Since the Hamas attack, 7 of October 2023, instability in the Red Sea region has occurred. Due to this, the United States, along with other western countries has made a military intervention to targets in Yemen. But the question remains, how has it been possible for the US to carry out a military attack? This paper is aiming to study how the US has made this intervention possible by analyzing the securitization of the threat image from the Red Sea region. The study is going to analyze the ATA (Annual threat Assessment) material from the years 2006-2024, the report shows next year's US threat image. By the Securitization Theory the study is aiming to see how the threat image has been securitized. Combined with a discourse analysis as a method the study will investigate how the Red Sea region is expressed in the reports. This material, theory and method have not been studied before and therefore filled a gap in the previous research field.  The purpose is to contribute to a wider picture of the Securitization theory in the international arena. The analysis shows that ATA reports contain clear signs of securitization. The results show that the reports contained loaded words, an authority that was targeting an audience and macro securitization had occurred by mentioning the conflict in the Red Sea region as a proxy war. Due to these results one could draw the conclusion that Securitization had occurred in the report and therefore made possible for the military invasion.

This paper seeks to explore novel perspectives on securitization by examining how Iran’s involvement in the Yemeni conflict since 2014 has been securitized by Saudi, US and Iranian political elites. By combining Copenhagen School securitization theory with Carol Lee Bacchi’s WPR (What’s the Problem Represented to Be?) framework for discourse analysis, this study demonstrates how elements of speech acts which are assumed, implicit, unproblematized or “silent” can contribute to securitization. The analysis finds that statements by Saudi and US political elites consistently represent Iran as a security threat without addressing the complexities of internal Yemeni dynamics. At times, it is assumed that the audience accepts and understands why Iranian involvement is inherently problematic. When the nature of the threat posed by AnsarAllah is discussed in detail, the Saudi perception of Iran’s involvement implicitly becomes a prerequisite for AnsarAllah’s perceived agency and operative capabilities. In accepting Saudi Arabia’s securitizing moves, US political elites reproduce this narrative, despite contradictory scholarly conclusions about Iranian involvement. This contributes to securitization by leaving assumptions about Iran and its role in Yemen unproblematized. The failure to address Iran’s shifting rhetoric also allows for the same narrative to be reproduced by the US, reinforcing the understanding of Iran as an inherently destabilizing force.

No description available.

