestine segments and post-partum period, regardless of the antibodies source, lyophilized bovine or caprine.

Na intenção de avaliar o efeito da suplementação protéica, uso de subprodutos agroindustriais e o processamento de milho, foram conduzidos quatro experimentos. No experimento I, avaliou-se formas de processamento de milho (milho moído, M; e resíduo de pipoca doce, P) e fontes protéicas (farelo de soja, FS; uréia, U; ou farinha de peixe, FP), combinando-os para formar quatro tratamentos: MFS (M + FS); PFS (P + FS); PFP (P + FS + FP); PU (P + U). Comparado ao milho moído (MFS), o resíduo de pipoca doce (PFS) diminuiu os teores de gordura e proteína no leite. Em relação às fontes protéicas (PFS x PFP x PU), observou-se que a maior produção leiteira foi obtida no tratamento PFS. A farinha de peixe (PFP) levou ao menor teor de gordura no leite, mas aumentou o teor protéico no leite. No experimento II, avaliou-se os efeitos da inclusão de três teores (0,15 e 30% da MS) de farelo de algodão (FA) em substituição ao farelo de soja na dieta. O consumo de MS não foi afetado pelos tratamentos, contudo a inclusão de FA levou a efeitos lineares negativos sobre a produção de leite e teor e produção de proteína e efeitos lineares positivos sobre o teor e produção de gordura no leite. No experimento III, comparou-se os efeitos de uma dieta basal com 16% de PB contra duas outras com 17,5% de PB, sendo esses incrementos obtidos através da adição de uréia (U-17,5, resultando em aumento de proteína degradável no rúmen, PDR) ou farelo de soja e de algodão (FSFA-17,5, resultando em aumento de proteína metabolizável, PM). O aumento do teor de PDR (U-17,5) tendeu a aumentar o consumo de MS em relação à dieta basal. A produção de leite elevou-se com o aumento de PM (FSFA-17,5), não ocorrendo o mesmo com o aumento de PDR (U-17,5). O teor e a produção de proteína no leite também elevou-se com o fornecimento extra de PM. Concluiu-se que a elevação do teor de PM para valores acima das recomendações propostas pelo National Research Council - NRC (2001) para vacas produzindo ao redor de 29 kg/d melhorou as produções de leite e de proteína no leite. O experimento IV consistiu de dois ensaios. No primeiro, os tratamentos continham 0 (RUC-0), 10 (RUC-10) ou 20% (RUC-20) de resíduo úmido de cervejaria (RUC). Todas as dietas continham 1% de uréia. Um quarto tratamento isoprotéico, com 2% de uréia substituindo parcialmente o farelo de soja, sem RUC, foi utilizado. O consumo de MS não foi afetado. A produção de leite e o teor e produção de proteína no leite aumentaram com a inclusão de RUC e foram prejudicados com o fornecimento de 2% de uréia. No ensaio 2, foram comparados o RUC fresco com o RUC ensilado com milho moído. Ambos os tratamentos eram isoprotéicos e continham proporções semelhantes de milho moído e RUC. O consumo de MS, produção de leite e os teores e produções de gordura e proteína no leite não foram afetados pelos tratamentos. / Four studies were conducted to compare protein sources and content, corn processing method and a fibrous by-product for lactating dairy cows. Study 1: corn processing methods (fine ground, M; and popped, P) and protein sources (soybean meal, FS; urea, U; or fishmeal, FP) were compared in 4 treatments: MFS (M + FS); PFS (P + FS); PFP (P + FS + FP); PU (P + U). Compared to fine ground corn (MFS), popped corn (PFS) decreased milk fat and protein content. The 3 protein sources comparisons (PFS x PFP x PU) showed that milk yield was higher for PFS. Feeding fishmeal (PFP) decreased milk fat content, but increased milk protein content. Study 2: the cottonseed meal content in the diet (0, 15 and 30% of DM) in replacement to soybean meal were compared. Dry matter intake was not affected by treatments, but cottonseed meal supplementation