This thesis deals with six ponds, artificial snall lakes, (Mlýnský, Huťský, Pohořský, Uhlišťský rybník, Zlatá Ktiš a Kapelung) in the Novohradské mountains. They were studied at the interval of years 2004-2006. The basic hydrochemistries and variety of species of planktonic Algae and Cyanobacteria were analysed there. The volume of NH4-N was the highest in Mlýnský pond (20-76 ?g/l), which proves for a recent organic pollution. In other cases the rate was in range of 13-53 ?g/l. The most of NO2-N was again found in Mlýnský pond where its rate reached up to 420 ?g/l. The total amount of t-P was of the same rate in all the sites. It differed only slightly- 58-91 ?g/l. From the hydrochemical data follows that the most nutrients loaded is Mlýnský pond and the cleanest is Pohořský one The transparency (Seccki depth) of all the localities is also high (76-200 cm). It can be compared to the lakes of the Bavarian Forrest and the Bohemia Forest (Šumava). The proportion of N/P is usually between 7,0-29,8 (Chart 11), which shows evidence of limiting P (the most common limiting factor for phytoplankton in fresh waters). The total amount of found taxa (98) is comparable to e.g. lakes of the Bohemia Forest (260), this ara is however more explored. The largest amount of species is at Huťský pond (38) and the smallest one is at Uhlišťský pond (17). As a new species for the the Czech Republik was found Staurastrum arctiscon and Phaeospaera gelatinosa, than another interesting discovery is Vacuolaria penardii and Chloromonas nivalis (Scotiella nivalis). Also Dicranochaete sp. and Paulinella chromatophora are noticeable. The ponds of the Novohradské mountains are from the point ob view of hydrochemistry view unigue habitats. They make for refugium oligotrophic, rare and interesting species of Cyanobacteria and Algea and that is why they deserve proper protection.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T14:42:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao - Rafaela Alves Fernandes.pdf: 429619 bytes, checksum: 2f6106da4b46e3059b4843ba3da85ad4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-17 / The aim of this study was to evaluate the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMFs) in different systems of management of the soil, in an Oxisoil in the Brazilian Cerrado Savannah, located at the experimental campus the Federal University the Goiás (UFG), Campus Jataí, (Goiás, Brazil). Ten samples were collected in tree management (coffee plantation, no tillage and pasture) and a native Cerrado Savannah. The collection were realized in two seasons, dry and wet, and AMF communities were propagated in trap culture, in the greenhouse, with Brachiaria brizantha, as host plant. 42 AMF species were recovered, being 18 Acaulospora, 10 Scutellospora, 07 Glomus, 06 Gigaspora and 01 Paraglomus, and of these 10 couldn t be identified, what can be an indicative of new species. The spore density was higher in dry than wet season, but. had not significant differences between samples collected in field and trap culture, considering species richness and spores density. Gigaspora decipiens and Gi. margarita, were found in all areas and in all seasons. The coffee plantation had the largest spores density, but smaller richness, with predominance that of Gigasporaceae family, and areas with no tillage and pasture presented larger diversity. Shannon-Weiner indices were larger in the pasture area, showing the more equal distribution in these samples. In conclusion, the increasing land use intensity was negativetly correlated with AMF diversity, with might influence the development of the selected plant species. / O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a diversidade de fungos micorrizícos arbusculares (FMAs) em diferentes sistemas de manejo e uso do solo, em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico de Cerrado, localizado, na fazenda experimental da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG) Campus Jataí. Foram coletadas 10 amostras simples em cada um dos 4 sistemas de manejo e uso (cafezal, plantio direto, pastagem e Cerrado nativo). As coletas foram realizadas em set/2007 e em mar/2008. Parte do solo retirado de campo foi cultivado em casa de vegetação com Brachiaria brizantha, visando recuperação de espécies que não puderam ser