[pt] Essa tese tem por finalidade analisar o movimento de securitização do trauma promovido pela Organização das Nações Unidas e a Organização Mundial da Saúde dentro de processos de reconstrução de Estados em cenários de pósconflito étnico e religioso. Nosso argumento é o de que esse movimento se desenvolve de modo a interpretar o bem estar psicológico dos indivíduos sobreviventes como uma prioridade e o trauma como uma ameaça à consolidação de uma paz auto-sustentada nesses cenários. Nesses termos, o trauma é interpretado como uma doença mental que caracteriza os indivíduos sobreviventes como sujeitos vulneráveis e com dificuldades de administração de si mesmos e de reorganização de suas vidas. Essa condição demandaria a interferência dessas Organizações para ajudá-los a exercer o controle sobre suas emoções e a recuperar sua condição de cidadãos saudáveis e aptos ao exercício de sua cidadania. Essa interferência tem sido realizada em meio às diversas atividades de reconstrução de Estados voltadas para a promoção da reconciliação social e implementada por meio de programas de psicoterapia social que visam o tratamento e a cura dos traumas. Em termos teóricos, observamos a importância do estudo de práticas discursivas em segurança através de uma leitura construtivista que, no entanto, busca recursos na sociologia política internacional para o entendimento mais abrangente de processos de securitização. Nosso entendimento é o de que a (in)securitização envolve não só o speech act - que enuncia uma política de exceção - como também procura englobar um arcabouço analítico maior para a compreensão desse momento de exceção que está ligado à existência de uma rede transnacional de burocracias e agentes privados que atuam na administração dessa (in)segurança. Ainda, o suporte oferecido pela sociologia política internacional nos permite entender como se desenvolve um movimento de securitização que toma o indivíduo como referente e que se consubstancia na busca de desenvolvimento de mecanismos de administração das emoções e dos comportamentos dos indivíduos para garantia de controle social em termos medicalizados. Nesse sentido, nosso argumento é o de que as sociedades ocidentais contemporâneas estão informadas por uma cultura terapêutica a qual conta com diversos atores e que integra os discursos da ONU e da OMS de modo a reforçar uma concepção de risco que interpreta os indivíduos como passivos e impotentes diante dos desafios do meio em que estão inseridos. Assim, através da metodologia da descrição crítica, procuramos demonstrar a lógica subjacente nos discursos da ONU e da OMS sobre saúde mental e trauma para apontar as contradições dentro desses discursos e entre esses discursos e as práticas psicossociais desenvolvidas nos ambientes de pós-conflito. O intuito final é o de observar que há a prevalência de uma concepção de saúde mental no discurso dessas organizações que privilegia um entendimento ocidental sobre a relação dos indivíduos com as emoções e a violência e que marginaliza ou silencia o papel dos valores culturais locais no processo de reconciliação social nessas comunidades. / [en] The aim of the present thesis is to investigate the securitization movement of trauma promoted by the United Nations and the World Health Organization in post conflict peace-building processes. Our claim is that this movement is developed according to an interpretation that takes the psychological well being of war survivors as a priority and that understands trauma as a threat to the consolidation of a sustainable peace in post conflict scenarios. Trauma is thus interpreted as a mental disease which characterizes war survivors as vulnerable beings who cannot manage themselves and their own lives. This condition would demand the intervention of UN and WHO to help them control their emotions and recover their health in order to be able to function as good citizens. The intervention has been done among the many peace-building activities which aim the promotion of social reconciliation and is formalized via psychosocial programs which search to treat and cure war traumas. Theoretically, we focus on the importance of discourse practices in international security studies according to constructivist lenses that are, nonetheless, supplemented by insights from international political sociology which we find useful to promote an overall understanding of securitization movements. In this sense, our claim is that (in)securitization is related not only to the speech act that enunciate a politics of exception but it also involves an expanded analytical framework that understands the exception moment connected to a transnational bureaucracy network and private agents which work at the management of the (in)security. Yet the international political sociology offers important insights which allow the comprehension of a securitization movement that takes the individual as a referent and that develops mechanisms of management of emotions and behaviors as a form of medicalized social control. Thus, our assertion is that contemporary western societies are based on a therapy culture that is informed by many actors and that permeates the UN and WHO discourses which reinforce a conception of risk that interprets the individual subjects as passive and powerless towards their daily challenges. Based on the critic description methodology, we seek to demonstrate the underlying logic in the UN and WHO discourses about mental health and trauma to highlight the contradictions inside them and between these discourses and the psychosocial practices developed in post conflict scenarios. Our final purpose is to point out the predominance of a conception of mental health in the discourses of these Organizations that privileges a western interpretation about the relation of the individuals with their emotions and violence and that marginalizes or silences the role of local culture values in the social reconciliation processes in these communities.