had a negative linear effect on milk yield and on milk protein content and yield. Increasing cottonseed meal had a positive linear effect on milk fat content and yield. Study3: basal diet (16% CP) was compared to two diets with 17.5% CP, where crude protein content of diets were increased by feeding extra urea (U-17.5, resulting in increased rumen degradable protein content, RDP) or extra soybean and cottonseed meal (FSFA-17.5, resulting in increased metabolizable protein content, MP). Extra RDP (U-17.5) tended to increase DMI compared to basal diet. Milk yield were increased by extra MP (FSFA-17.5) but not by extra RDP (U-17.5). Milk protein content and yield were also increased by feeding extra MP. In conclusion, increasing diet MP content above National Research Council - NRC (2001) recommendations for cows producing around 29 kg/d improved milk and milk protein yields. Study 4: two trials were conducted. In trial 1, treatments were 0 (RUC-0), 10 (RUC-10) or 20% (RUC-20) wet brewers grains inclusion in diet dry matter. All 3 diets contained 1% urea on a DM basis. A fourth isonitrogenous diet, with additional urea (2% of diet DM) in partial replacement of soybean meal, without brewers grains, was compared to. Dry matter intake were not different. Milk yields and milk protein contents and yields were increased by feeding wet brewers grains and decreased by feeding 2% urea. In trial 2, weekly received fresh wet brewers grains versus wet brewers grains ensiled with ground corn were compared. Both treatments were isonitrogenous diets and contained the same proportions of ground corn and wet brewers grains on a dry matter basis. Dry matter intake, milk yield, milk fat content and yield and protein content and yield were not different.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-09T13:17:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Izildo Ferreira da Silva Neto.pdf: 850238 bytes, checksum: 4039b570d51165ae86b4f8afb20d7ab8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-09T13:17:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Izildo Ferreira da Silva Neto.pdf: 850238 bytes, checksum: 4039b570d51165ae86b4f8afb20d7ab8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-07 / In order to evaluate the metabolic response of native sheep and goats fed Tifton 85 hay (Cynodon dactylon) or Maniçoba hay (Manihot pseudoglaziovii) associated with cactus pear (Nopalea cochenillifera), with a total of 32 animals (16 sheep and 16 goats Morada Nova Moxotó) in randomized block design. Blood samples were collected every two weeks, divided into four samples. Were analyzed creatinine, urea, total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, fructosamine, AST, GGT, alkaline phosphatase, sodium, potassium and chlorine. Sheep consuming Tifton hay had a higher blood urea concentration and goats consuming maniçoba hay had higher total protein and fructosamine concentration and higher GGT activity when consumed Tifton hay. The animals of both species had increased plasma concentration glucose and serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and decreased serum sodium concentration. It was observed a positive linear effect in serum urea (P <0.0007), plasma glucose (P <0.0129), serum fructosamine (P <0.0001), serum alkaline phosphatase activity (P <0.0001) and serum sodium (P <0.0001), but with a quadratic effect on serum potassium (P <0.0012) in the sheeps. It was observed a linear effect in the activity of serum GGT (P <0.0001) and serum potassium (P <0.0272), whereas a quadratic effect was recorded for serum urea (P <0.0007) in the goats. Sheep and goats respond satisfactorily to the diets with replacement of Tifton 85 by Maniçoba hay, associated with the cactus. Greater alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in