encontradas in situ. Foram realizadas análises químicas de solo, extração, contagem e identificação das espécies de FMAs, através dos esporos e colonização radicular das amostras coletadas em campo. Foram recuperadas um total de 42 espécies, sendo 18 Acaulospora, 10 Scutellospora, 07 Glomus, 06 Gigaspora e 01 Paraglomus. De todas as espécies encontradas, 10 não puderam ser identificadas, o que pode ser um indicativo de potenciais novas espécies. Foram recuperados um maior número de espécies no período seco, em comparação ao período chuvoso. Não houve diferença entre as amostras coletadas em campo e as cultivadas em casa de vegetação, considerando número de espécies e densidade de esporos. As espécies Gi. decipiens e Gi. margarita foram encontradas em todas os sistemas, independentemente do período de coleta. A área de café apresentou menor diversidade de espécies, enquanto que os sistemas de plantio direto e pastagem foram as que apresentaram maior diversidade, demonstrada pelo índice de Shannon-Weiner. Podemos dizer, então que, quanto maior a intensidade de uso do solo, menor será a diversidade de FMAs, podendo influenciar no comportamento das espécies vegetais, presentes no sistema.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T14:53:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VanderCarbonari.pdf: 3927736 bytes, checksum: bc7822e37fb860c0f2387cee7269086f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-26 / This work aims at performing the inventory of predator and parasitic wasps fauna in different forest formations of Bodoquena Range Mountain National Park (PNSB). The collections were made in the municipalities of Bodoquena, Bonito, Jardim and Porto Murtinho, covering the two parts (North and South) of PNSB, within a discontinuous period of 35 days of collecting, between february/2007 to december/2008. Seven expeditions were undertaken in the field, seven days each, in areas with predominance of deciduous and semideciduous seasonal forest. The data collection techniques employed in faunal inventory were active collection with entomological net, Malaise traps, yellow pads and mini-Winkler extractors. Three-hundred fifty one specimens Aculeata group, represented by 105 species in 57 genera, distributed in the following families: Vespidae, Pompilidae, Mutillidae; Tiphiidae; Scoliidae. The total number of individuals of the Hymenoptera Parasitica series in Bodoquena Mountain Range was 1243, following the percentage: Ichneumonoidea: Ichneumonidae (16%); Braconidae (9%); Platygastroidea: Scelionidae (18%), Platygastridae (1%); Proctotrupoidea: Diapriidae (11%), Chrysidoidea: Bethylidae (14%), Dryinidae (2%), Chrysididae (1%); Ceraphronoidea:Ceraphronidae (4%), Megaspilidae (1%); Evanioidea: Evaniidae (2%); Trigonalioidea: Trigonalidae (1%); and the superfamilies Chalcidoidea (19%) and Cynipoidea (1%). It was not possible to identify the families yet, for these two superfamilies, and all families of Parasitica were not possible to identify at the genera level. Some groups were sampled by one of the techniques employed, showing that the use of various techniques is essential to surveying wasps. The results of this study contribute to the knowledge of the richness of the wasps fauna and their geographical distribution and provide subsidies for insects fauna conservation in these forests / Este trabalho tem como objetivo inventariar a fauna de vespas predadoras e parasíticas nas diferentes formações florestais do Parque Nacional da Serra da Bodoquena (PNSB). As coletas foram realizadas nos municípios de Bodoquena, Bonito, Jardim e Porto Murtinho, cobrindo as duas porções (Norte e Sul) do PNSB, em um período descontínuo de 35 dias de amostragens, entre fevereiro/2007 a dezembro/2008. Foram realizadas sete expedições de campo, de sete dias cada, em áreas com predomínio de Floresta Estacional Decidual e Semidecidual. As técnicas de coleta empregadas no inventário faunístico foram: coleta ativa com rede entomológica, armadilhas de Malaise, bandejas amarelas e extratores de mini-Winkler. Foram capturados 351 exemplares do grupo Aculeata representados por 105 espécies em 57 gêneros, distribuídos nas seguintes famílias: Vespidae, Pompilidae, Mutillidae; Tiphiidae; Scoliidae. O número total de exemplares de Hymenoptera da série Parasitica na Serra da