A corrida de rua é descrita como uma atividade aeróbica intensa que atualmente envolve milhões de adeptos. A prática regular desta modalidade esportiva promove alterações nos músculos estriados esqueléticos fato que despertou o interesse em analisar, por meio da eletromiográfica (EMG - Myosystem), seu efeito sobre a atividade dos músculos do sistema estomatognático masseter e temporal em diferentes posições posturais da mandíbula, além de sua espessura por meio da ultrassonografia (Ultrassom portátil SonoSite Titan Nacionalizado), como também, a força de mordida máxima utilizando o dinamômetro digital modelo IDDK- Kratos posicionado na região dos primeiros molares. Foram avaliados 40 indivíduos adultos com idades entre 18 a 65 anos, de ambos os gêneros sem alterações clínicas do sistema estomatognático divididos em dois grupos: Grupo I Corredores e Grupo II Controle, pareados sujeito a sujeito. As médias eletromiográficas foram tabuladas e submetidas à análise estatística utilizando Teste t (SPSS 19.0). Os resultados evidenciaram diferenças significantes (p<0,05) para atividades eletromiográficas no grupo formado por indivíduos praticantes da corrida de rua ocorrendo um maior equilíbrio muscular funcional nas posturas clínicas analisadas. Nas condições em que este estudo foi desenvolvido os resultados indicam que a corrida de rua promoveu alterações significativas no sistema mastigatório. / Running is described as an intense aerobic activity which currently involves millions of fans. Regular practice of this sport promotes changes in skeletal muscles striated fact which aroused interest in analyzing through the electromyographic ( EMG - Myosystem ) , its effect on the activity of the muscles of the stomatognathic system masseter and temporalis muscles in different positions mandible posture , plus its thickness by ultrasonography (SonoSite Titan portable Ultrasound Nationalized ) , as well as the maximum bite force using a digital dynamometer model IDDK Kratos - positioned in the region of the first molars . We evaluated 40 adults aged 18-65 years, of both genders without clinical alterations of the stomatognathic system divided into two groups: Group I Runners and Group II Control matched each subject. The average EMG were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis using t Test (SPSS 19.0). The results showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in EMG activity for group of individuals practicing the street race occurring more functional muscle balance postures analyzed clinical. In the conditions in which this study was conducted the results indicate that the road race promoted significant changes in the masticatory system.

Os desequilíbrios posturais comuns nos idosos contribuem para o aumento das instabilidades e aumentam os riscos de quedas e suas possíveis conseqüências. Deve ser estimulada a conscientização dos idosos quanto aos benefícios de se manterem ativos durante toda a vida, pois este é um dos fatores de maior relevância para a preservação de sua saúde. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da corrida de fundo no equilíbrio postural de idosos ativos e saudáveis. Foi realizado um estudo transversal controlado com 35 idosos, de ambos os sexos, idade média de 67 ± 5 anos, sem queixa de desequilíbrio, divididos em grupo-caso (corredores) e grupo-controle. A avaliação do equilíbrio foi realizada pelo Teste de Organização Sensorial (TOS) da Posturografia Dinâmica Computadorizada (PDC). Para análise dos dados foram realizadas medidas descritivas e inferenciais, utilizando o Teste t de Student e o Teste Exato de Fisher, cujo nível se significância adotado foi de 5%. Os resultados referentes aos sistemas sensoriais (somato-sensorial, visual e vestibular) e a avaliação do índice geral de equilíbrio não mostraram diferenças entre os grupos estudados, sugerindo que o TOS é um meio de avaliação que não se mostrou sensível para identificar as alterações no equilíbrio postural desta população. / Postural unbalances, frequent in elderly people, contribute for the increase of instabilities and increase the risk of falls and their consequences. Elderly people\'s awareness must be stimulated regarding the benefits of being active during their entire life, as this is one of the factors of greater relevance for the preservation of their health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of long-distance runs in the postural balance of healthy and active elderly subjects. A controlled transversal study was performed with 35 elderly subjects, male and female, mean age 67 ± 5 years, without unbalance complaints, divided in case group (runners) and control group. The balance evaluation was carried out through the Sensory Organization Test (SOT) of the Computerized Dynamic Posturography (CDP). Descriptive and inferential measures were taken for data analysis, using the Student\'s t test and the Exact Fisher\'s test, and the significance level adopted was 5%. Results concerning the sensorial systems (somatosensorial, visual and vestibular) and the evaluation of the general index of balance did not show differences between the studied groups, suggesting that the SOT is an evaluation tool not sensitive to identify the alterations in the postural balance of this population.