sheep and goats receiving both diets throughout time. These data serve as reference values for nutrition and metabolic profile studies of sheep and goats, particularly in relation to the values of fructosamine for goats. / Objetivou-se avaliar a resposta metabólica de ovinos e caprinos nativos, alimentados com feno de Tifton 85 (Cynodon dactylon) ou feno de Maniçoba (Manihot pseudoglaziovii) associados à palma forrageira (Nopalea cochenillifera). Foram utilizados 32 animais (16 ovinos Morada Nova e 16 caprinos Moxotó) em delineamento em blocos casualizados. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas quinzenalmente, constituindo-se quatro coletas. Foram analisados creatinina, uréia, proteína total, albumina, globulina, glicose, frutosamina, aspartato aminotransferase (AST), γ-glutamil transferase (GGT), fosfatase alcalina, sódio, potássio e cloro. Ovinos consumindo feno de tifton tiveram maior concentração de uréia no sangue e caprinos consumindo feno de maniçoba tiveram maior concentração de proteína total, frutosamina e GGT quando consumiram feno de tifton. Os animais de ambas as espécies tiveram aumento da glicose plasmática e de fosfatase alcalina, e diminuição da concentração de sódio sérico. No grupo dos ovinos, efeito linear positivo foi observado na concentração sérica de uréia (P<0,0007), glicose plasmática (P<0,0129), frutosamina (P<0,0001), atividade da fosfatase alcalina (P<0,0001) e sódio (P<0,0001), porém com efeito quadrático para o potássio (P<0,0012). No grupo dos caprinos, efeito linear negativo foi observado na atividade da GGT (P<0,0001) e concentração de potássio (P<0,0272), enquanto que efeito quadrático foi registrado para a concentração sérica de uréia (P<0,0007). Ovinos e caprinos respondem satisfatoriamente às dietas com substituição do feno de Tifton 85 pelo feno de Maniçoba, associado à palma forrageira. Grande atividade da fosfatase alcalina é observada em ovinos e caprinos recebendo tais dietas ao longo do tempo. Os dados servem como valores de referência para estudos sobre nutrição e perfil metabólico de ovinos e de caprinos, particularmente em relação aos valores de frutosamina para caprinos.

Un déficit énergétique en fin de gestation peut avoir des conséquences pathologiques pour la mère. De plus, la croissance et le métabolisme fœtaux peuvent être altérés, entraînant des adaptations physiologiques irréversibles chez la descendance. On parle alors de programmation fœtale. Chez des chèvres, une restriction alimentaire pendant le dernier tiers de gestation a entraîné une diminution de leur prise de poids et une augmentation de la mobilisation de leurs réserves corporelles et du temps passé à chercher leur nourriture. Entre la naissance et 10 semaines, le métabolisme des chevreaux issus des chèvres restreintes a été peu modifié. Ces chevreaux, plus petits et plus légers à la naissance, ont rattrapé leur retard de croissance dès la semaine suivante mais étaient moins gras que les témoins. Aucune modification de leur comportement alimentaire et de leur réactivité émotionnelle n'a été observée. Une interaction entre le sexe de la progéniture et la restriction maternelle n'a pas été systématiquement démontrée. Sur une période de deux ans, les femelles issues des chèvres restreintes sont restées plus légères et avaient un état corporel réduit par rapport aux témoins. La réactivité de leur axe corticotrope était augmentée, sans modification de leur réactivité émotionnelle. A 12 et 21 mois, leur ingestion spontanée était plus élevée que celle des animaux témoins. Les effets d'une restriction maternelle pendant la gestation observés à la naissance chez les jeunes chevreaux disparaissent rapidement. Des modifications du comportement alimentaire apparaissent cependant à l'âge adulte.