Bodoquena foi 1.243, sendo a porcentagem: Ichneumonoidea:Ichneumonidae (16%), Braconidae (9%); Platygastroidea: Scelionidae (18%), Platygastridae (1%); Proctotrupoidea: Diapriidae (11%); Chrysidoidea: Bethylidae (14%), Dryinidae (2%), Chrysididae (1%); Ceraphronoidea; Ceraphronidae (4%), Megaspilidae (1%); Evanioidea: Evaniidae (2%) Trigonalioidea: Trigonalidae (1%); e as superfamílias Chalcidoidea (19%) e Cynipoidea (1%), para estas duas superfamílias ainda não foi possível a identificação das famílias, e para todas as famílias de parasítica não foi possível a identificação dos gêneros. Alguns grupos foram amostrados por apenas uma das técnicas empregadas, mostrando que a utilização de técnicas variadas é fundamental para se fazer inventários faunísticos de vespas. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo contribuem para o conhecimento da riqueza da fauna de vespas e sua distribuição geográfica e fornece subsídios para a conservação da entomofauna dessas florestas

Alors que la superficie des forêts de plantation continue d'augmenter dans le monde, leurcontribution à la conservation de la biodiversité reste controversée. L’objectif de cette thèse estd'identifier les facteurs clés, à la fois au niveau de l'habitat local et à celui du paysage, qui influent surla diversité des papillons de jour dans les paysages en mosaïque dominés par des plantations de pins.Les communautés de papillons ont été échantillonnées en lisière et à l’intérieur de plantations de pinmaritime, pare-feux, ripisylves et fragments de forêts de feuillus variant par la taille et le degréd’isolement spatial. Les traits biologiques et écologiques des papillons ont été liés auxcaractéristiques de l’habitat et aux variables paysagères.Les éléments les plus importants pour la conservation des papillons dans les paysages dominés parles plantations de pins sont les habitats semi-naturels: forêts de feuillus, pare-feux et lisières. Lesripisylves se révèlent être les plus riches en papillons forestiers, abritant des espèces spécialisées. Lespare-feux hébergent deux fois plus d'espèces que les autres types d'habitats et sont importants pourla conservation de plusieurs espèces menacées. Toutefois les plantations de pin ne sont pas vide depapillons. La qualité de l'habitat, notamment la présence de plantes hôtes, est le facteur le plusdéterminant de la composition des communautés de rhopalocères. La composition et laconfiguration du paysage ont également une influence importante sur la diversité des papillons. Denombreuses espèces de papillons ont été observées dans plusieurs types d'habitat suggérant que lacomplémentation et supplémentation des ressources soient des processus clés pour maintenir ladiversité des papillons dans les paysages forestiers hétérogènes. / While the area of plantation forests continues to increase worldwide, their contribution to theconservation of biodiversity is still controversial. The aim of this thesis is to identify key habitat andlandscape factors that drive butterfly diversity in mosaic landscapes dominated by pine plantations.Butterfly communities were sampled at edges and interiors of five successional stages of pine stands,in firebreaks, riparian forests and in deciduous woodlands varying in fragment size and isolation.Biological and ecological traits of butterflies were related to habitat patch attributes and tolandscape composition and configuration.The results highlighted the critical importance of semi-natural habitats for butterfly conservation inpine plantation mosaics, i.e. deciduous woodlands, firebreaks and edges. Riparian forests wereespecially rich in forest butterfly species, harboring specialized species with both narrow habitat andthermal ranges. Firebreaks had twice as many species as other habitat types and were ofconservation value for several threatened butterfly species. Our results also showed that pine standswere not ‘free of butterflies'. Habitat quality, particularly the presence of host plants, was the mostimportant driver of butterfly community composition. Landscape composition and configuration alsoinfluenced butterfly diversity. Many species used more than one distinct habitat type, suggestingthat resource complementation and supplementation are important mechanisms of butterflydiversity persistence in pine plantation mosaics.