RESUMO Castilho Junior, O T. Avaliaço do efeito da meia elástica na hemodinâmica venosa dos membros inferiores de corredores. 2015. 71f. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Faculdade de Medicina Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto - SP. Introdução: A literatura médica a respeito da eficácia e dos benefícios do uso de meias elásticas de compressão graduada (MECG) na corrida é controversa e inconclusiva. Objetivo: O objetivo foi verificar as alterações da hemodinâmica venosa dos MMII pela pletismografia a ar (PGA) , do lactato sanguíneo e da resposta clínica provocadas pela corrida em atletas amadores saudáveis sem e com o uso de MECG. População e Método: Dez atletas (4 homens e 6 mulheres), corredores voluntários, com idade média 40,3 anos, índice de massa corporal (IMC) médio de 21,88, foram submetidos a avaliações de parâmetros hemodinâmicos venosos por meio da PGA (IEV-índice de enchimento venoso; FE-fraço de ejeção e FVR-fração de volume residual), dosagem de lactato capilar e avaliação clínica (frequência cardíaca, dor e conforto nos MMII) em 3 situações: em repouso (antes da corrida); logo depois de uma corrida de 10 km em esteira com inclinação de 1% sem o uso de MECG e uma semana após com o uso de MECG. Todas as variáveis foram analisadas estatisticamente e considerou-se 5% o nível de significância. Resultado: Após a corrida houve elevação significativa dos valores de IEV dos MMII no grupo sem em relação ao grupo com MECG e em repouso. Houve queda significativa da FVR do membro inferior direito no grupo com MECG em relação aos grupos em repouso e sem meia elástica, o que não ocorreu no membro inferior esquerdo. A FE foi semelhante em todas as situações. O lactato elevou-se no final da corrida no grupo sem MECG e notou-se tendência a elevação no grupo com MECG, mas a diferença inicial e final do lactato nas duas situações permaneceu semelhante. As manifestações clínicas (frequência cardíaca , dor, conforto e lesões) foram semelhantes em todas as situações após a corrida sem e com MECG. Conclusão: Apesar de inalteradas as manifestações clínicas ( frequência cardíaca, dor e desconforto) e dos níveis de lactato de corredores amadores, sadios, após a corrida de 10km com inclinação de 1%, o uso de MECG teve efeitos positivos na hemodinâmica venosa dos MMII, aferidos pela PGA e caracterizados pela redução do IEV em ambos os membros e pela queda da FVR, pelo menos no membro inferior direito. / Background: The literature about the efficacy and the benefits of wearing compression stockings (CS) in running is controverse and inconclusive. Objective: The objective was to verify the changes of venous hemodynamic parameters of the lower limbs measured by air pletismography (APG), of the capillary lactate and of some clinical aspects promoted by running in normal healthy runners wearing or not compression stockings. Methods: Ten volunteer runners (4 men, 6 women), mean age 40,3 years, mean corporal mass index of 21,88, were submitted to evaluation the hemodynamic parameters measured by APG (venous filling index VFI; ejection fraction EF and residual venous fraction - RVF), measurement of capillary lactate and clinical aspects (cardiac frequency, pain, comfort and lesions) in 3 situations: at rest (before running); after a 10 Km running on a treadmill with 1% inclination degree without CS and a week later, after the same running wearing compression stockings. All variables were statistically analised and it was considered 5% as the significance level. Results: After running there was significant elevation of the VFI in the group without CS compared to the groups at rest and with CS. There was also a meaning descent of the RVF levels of the right lower limb of the volunteers wearing CS compared to those without CS and at rest, but this was not noticed on the left lower limb. The EF was the same in all situations. The lactate levels increased after running without CS and there was a tendency of elevation with the use of CS, but the initial and final differences in both situations remained the same. The clinical aspects (cardiac frequency, pain, comfort and lesions) were similar after running with or without CS. Conclusion: Although there were no changes of the clinical aspects (cardiac frequency, pain, comfort and lesions) and the lactate levels of healthy amateur runners after a 10 Km running on a treadmill with a 1% elevation degree, APG showed that the use of CS promoted beneficial effects on venous hemodynamics of the lower limbs, featured by the fall of the VFI levels on both lower limbs and the fall of the RVF levels on the right lower limbs.