Am Beispiel der Wiederkäuer wurde unter Zuhilfenahme von biochemischen und molekularbiologischen Methoden die Adaptation von Pflanzenfressern (Herbivoren) an pflanzliche Sekundärmetabolite wie z.B. Tannine untersucht. Tannine können in nicht an ihren Verzehr adaptierten Spezies durch ihr Proteinbindungsvermögen die Nahrungsverwertung und damit Wachstum und Gesundheit des Pflanzenfressers beeinträchtigen (antinutritive Wirkung). <br /> Einige Wiederkäuerarten wie z.B. das Reh (Capreolus capreolus) haben in ihrem Nahrungsspektrum viele stark tanninhaltige Pflanzen, leiden aber nicht unter den erwähnten postdigestiven Konsequenzen. Eine Möglichkeit, die antinutritive Wirkung von Tanninen zu neutralisieren, besteht in der Produktion tanninbindender Speichelproteine. <br /> Der Speichel verschiedener Wiederkäuerarten wurde auf das Vorhandensein tanninbindender Proteine untersucht. Diese Arten wurden so ausgewählt, dass alle drei Ernährungstypen (Konzentratselektierer, Intermediärtyp, Gras- und Rauhfutterfresser) in den Vergleich eingeschlossen werden konnten. Als Referenzspezies wurde der Konzentratselektierer Reh herangezogen.<br /> Die Speichelproteine des Rehs und die der Intermediärtypen (Rentier, Rangifer tarandus; Damhirsch, Cervus dama; Moschusochse, Ovibos moschatus) banden ungefähr doppelt so effektiv an hydrolysierbare Tannine (Tanninsäure), wie die der untersuchten Gras- und Rauhfutterfresser (Rind, Bos taurus; und Mufflon, Ovis orientalis musimon). Diese Abstufung zeigte sich auch bei der Untersuchung der Bindung an kondensierte Tannine (Quebracho). Eine Ausnahme stellte Mufflonspeichel dar, dieser band ebenso gut an Quebracho wie die Speichelproteine der anderen Ernährungstypen.<br /> Über eine Aminosäuretotalanalyse konnte festgestellt werden, dass der Speichel einiger untersuchter Wiederkäuerarten prolinreiche Proteine (PRPs) enthielt. Unter Ausnutzung ihrer Trichloressigsäure (TCA)-Löslichkeit wurden diese angereichert und genauer untersucht. Die Analyse der TCA-löslichen Speichelproteine der Konzentratselektierer (Reh, Elch) ergab einen relativen Prolingehalt von über 35 %, während beim Moschusochsen noch 29 % gemessen wurden. In Damhirsch- und Rinderspeichel wurden keine prolinreichen Proteine gefunden.<br /> Für die TCA-löslichen Speichelproteine des Rehs konnte eine hohe Tanninbindungskapazität nachgewiesen werden. Diese banden 24 - 30 x effektiver an Tannine als die TCA-löslichen Speichelproteine des Rindes. Die Tanninbindungskapazitäten der TCA-löslichen Speichelproteine von Moschusochse und Damhirsch waren ebenfalls höher als die des Rindes, aber niedriger als die des Rehs. <br /> Die Kohlenhydrat-Analyse der TCA-löslichen Speichelproteine des Rehs erbrachte, dass es sich bei ihnen um Glykoproteine handelt. Mittels Gelfiltration und zweidimensionaler Polyacrylamidgelektrophorese konnten fünf Proteingruppen mit Molekulargewichten zwischen 15 und 50 kd sowie isoelektrischen Punkten zwischen 4,0 und 8,2 detektiert werden. <br /> Von 15 dieser Proteine konnten die N-terminalen Aminosäuresequenzen ermittelt werden. Ausgehend von diesen Informationen wurden Reh-PRP spezifische mRNAs isoliert und partiell sequenziert. Die meisten dieser Fragmente hatten eine gemeinsame 18 Aminosäuren lange C-terminale Sequenz PPPEEQPEE/QSPDEE/DSPSE. <br /> Die Suche nach Übereinstimmungen der analysierten Sequenzen mit anderen Säugetier-PRPs in der Genbank ergab keine sinnvollen Ähnlichkeiten. Die Ergebnisse können zu Informationen über tanninbindende Proteine anderer Wiederkäuer führen. Die Sequenzinformationen stellen einen Ausgangspunkt bei der Analyse der evolutiven Zusammenhänge der Cerviden dar. / Investigation of tannin binding salivary proteins of roe deer and other ruminants: <br /> In this work the adaptation of herbivores to plant secondary metabolites was investigated with help of biochemical and molecular biological methods. In unadapted species plant secondary metabolites as tannins can reduce food digestibility and thus diminish growth rate and health status (antinutritive action). Tannins act through its astringency, that means the high capacity to bind proteins, other macromolecules and metal ions. Some ruminant species feed on tannin containing plant but do not suffer from the mentioned nutritive consequences. The production of tannin binding proteins is one possible adaptation mechanism to neutralize the effects of the tannins.