Abstract Knowing which factors govern variation in community structure is crucial for assessing and conserving biodiversity. Two main processes structuring biological communities are selection by environmental conditions and dispersal between sites. In this thesis, I studied the potential importance of these two processes in structuring stream metacommunities (i.e. a set of local communities that are connected by the dispersal of individuals). I used altogether four datasets collected from three different drainage basins located in northern Finland. For small species, such as stream diatoms, bryophytes and macroinvertebrates, measuring dispersal directly and for all the species in a community, is very difficult. Thus, I used three kinds of spatial proxies to represent the potential effects of dispersal: (1) the size of species pool, (2) spatial locations of the sample sites and (3) distances between sites. In general, local environmental characteristics explained the variation in community structure better than any of the spatial proxies. The results suggested that stream diatoms, bryophytes and macroinvertebrates should not be dispersal limited at within-basin scale. However, in some cases spatial proxies explained a relatively larger proportion of community variation. One major difficulty when using such proxies is that high and limiting dispersal rates produce similar patterns. Here, I also present and test a novel hierarchical metacommunity approach for differentiating if a significant spatial signal is produced by high or limiting dispersal rates. This approach seemed promising. The results suggested that, at very small spatial scales (i.e. within a stream section) the community composition of stream macroinvertebrates is possibly influenced by high dispersal rates. I also used the so-called deconstructive approach and assigned the whole community into smaller groups of species based on their traits (i.e. feeding mode, dispersal mode and body size). This approach showed, for example, that metacommunity organization of species with actively dispersing terrestrial adults was, in general, more strongly related to environmental variables than the metacommunity organization of more passively dispersing species. I conclude that several approaches are needed for disentangling the importance of dispersal at the metacommunity level. / Tiivistelmä Eliöyhteisöjen rakenteeseen vaikuttavien tekijöiden tunteminen on välttämätöntä luonnon monimuotoisuuden hoidon ja suojelun kannalta. Kaksi merkittävää tekijää yhteisörakenteen säätelyssä ovat ympäristötekijöiden aiheuttama valinta ja levittäytyminen. Tutkin väitöskirjassani näiden kahden tekijän suhteellista merkitystä puroeliöiden metayhteisöjen rakentumiselle. Metayhteisöllä tarkoitetaan joukkoa paikallisia yhteisöjä, joiden välillä yksilöt kykenevät levittäytymään. Käytin neljää aineistoa, jotka oli kerätty yhteensä kolmelta valuma-alueelta Pohjois-Suomesta. Pienille lajeille, kuten piileville, sammalille ja pohjaeläimille, levittäytymisen mittaaminen suoraan ja kaikille yhteisön lajeille vertailukelpoisella tavalla on hyvin vaikeaa. Tässä väitöskirjassa tavoitteeni oli selvittää, kuinka hyvin epäsuoria menetelmiä voidaan käyttää levittäytymisen merkityksen selvittämisessä. Käytin kolmea erilaista niin sanottua spatiaalista muuttujaa kuvaamaan levittäytymisen potentiaalisia vaikutuksia: (1) alueellisen lajipoolin kokoa, (2) tutkimuspaikkojen spatiaalista sijaintia ja (3) paikkojen välisiä etäisyyksiä. Yleisesti ottaen tulokset osoittivat, että paikalliset ympäristötekijät selittivät yhteisörakenteen vaihtelua paremmin kuin mikään spatiaalisista muuttujista. Saadut tulokset viittasivat siihen, että valuma-alueen sisällä purojen piilevien, sammalten ja pohjaeläinten yhteisörakenteen ei pitäisi olla rajoittuneen levittäytymisen muokkaamaa. Joissain tapauksissa jokin levittäytymistä kuvaava muuttuja kuitenkin selitti suhteellisesti suuremman osuuden yhteisörakenteen vaihtelusta. Tämä tulos tuo esille yhden spatiaalisten muuttujien käyttöön liittyvän merkittävän haasteen: samankaltaiseen tulokseen voi johtaa sekä voimakas että rajoittunut levittäytyminen. Väitöskirjassani esittelen ja testaan myös uudenlaista lähestymistapaa, jonka tavoitteena on erottaa, onko merkitsevä spatiaalinen signaali voimakkaan vai rajoittuneen levittäytymisen aiheuttamaa. Tämä uusi menetelmä viittasi siihen, että erittäin pienillä spatiaalisilla mittakaavoilla, kuten saman purojakson sisällä, puropohjaeläinten yhteisörakenne voi olla voimakkaan levittäytymisen muovaamaa. Käytin myös niin kutsuttua dekonstruktiivista lähestymistapaa. Jaoin koko yhteisön pienempiin ryhmiin niiden lajiominaisuuksien perusteella (esim. ravinnonotto, levittäytymistyyppi, vartalon koko). Saadut tulokset antoivat muun muassa viitteitä siitä, että aktiivisesti levittäytyvien eliöiden metayhteisöjen rakentuminen saattaa olla passiivisesti levittäytyviä lajeja riippuvaisempi paikallisista ympäristötekijöistä. Yhteenvetona totean, että metayhteisötasolla levittäytymisen merkityksen selvittämiseksi on käytettävä samanaikaisesti hyvin monenlaisia menetelmiä, sillä jokaisella menetelmällä on puutteensa ja siten eri menetelmiä tarvitaan täydentämään toisiaan.