Mortgage Backed Securities (MBS) are a type of security backed by mortgages as the underlying asset. This is achieved through a process called securitization, where specific mortgages are grouped together and separated from the bank’s other assets, and then sold to investors. One of the risks for investors in MBS is mortgage prepayments made by the borrowers of the underlying mortgages. This risk arises due to the uncertainty of the expected cash flows to be distributed among the investors. There is a correlation between falling market interest rates and an increase in prepayments. When market interest rates fall, borrowers have an incentive to refinance their mortgages at lower interest rates, leading to higher prepayment rates. The Public Securities Association (PSA) model is recognized as a standard benchmark for estimating prepayment rates in MBS. In this paper, we have introduced models to generate time points for prepayments and compare how well these models match with the PSA model. Some of these models determine the timing of each prepayment event using an exponentially distributed Poisson process, while one model employs the Gamma distribution. Additionally, we introduce a strategy where prepayment is strategically triggered by whether the market rate falls below the contract rate. In that strategy, we investigate when it is most beneficial to make a prepayment. The results show that among the models employing random generation of prepayment events, the Gamma distribution best aligns with the PSA rule. Regarding the strategic prepayment strategy, our findings suggest that it is most advantageous to make prepayments early in the mortgage term, aligning with the most rational behavior as well.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Franchi Winter.pdf: 927409 bytes, checksum: c232a0e890cf58ef7c2fb77318ab045c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-15 / The Agribusiness Receivables Certificate, created by the Law n. 11.076 of December, 30, 2004, in order to increase the share of the private capital in the financing of national agribusiness, is a title of credit that represents the promise to pay in cash, linked to credit rights originated in the agribusiness, issued exclusively by of an agribusiness securitization company. In practical terms, it is a specific securitization instrument applied to the agribusiness sector that grants to the investor safety, liquidity, tax benefits, high capital return and low risks, and to the borrower liquidity, better funding costs and new funding resources. This work, therefore, has the purpose to provide an detailed analysis of the agribusiness receivables certificate in Brazil in order to demonstrate that this kind of transaction can be utilized as an accelerator to the development of the agribusiness sector, as well as happened in others sectors of the economy as the case of the real state with the real state receivables certificate / O Certificado de Recebíveis do Agronegócio, criado em 2004 pela Lei 11.076, de 30 de dezembro, com a finalidade de fomentar a participação privada no financiamento do agronegócio nacional, é um título de crédito representativo da promessa de pagamento em dinheiro vinculado a direitos creditórios do agronegócio de emissão exclusiva de companhia securitizadora do agronegócio. Na prática, trata-se de um instrumento de securitização específico para o setor do agronegócio que confere ao investidor segurança, benefícios fiscais, alto retorno do capital investido e redução de riscos, e ao tomador liquidez, melhores taxas de captação e novas fontes de financiamento. O presente trabalho, portanto, tem como objetivo fazer uma análise detalhada do Certificado de Recebíveis do Agronegócio no Brasil, de forma a demonstrar que esse tipo de operação de securitização pode ser um catalizador para o desenvolvimento do setor do agronegócio, assim como já ocorreu com outros setores da economia, como foi o caso do setor imobiliário com o Certificado de Recebíveis Imobiliário

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:20:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 68060200602.pdf: 1455774 bytes, checksum: 257d7c91c6650bb7547db135b453513d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-04T00:00:00Z / The purpose of this study is to realize a diagnostic of the Brazilian securitization market through a survey. It was investigated which were the main characteristics and the main factors that the Brazilian securitization to be similar or to be different of the North American securitization. Therefore, the main goal of this study is to investigate the factors that difficulty or facilitate the development of the Brazilian securitization market. It was asked to Brazilian decision makers (large corporate executives and financial market executives) what do they think of securitization. It was asked the reason why the companies and banks use or not use the securitization as a funding source or as an investment. In this study, it was investigated the factors that trouble the development of the securitization market and it was asked which are the main factor that a securitization deal was executed or not executed. This new perspective reveals that exist a huge difference between the opinion of the supply and the demand. On one side the companies (supply side) are searching for a lower funding and on the other side the banks (demand side) are searching for an secure investment with high profitability, in other words, there is still a huge gap between supply and demand in order to the Brazilian securitization market achieve maturity. / O propósito deste estudo foi realizar um diagnóstico do mercado de securitização através de uma pesquisa sobre o mercado de securitização brasileiro. Foi investigado quais são as suas principais características e os principais fatores pelo qual a securitização brasileira ser semelhante ou distinta da securitização norte-americana. Assim o objetivo principal deste estudo foi investigar os fatores que dificultam e que facilitam o desenvolvimento do mercado de securitização brasileiro e foi recorrido à opinião dos tomadores de decisão das grandes empresas e dos agentes financeiros brasileiros. Foi levantado quais são as motivações para que as empresas e os bancos não utilizarem a securitização como forma de captação ou de aplicação de recursos. Neste estudo foram investigados os fatores que dificultam o desenvolvimento da securitização e foi perguntado quais são os principais fatores pelo qual uma operação de securitização não ocorre e os fatores que facilitam o desenvolvimento da securitização e foi perguntado quais são os principais fatores pelo qual uma operação de securitização ocorre. Esta nova perspectiva do mercado para o mercado de securitização revela que existe uma grande diferença de opiniões entre os agentes deste mercado. De um lado as empresas (os ofertantes) buscando fontes de captação mais barata e de outro lado os bancos (os demandantes) buscando investimentos mais seguros com rentabilidades atraentes, em outras palavras ainda existe uma falta de alinhamento entre eles para que o mercado de securitização brasileiro desenvolva na sua plenitude e atinja a maturidade.