<br /> Saliva of six different ruminant species was investigated for the presence of tannin binding proteins. All three feeding types (concentrate selector, intermediate type and grass and roughage eater) were included in the comparison. <br /> Salivary proteins from roe deer (Capreolus capreolus, concentrate selector) and from the intermediate feeding types (rein deer, Rangifer tarandus; fallow deer, Cervus dama; musk ox, Ovibos moschatus) bound twice as effective to hydrolysable tannins (tannic acid) as those from the investigated grass and roughage eaters (cattle, Bos taurus; moufflon, Ovis orientalis). This differentiation could also be observed investigating the binding capacities to condensed tannins (quebracho) except for moufflon. Moufflon salivary proteins bound with the same intensity to quebracho as the salivary proteins from the other feeding types.<br /> Proline rich proteins (PRPs) could be accumulated from roe deer, moose and musk ox saliva by use of its solubility properties in 5 % trichloro acetic acid (TCA). Roe deer and moose TCA soluble salivary proteins contained more than 35 %, musk ox proteins 29 % proline. In fallow deer and cattle saliva PRPs could not be detected.<br /> A tannin binding assay demonstrated for the TCA soluble salivary proteins from roe deer, musk ox and fallow deer but not from cattle, that they are able to bind tannins. Roe deer salivary proteins bound 24 to 30 more effective to tannins as cattle proteins. Tannin binding capacity of the proteins from musk ox and fallow deer saliva was higher as those from cattle but lower as those from roe deer.<br /> For further analysis of ruminant tannin binding proteins we chose roe deer as reference species. Carbohydrate analysis of TCA soluble proteins from roe deer saliva showed that they were glycoproteins. With help of gel filtration and two dimensional polyacrylamid gel electrophoresis five proteins groups with molecular weights from 15 to 50 kd and isoelectric points from 4.0 to 8.2 could be detected.<br /> N-terminal amino acid sequences of 15 of the roe deer salivary TCA soluble proteins were determined by Edmann degradation. This information led to partially sequenced roe deer PRP specific cDNA. An 18 amino acid long C-terminal sequence was common in most of the clones. The obtained roe deer PRP sequences did not match with known mammalian PRP sequences from data banks. <br /> The finding in this work can lead to information about salivary tannin binding proteins in other ruminants. The sequence information represent a starting-point for the investigation of cervid evolution.

Canola fibre-protein and can-sugar are the two by-products arising from a process for separating high quality protein fractions from canola meal. In the first trial chemical characteristics of fibre-protein and can-sugar were examined in comparison with commercial canola and soy meal. In the second trial in situ rumen degradability and kinetics of test feed was studied. Based on the findings of those two trials, available energy values were estimated based on NRC (2001) while protein contents potentially absorbable at small intestine were predicted using both NRC (2001) and DVE/OEB models. Subsequently a mixture of fibre-protein and can-sugar was used as an additive to dehydrated alfalfa pellet and two dairy cow trials were conducted to determine the palatability and examine effect on lactation performances of blended alfalfa pellet feeding in comparison with standard alfalfa pellet. Palatability difference was evaluated by Paterson -two choice alternating access method through a 7 day experimental period using 6 lactating Holstein cows. In the lactating performance trial, 6 cows were randomly assigned into two groups and two treatments were allocated over three experimental periods in a switchback design. <p>Can-sugar consisted of water soluble components (CP 15.6 %DM; SCP 96.2 %CP; NFC 99.9 %CHO) with non-protein nitrogen as the main CP fraction (NPN 96.2 %CP). Fibre-protein was a highly fibrous material (NDF: 55.6%; ADF: 46.3%; ADL: 24.1%) comparing to canola meal (NDF: 25.4%, ADF: 21.2%, ADL: 9.0%) due to presence of higher level of seed hulls in fibre-protein. Comparing to canola meal, fibre-protein contained 9% less CP and 1/4 of that consisted of undegradable ADIP. Rumen degradability of can-sugar was assumed as immediate and total as it was water soluble. Most of the ruminally undegradable nutrient components present in