Many regional and local factors can influence the distribution of native and exotic species in ecological communities. I examined the regional- and local-scale determinants of native and exotic vascular plant species richness and composition in a highly fragmented oak savanna ecosystem on southeastern Vancouver Island. In sharp contrast to most reported results, I found a negative relationship between native and exotic richness at the regional scale, and no relationship at the local scale. Two extrinsic factors, surrounding road density and climate, best explained the regional-scale relationship by each affecting natives and exotics in opposite ways. Road density and climate were also the dominant predictors of native and exotic composition at the regional scale. Patterns in the patch occupancy of individual species confirmed the importance of these factors but I found that low surrounding road densities and cool, wet conditions predicted the presence of many natives and the absence of many exotics. Environmental factors explained variation in richness and composition at the local scale, but these factors were different for natives and exotics. My results suggest that natives and exotics respond to roads and climate in fundamentally different ways. Roads increase both exotic propagule pressure and disturbance, which may facilitate exotic invasion. In contrast, disturbance from roads may increase the likelihood of local extinction for particular natives. Differing climatic preferences within the native and exotic species pools may also partially explain the observed patterns. There was no evidence that native diversity directly affects exotic diversity (or vice versa). Surprisingly, I found that connectivity was not an important predictor of richness or composition despite the high degree of habitat fragmentation in this ecosystem. / Science, Faculty of / Botany, Department of / Graduate

No description available.

Theory suggests that plant interactions at the neighbourhood scale play a fundamental role in regulating biodiversity–productivity relationships (BPRs) in tree communities. However, empirical evidence of this prediction is rare, as little is known about how neighbourhood interactions scale up to influence community BPRs. Here, using a biodiversity–ecosystem functioning experiment, we provide insights into processes underlying BPRs by demonstrating that diversity-mediated interactions among local neighbours are a strong regulator of productivity in species mixtures. Our results show that local neighbourhood interactions explain over half of the variation in observed community productivity along a diversity gradient. Overall, individual tree growth increased with neighbourhood species richness, leading to a positive BPR at the community scale. The importance of local-scale neighbourhood effects for regulating community productivity, however, distinctly increased with increasing community species richness. Preserving tree species diversity at the local neighbourhood scale, thus seems to be a promising way for promoting forest productivity.

The relations between environmental resources and biodiversity are crucial in the proper management and conservation of grasslands. Three nature reserves were chosen around the Gauteng Province, namely Roodeplaat Nature Reserve (RNR) in Tshwane, Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve (SNR) in Heidelberg, and Abe Bailey Nature Reserve (ANR) in Carletonville. We selected three sites within RNR, SNR and ANR, and paired these with adjacent sites in private farming/grazing areas adjacent to the nature reserves. At each site, species composition, species richness and plant diversity were determined with the use of 50m x 20m Modified-Whittaker plots (MWP), making a total of eighteen plots (MWP) at the nine paired sites. Two paired sites had high Shannon-Wiener Index (H’) average values at the adjacent grazing area as compared to the nature reserve area at ANR. Roodeplaat Nature Reserve (RNR) and Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve (SNR) had two paired sites with high H’ average values in the nature reserve as compared to the adjacent grazing area. The vegetation structure was similar for the three study locations, consisting of graminoids, herbs and isolated patches of shrubs. The species composition showed similarities between ANR and SNR sites, while RNR showed different species composition. SNR soils had the highest organic carbon (OC), total Carbon (C), total Nitrogen (N), Calcium (Ca), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg) and Sodium (Na) as compared to both ANR and RNR. Species richness had a significantly positive relationship with Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen. Species diversity difference was detected between the nature reserves and adjacent grazing areas and the difference are likely due to a number of factors including soil properties, land disturbance and land use and management. More research is necessary to further understand the aspects impacting species richness, species diversity and species composition in grasslands. / School of Agriculture and Life Sciences / M. Sc.