Downhill treadmill running is a commonly used method to cause exercise-induced muscle damage, especially in rodents. Previous studies have evaluated which muscles in rats are more prone to damage. However research using downhill run mice (DHR) has shown some inconsistencies in which muscle is best analyzed for damage. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to quantify the damage in various muscles in a mouse after a single bout of DHR. Methods: Male FVB mice (5 months) were injected with Evans Blue dye (EBD) and then either used as control (CON) or run downhill (-16°) at 20 meters per minute (m/min) for 30 minutes. Twenty-four hours after exercise, the gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, tibialis anterior (TA), quadriceps, and triceps brachii muscles were harvested (n = 6 per group per muscle). Cross-sectional slices were obtained, fixed, and mounted to analyze EBD infiltration, dystrophin (Dys), and centralized nuclei. The samples were then imaged using a fluorescent microscope. The entire sample was captured using 20x magnification, and the total number of cells, EBD+, Dys-, and centralized nuclei, were counted. A blood sample was collected to measure plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity. Results: Total number of cells was not different between groups (p > 0.05). No significant difference in any of the markers of muscle damage was found in any muscle between CON and DHR (p > 0.05). Conclusion: These data suggest that DHR does not induce muscle damage in adult (5 months) male FVB mice.

No description available.

The purpose of this study was to examine the changes in running economy of collegiate cross-country runners with 6 weeks of training on the PowerCranks ™ independent bicycle crank. Thirteen collegiate cross-country runners completed the study. Participants were asked to perform 6 weeks of training with either the PowerCranks™ device or the standard cranks (control group). Participants trained 3 days per week with a 48-hour minimum rest time between training sessions. Pre- and post-running economy and V02 max test data were collected. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 19 using a paired-samples t test as well as an independent t test. The paired samples I-test results for the participants pre-training running economy in the PowerCranks™ group were 2.98 ± 0.60 Llmin to 3.08 ± 0.59 Llmin post training; p = 0.057, 1= -2.464. The control group for the PowerCranks™ results were 2.68 ± 0.51 Lfmin pre-training, with post training results of2.69 ± 0.57 L/min,p = 0.815, t = -.245. Results for pre-training V02 max were 4. 10 ± 0.72 Llmin to 4.17 ± 0.75 Lll11in post training; p = 0.230, [= -1.366 with the PowerCranks™ group. The control group [or V02 max. results wen: 3.83 ± 1.10 Llmin pre-training with post-training resulting as 3.92 ± 1.09 Llmin,p = .245, t = -1.287. The results of the independent t test also showed that there was no significant change in values for running economy (t = -.112, P = .913) or V02 max (/ = 1.569,p = .145) when PowerCranks™ and control groups were compared. It was concluded that within the limitations of this study, experienced collegiate numers who performed 6 weeks of cross training with the PowerCranks™ independent cycle crank displayed no significant difference in running economy or VOz max results post training.

Running is becoming an increasingly popular sport; however, runners have a high rate of injury and are therefore often treated in the orthopedic or sports medicine setting. One current focus of these patients' treatment is gluteus medius muscle (GM) strengthening and gait retraining, with the goal of decreasing frontal plane pelvic drop. Unfortunately, there is a research void assessing the role of GM function on pelvic drop, and the effect of an increased pelvic drop on running performance. The specific aims of this research were to investigate a link between frontal plane pelvic drop and (1) isometric GM torque, (2) GM surface electromyography (sEMG) peak amplitude and onset timing, and (3) GM fatigue; and (4) to study the relationship between frontal plane pelvic drop and increased metabolic energy demands. Subjects were recreational runners who ran an average of five or more miles per week. Data from an initial ten subjects were collected, followed by an additional eleven subjects tested for Specific Aims #1, 2, and 3. GM maximal isometric torque was obtained prior to the run. Subjects ran on a treadmill for thirty minutes while three-dimensional pelvic kinematics, GM sEMG, and metabolic data were collected. Pearson's Correlations and scatter plots of the variables showed no relationship between GM maximal isometric strength, GM peak amplitude and onset timing, or GM fatigue rate and frontal plane pelvic drop. The change in pelvic drop also had no effect on the change in running economy (RE) from the start to end of the run. Clinicians should not employ a GM centered treatment approach when treating frontal plane pelvic instability in runners. Future research into additional core stabilizing muscles and their interactions could provide insight into which muscles should be the focus of treatment in runners with proximal instability. These studies should also include kinetic as well as lower extremity (LE) kinematic analysis of running gait to investigate the link between these variables, their relationship to muscle performance, as well as to running performance.