canola meal appeared to be concentrated into fibre protein during the manufacturing process and as a result fibre-protein has shown a consistently lower effective degradability of DM, OM, CP NDF and ADF comparing to both canola and soy meal. Available energy content in can-sugar was marginally higher than that of canola meal while fibre-protein contained only 2/3 that of canola meal. The predicted absorbable protein content at small intestine was about 1/2 that of canola meal. These results indicate that fibre-protein can be considered as a secondary source of protein in ruminant feed and a mixture of fibre-protein and can-sugar would nutritionally complement each other to formulate into a cheaper ingredient in ruminant ration. In the palatability study, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in intake preference or finish time between the blended and standard alfalfa pellets. The results from the lactation study showed that there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in milk yield, dairy efficiency or milk composition between the blended and standard alfalfa pellets. The results from the two studies indicated that fibre-protein and can-sugar fractions could be used as an additive to alfalfa dehydrated pellet at 15% inclusion rate without compromising its palatability or the performance of dairy cows. <p>For future studies it is proposed to conduct feeding trials with varying levels of inclusions to alfalfa pellet to know the nutritional effect of fibre-protein and can-sugar while ascertain optimum inclusion rate.

Canola fibre-protein and can-sugar are the two by-products arising from a process for separating high quality protein fractions from canola meal. In the first trial chemical characteristics of fibre-protein and can-sugar were examined in comparison with commercial canola and soy meal. In the second trial in situ rumen degradability and kinetics of test feed was studied. Based on the findings of those two trials, available energy values were estimated based on NRC (2001) while protein contents potentially absorbable at small intestine were predicted using both NRC (2001) and DVE/OEB models. Subsequently a mixture of fibre-protein and can-sugar was used as an additive to dehydrated alfalfa pellet and two dairy cow trials were conducted to determine the palatability and examine effect on lactation performances of blended alfalfa pellet feeding in comparison with standard alfalfa pellet. Palatability difference was evaluated by Paterson -two choice alternating access method through a 7 day experimental period using 6 lactating Holstein cows. In the lactating performance trial, 6 cows were randomly assigned into two groups and two treatments were allocated over three experimental periods in a switchback design. <p>Can-sugar consisted of water soluble components (CP 15.6 %DM; SCP 96.2 %CP; NFC 99.9 %CHO) with non-protein nitrogen as the main CP fraction (NPN 96.2 %CP). Fibre-protein was a highly fibrous material (NDF: 55.6%; ADF: 46.3%; ADL: 24.1%) comparing to canola meal (NDF: 25.4%, ADF: 21.2%, ADL: 9.0%) due to presence of higher level of seed hulls in fibre-protein. Comparing to canola meal, fibre-protein contained 9% less CP and 1/4 of that consisted of undegradable ADIP. Rumen degradability of can-sugar was assumed as immediate and total as it was water soluble. Most of the ruminally undegradable nutrient components present in canola meal appeared to be concentrated into fibre protein during the manufacturing process and as a result fibre-protein has shown a consistently lower effective degradability of DM, OM, CP NDF and ADF comparing to both canola and soy meal. Available energy content in can-sugar was marginally higher than that of canola meal while fibre-protein contained only 2/3 that of canola meal. The predicted absorbable protein content at small intestine was about 1/2 that of canola meal. These results indicate that fibre-protein can be considered as a secondary source of protein in ruminant feed and a mixture of fibre-protein and can-sugar would nutritionally complement each other to formulate into a cheaper ingredient in ruminant ration. In the palatability study, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in intake preference or finish time between the blended and standard alfalfa pellets. The results from the lactation study showed that there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in milk yield, dairy efficiency or milk composition between the blended and standard alfalfa pellets. The results from the two studies indicated that fibre-protein and can-sugar fractions could be used as an additive to alfalfa dehydrated pellet at 15% inclusion rate without compromising its palatability or the performance of dairy cows. <p>For future studies it is proposed to conduct feeding trials with varying levels of inclusions to alfalfa pellet to know the nutritional effect of fibre-protein and can-sugar while ascertain optimum inclusion rate.