Previously threats were conceived as being connected to wars and armed attacks on other countries. But if we observe the world today there are financial situations that, if they got out of hand, could cause severe problems for large parts of a countries population. The environment is another area where severe consequences can be expected. Buzan, Waever and de Wilde (1998:2) work from the premises that security can, and should, be applied to a wider selection of areas in society. From this stand point this Bachelor thesis will cover the discourse of threats in the inaugural addresses of USAs five most recent presidents: Bush, Clinton, Bush, Obama and Trump. The inaugural address` were chosen because it is the presidents opportunity to outline their strategy and ‘set the tone’ for their term in office (Brownell 2016).Throughout the analysis there is a focus on the five sections outlined in Buzans (1991:116) analysis model: military, politics, economy, ecology and societal. The analysis frame is based on both traditional realism and more alternative security theory. There is also a comparing element to examine whether there have been any changes in the discourse, connected to threats, since the 9/11 attacks. Furthermore, the study sets out to see if any of the subjects have shown signs of becoming securitized.The result of this study shows that the discourse of threat is mainly focused around the military section. There has been a general increase in the number of threats mentioned since 9/11, although some sections have decreased. Terrorism and immigration are the two questions that meets the criteria to have undergone securitization.

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<p>“Unemployment is a restriction of people’s social</p><p>networks and the feeling of participation in the society”</p><p>-Marita Eastmond & Lisa Åkesson</p><p><strong>Abstract </strong></p><p>The main aim of this study is to discuss integration in the labour market by analyzing and discussing a governmental Proposition and a Pilot Project as well as the results of the field work herein carried out. In order to understand how integration in the labour market occurs and to provide some suggestions to improve the governmental documents, the concepts of securitization of migration and transnationalization of migration were used as analytical frameworks. The Pilot Project chosen is <em>Pilotverksamhet med etableringssamtal och etableringsplan – Uppdaterad projektplan med mål och riktlinjer för den utvidgade försöksverksamheten </em>based on the Proposition <em>2009/10:60</em> ”<em>Nyanlända invandrares arbetsmarknadsetablering – egenansvar med professionellt stöd”. </em>The research questions are 1) which questions are left aside from the Proposition and which are possible suggestions to the questions found? 2) How are the interviewees and the Pilot Project/Proposition affected by securitization of migration and transnationalization of migration? Furthermore, suggestions to improve the proposition were discussed. Interviews with primary and secondary stakeholders were also carried out. This analysis was carried out together with the results of the field work in Kronoberg (focused on residents of Araby, Arbetsförmedlingen and Växjö Kommun) in the view of the concepts of securitization and transnational migration issues. The method of this research is qualitative with an abductive approach. The result of this study indicates a number of issues to be improved in the Proposition document before the law be promulgated by the government, as well as some issues that hinder the integration process of the primary stakeholders. Reflection for future studies concerning the influence of securitization and transnationalization phenomena, as well as suggestions to improve people’s integration processes are presented in the conclusion of this study. </p><p>Keywords: Arbetsförmedlingen, Araby, county, immigration, integration, international migration, municipality, Kommun, policy, Proposition, securitization, Sweden, Swedish, Växjö</p>