A comparison of the effects on recovery while breathing a 97 per cent oxygen mixture and normal compressed atmospheric air after treadmill running was determined among nine male wrestlers at Utah State University. The variables examined were heart rate and percentages of oxygen and carbon dioxide in expired air. The practice of some athletic teams of administering oxygen to participants during time out periods was the motivation for this study. A great majority of the studies reviewed conclude that oxygen does not play a significant role in aiding recovery from physical activity. The experiment first consisted of eight runs on the treadmill (Quinton Model 18-49-C) to familiarize the subjects with the equipment and also to enable them to plateau in conditioning for a five minute run at 0 per cent grade at eight miles per hour. After the training period was completed, the nine subjects went through a series of six runs, each followed immediately by a five minute recovery period while breathing a 97 per cent oxygen mixture for three of the recovery periods, and a 21 per cent oxygen mixture for the other three recovery periods. Heart rate was recorded every 30 seconds during the recovery period by the use of three electrodes on the subjects. Expired air was collected with the use of the Kofrany-Michaelis Respirometer. Air samples were analyzed for percentages of oxygen and carbon dioxide by the Fry Gas Analyzer. An analysis of variance showed no significant difference in heart rate decline while breathing either gas mixture. At the end of the five minutes of recovery, the subjects expired 3 per cent of carbon dioxide regardless of which oxygen mixture was breathed. It was concluded that there were no significant differences in the effects on recovery while breathing the 97 per cent oxygen mixture or the 21 per cent oxygen mixture.

Purpose To evaluate the information provided by Polar Vantage V, a new generation of heart rate monitor/watch (HRM-watch) to the user, regarding the acute:chronic load ratio (ACLR), based onthe external and internal load measures and examine the measures against psychological and physiological measures before and during a threshold test with VO2max testing. Method A five-week prospective study with results and data collected during and after four normal training weeks and during a fifth week with a very high training load. The results from HRM-watchwere then evaluated against the results from physiological and psychological tests. Eight endurance runners were recruited. Results Differences in ACLR against the differences in HRR show a R2 value of 0.77 (p&lt;0.05). ACLR signicantly increased with an average of 0.33 from 0.93 to 1.26 (p=0.003, 95 % CI= 0.17 {0.49). Differences in ACLR against dierences in total mood disturbance (TMD) from POMS showin regression analyses a R2value of 0.67 (p=0.05). No significant difference was noted in neither resting HRV (p=0.3, 95% CI= -22.2 { 8.5) or standing HRV (p=0.15, 95% CI= - 4.15 { 20.8). Conclusion Based on the result of the present study it can be concluded that training status, well-being and present mood state can be predicted fairly good with the information from the internal and external load measurements from the Polar Vantage V. However, the power of present exploratory study was low due to a low number of included participants. Future research with greater number of participants and an improved study design is needed to verify these interesting findings.

The objective of this study is to compare the caloric expenditure and oxidative sources of underwater treadmill running and land-based treadmill running at maximal and submaximal levels. Underwater running has emerged as a low load bearing form of supplementary training for cardiovascular fitness, as a way to promote recovery from strenuous exercise while maintaining aerobic fitness, and as a way to prevent injury. Prior studies have reported conflicting results as to whether underwater treadmill running elicits similar cardiorespiratory responses to land-based running. It is important to further investigate the similarities and differences between the two to determine if underwater running is as efficient as land-based running for maintenance of fitness and for rehabilitative purposes. Purpose: To compare the caloric expenditure and oxidative sources of underwater treadmill running and land treadmill running during both maximal treadmill trials to exhaustion and during 30 minute submaximal treadmill trials. Methods: 11 volunteer experienced male triathletes, ages 18-45 were recruited as participants. Each completed 6 trials total which included a maximal and submaximal oxygen consumption trial for each of three conditions: running on a water treadmill with AQx® water running shoes, running on a water treadmill without shoes, and running on a land-based treadmill. Data analysis: Data was analyzed using repeated measures ANOVAs, paired t-tests, pairwise comparisons with bonferroni adjustments, and descriptive statistics were reported. Results: For maximal oxygen consumption trials VO2, RPE, RER, and BP were not significantly different between modalities. Maximal HR was found to be significantly different between modalities, and was shown to be greater on land than in the water. For submaximal VO2, trials HR, RPE, RER, and post BP were not found to be significantly different between modalities. Average VO2, total calories expended, and pre systolic BP were found to be significantly different, and were shown to be greater on land than in water. Conclusions: While maximal exertion running on underwater treadmills seems to elicit similar cardiorespiratory responses to running on land-based treadmills, differences were seen at submaximal exertion levels. It remains unclear whether underwater treadmill running can elicit similar training stimuli as land running at submaximal levels.