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of three carbohydrate sources (corn, soybean hulls or wheat bran) in the diet on performance, carcass characteristics and meat and the components are not part of the carcass of steers finished on confinement. We used 24 steers, crossbred Charolais x Nellore, with initial age of 22 months of initial body weight 353.2 ± 10.6 kg. The animals were fed a diet with roughage: concentrate 40,2:59,8, and the volume consisting of sorghum silage. The daily intakes of DM and CP were not influenced by sources of carbohydrates. Animals fed soybean hulls had higher intake of NDF and ADF, whereas calves receiving corn consumed higher levels of NFC, and TDN ED. Animals fed corn or soybean hulls had greater weight gain and better feed conversion than steers receiving wheat bran. The slaughter weight was similar between the sources of carbohydrates, averaging 429.81; 433.18 and 430.46 kg for maize, soybean hulls and wheat bran, respectively. The weight cut sidecut was greater for steers fed corn diet compared with soybean hulls or wheat bran. The meat from the diet with soybean hulls had better flavor compared to the wheat bran. The loss of the cooking liquid and cholesterol content were higher in animals treated with maize as compared to those receiving soybean hulls or wheat bran. There was no effect of carbohydrate sources on the weights of vital organs and blood. The absolute and relative weights to the weight of empty body fat of the intestines and rumen were higher in animals fed with corn. The weight of the omasum was greater for the diet with wheat bran, while animals fed soybean hulls had higher absolute weight of kidney fat. / Objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar o efeito de três fontes de carboidratos (milho, casca de soja ou farelo de trigo) na dieta sobre o desempenho, as características da carcaça e da carne e dos componentes não integrantes da carcaça de novilhos de corte terminados em confinamento. Foram utilizados 24 novilhos castrados, mestiços Charolês x Nelore, com idade inicial de 22 meses e peso inicial de 353,2±10,6 kg. Os animais foram alimentados com dieta com relação volumoso:concentrado de 40,2:59,8, sendo o volumoso constituído de silagem de sorgo. Os consumos diários de MS e PB não foram influenciados pelas fontes de carboidratos. Animais alimentados com casca de soja apresentaram maiores ingestão de FDN e FDA, enquanto que os novilhos que receberam milho consumiram maiores teores de CNF, NDT e ED. Animais alimentados com milho ou casca de soja apresentaram maior ganho de peso e melhor conversão alimentar em relação aos novilhos que receberam farelo de trigo. O peso de abate foi similar entre as fontes de carboidratos, com médias de 429,81; 433,18 e 430,46 kg, para o milho, casca de soja e farelo de trigo, respectivamente. O peso do corte costilhar foi maior para os novilhos alimentados com milho em comparação a dieta com casca de soja ou farelo de trigo. A carne proveniente da dieta com casca de soja apresentou melhor palatabilidade em relação à do farelo de trigo. As perdas de líquidos à cocção e o conteúdo de colesterol foram maiores na carne dos animais tratados com milho em relação aos que receberam casca de soja ou farelo de trigo. Não houve efeito das fontes de carboidratos sobre os pesos dos órgãos vitais e de sangue. Os pesos absolutos e relativos ao peso de corpo vazio dos intestinos e da gordura ruminal foram maiores nos animais alimentados com milho. O peso de omaso foi maior para a dieta com farelo de trigo, enquanto que os animais alimentados com casca de soja apresentaram maior peso absoluto de gordura renal.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The aim of this work was to study the use of whole dry white oat grain (Avena sativa), soybean hulls (Glycine max L.), and the mixture of these ingredients (1:1), provided in two ways: with or without a roughage source on the diet. Sixty- eight male castrated steers, Charolais x Nelore crossbred, with initial average age of 20 months were used, distributed in a factorial scheme 3 x 2, with three energetic sources on the concentrate (white oat grain; soybean hulls and the mixture of these ingredients) and two ways of provision (with or without roughage). The roughage used was sorghum silage (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), with roughage: concentrate of 50:50, based on DM. The ingestive behavior characteristics and the animal's performance response were measured and compared. The final weights of the steers did not differ statistically. The daily average gain of the mixture source (1.167 kg) was superior (P<0.05) to the soybean hulls (0.940 kg), being the oat grain intermediate (1.061 kg). It was observed higher (P<0.05) intake of dry matter and neutral and acid detergent fiber on the diets that contained roughage. Animals fed without roughage presented in the average better (P<0.05) feed conversion (6.291 kg) in relation to the animals fed with roughage (8.578 kg). Independently of the energetic source tested, steers fed with roughage remained more time (P<0.05) eating (4.23 h) and ruminating (7.88 h), compared to the ones fed without roughage (2.68 and 3.52 h, respectively). Steers fed with the energetic sources of oat grain and mixture, were more efficient in the dry matter intake (DM) when fed without roughage. On the average, steers fed without roughage were more efficient in the intake of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and more efficient in the rumination of NDF. Steers fed with or without roughage presented difference (P<0.05) for the total chewing time (13.13 and 6.19h), for the number of ruminal bolus per day (502 and 184), and for the number of rumination chews (30,774 and 11,637, respectively). Steers from the soybean hulls energetic source chewed a few (P<0.05) number of times per ruminal bolus when fed without roughage (41.63), compared to the ones fed with roughage (62.66). / Objetivou-se neste trabalho, estudar a utilização do grão de aveia branca (Avena sativa) na forma inteiro seco, e a casca do grão de soja (Glycine max L.), e a mistura desses ingredientes (1:1), fornecidos de duas formas: com ou sem a fonte de volumoso na dieta. Foram utilizados 68 novilhos cruzas Charolês x Nelore, machos castrados, com idade média inicial de 20 meses, distribuídos em um esquema fatorial 3 x 2, com três fontes energéticas no concentrado (grão de aveia branca; casca do grão de soja e a mistura desses ingredientes) e duas formas de fornecimento (com ou sem volumoso). O volumoso utilizado foi silagem de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), com uma relação volumoso:concentrado de 50:50, com base na MS. Foram mensuradas e comparadas as características do comportamento ingestivo e respostas de desempenho dos animais. Os pesos finais dos novilhos não diferiram estatisticamente. O ganho médio diário da fonte energética Mistura (1,167 kg) foi superior (P<0,05) a Casca de Soja (0,940 kg), sendo Grão de Aveia intermediária (1,061 kg). Observou-se maiores (P<0,05) consumos de matéria seca e fibra em detergente neutro e ácido nas dietas que apresentavam volumoso. Animais alimentados sem volumoso apresentaram melhor (P<0,05) conversão alimentar (6,291 kg) em relação aos animais alimentados com volumoso (8,578 kg). Independente da fonte energética testada, novilhos alimentados com volumoso desprenderam mais tempo (P<0,05) se alimentando (4,23 h) e ruminando (7,88 h), comparados aos sem volumoso (2,68 e 3,52 h, respectivamente). Novilhos alimentados com as fontes energéticas Grão de Aveia e Mistura foram mais eficientes nos consumos de matéria seca (MS) quando alimentados sem volumoso. Na média os novilhos alimentados sem volumoso foram mais eficientes no consumo de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), e mais eficientes na ruminação da FDN. Novilhos alimentados com e sem volumoso apresentaram diferença (P<0,05) para o tempo de mastigação total (13,13 e 6,19h), no número de bolos ruminais por dia (502 e 184), e no número de mastigadas merícicas (30.774 e 11.637, respectivamente). Novilhos da fonte energética Casca de Soja mastigam em menor (P<0,05) número de vezes por bolo ruminal quando alimentados sem volumoso (41,63), em comparação aos alimentados com volumoso (62,66).