Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Organizations face a series of difficulties in answering to the demands that are projected by the norms and models of software security. The norms and models provide a set of good security practices which should followed but do not describe how these practices must be implemented. Security patterns document good security solutions which can be incorporated to the software process. However they are difficult to be incorporated in each software development phase. In way, this work proposes a methodology for the adaptation of software processes based on security requirements that are preconized by the security practices of the Systems Security Engineering Capability Maturity Model (SSE-CMM). The basis for adaptation is a process framework that is elaborated from the Rational Unified Process (RUP) and security patterns proposed on the literature. By means of this methodology, the project managers, or related roles, find support for their decisions referent to the implementation of information security. In addition, some process area2 pattern association rules have initially been proposed and inserted in the framework. Although they are only suggestions and should be adapted according to the necessity of each project. In addition they should be adjusted according to the understanding of each project engineer or manager. Finally, they should evolve to the extent that the organization learns from past projects. The methodology and the association rules are supported by a developed tool, the SMT- Tool. The aim of this tool is to help the development of the process adaptation task. / As organizações enfrentam uma série de dificuldades para atender às exigências previstas pelas normas e modelos de segurança de software. As normas e modelos fornecem um conjunto de boas práticas de segurança que devem ser seguidas, mas não descrevem como essas práticas devem ser implementadas. Padrões de segurança documentam boas soluções de segurança que podem ser incorporadas ao processo de software, mas são difíceis de serem incorporados em cada fase do desenvolvimento de software. Desta forma, a proposta deste trabalho propõe uma metodologia para adaptação de processos de software com base em requisitos de segurança, preconizados pelas práticas de segurança do Systems Security Engineering Capability Maturity Model (SSE-CMM). A adaptação tem como base um framework de processo elaborado a partir do Rational Unified Process (RUP) e de padrões de segurança propostos na literatura. A partir desta metodologia, os gerentes de projetos, ou papéis relacionados, encontram suporte para suas decisões referentes à implementação de segurança da informação. Ainda, algumas regras de associações de padrões às áreas de processo1, descritas pelo SSE-CMM, foram inicialmente propostas e inseridas no framework, porém, são apenas sugestões e devem ser adaptadas conforme a necessidade de cada projeto, bem como do entendimento de cada engenheiro ou gerente de projeto, e devem evoluir a medida que a organização aprenda com projetos passados. A metodologia e as regras de associações são suportadas por uma ferramenta, a SMT- Tool, desenvolvida com o objetivo de apoiar a realização da tarefa de adaptação de processos.

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Denna studie visar utbetalningspolitiken hos företag noterade på Stockholmsbörsen år 2000-2015. Svensk utbetalningspolitik skiljer sig från utbetalningspolitiken i USA och inom EU. I Sverige fick återköp som utbetalningsform stor genomslagskraft år 2000 men trots detta är utdelningar fortsatt den dominerande utbetalningsformen idag. Vid en uppdelning i finansiella och industriella företag blir det tydligt att finansiella företag fått en allt mer betydelsefull roll inom svensk utbetalningspolitik. En ökad koncentration av det kassaflöde samtliga företag fördelar till aktieägare tycks inte kunna urskiljas på den svenska marknaden. Skiljer man på finansiella och industriella företag går det att se en ökad koncentration av det kassaflöde som fördelas av finansiella företag. År 2015 finns en stor andel mogna företag på Stockholmsbörsen vilket förklarar att total utbetalning av företag har ökat sedan 2000. Det framkommer genom att studera företagens kapitalstruktur och fas i den ekonomiska livscykeln. / This paper depicts payout policies of companies listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange (SSE) 2000-2015. Payout policy in Sweden differs significantly from policy in the U.S. and the rest of the EU. In Sweden open market stock repurchases (OMR) came to be the dominant method of payout back in 2000. However, since then dividends have taken over the scene. Comparing financial and industrial corporations, makes it evident that financial corporations have come to gain prominence when it comes to shaping payout policy. It is not possible to entail an increasing concentration of cash flow that companies distribute to shareholders, when investigating the entire Swedish stock market. Dividing between the two sectors proves a heightened concentration of payouts among financial corporations. In 2015 mature companies have come to gain a greater share of SSE, which explains the increased number of dividend paying corporations since 2000. This becomes evident when examining the capital structure of the companies and their phase in the economic lifecycle.

La problématique de la surcharge pondérale est pandémique. Un nombre important d’études épidémiologiques robustes mettent en évidence un gradient socio-économique (SSE) en lien avec cette problématique: le risque de surpoids ou d'obésité diminuerait graduellement avec l’accroissement du SSE. Toutefois, les données canadiennes récentes montrent que ce gradient est inversé pour les hommes au Canada. Nos objectifs sont (1) de vérifier si ce phénomène de gradient SSE inversé s’applique autant à l’embonpoint, qu’à l’obésité; (2) nous présenterons et discuterons trois grandes hypothèses susceptibles d'expliquer les inégalités sociales de surcharges pondérales (sociodémographique, habitudes de vie et psychosociale). Méthodologie : nous réalisons nos analyses à partir d’un échantillon de personnes âgées de 25 à 65 ans ayant répondu aux questions de l’Enquête sur la santé dans les collectivités canadiennes cycle 2.2 volet-nutrition (ESCC 2.2). Nous choisissons d’utiliser les données de cette enquête principalement pour ses mesures anthropométriques. Nous utilisons deux indicateurs SSE : le revenu et l’éducation. Nous utilisons des régressions logistiques simples et multinomiales. Nos résultats montrent des gradients SSE inversés entre hommes et femmes pour les liens entre le revenu et l’obésité, mais non pour l’embonpoint. Nous observons des gradients SSE avec l’éducation, mais principalement pour les femmes et l’obésité. Que pour les hommes aucune des hypothèses explicatives n’aura su atténuer l’effet du revenu, tant pour l’embonpoint que pour l’obésité. Chez les femmes l’effet de l’éducation et des habitudes de vie expliquent majoritairement l’effet du revenu sur l’obésité. Conclusion : nous montrons par nos résultats qu’en se concentrant uniquement que sur les aspects individuels de la surcharge pondérale, nous limitons notre compréhension des inégalités sociales en matière de surcharge pondérale, particulièrement celles entre le genre. / Overweight and obesity are an epidemic health problem Worldwide. A large number of Epidemiological studies demonstrate social gradient (SES) whit this problematic: the higher the socioeconomic level of the household the lower the Overweight or Obesity rate are. Recent Canadian data shows that the likelihood of being overweight follows a socio economic (SES) gradient. However, the risk increases with the SES for men and decreases for women. Our aims are (1) to examine if this gender-reversed SES gradient is observable for pre-obesity as well as for obesity; and (2) to which extent this gradient can be explained by, socio-demographic, psychosocial and behavioural factors. Methods: Data was derived from a subsample of Canadian adults (25-65 years) who responded to the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS 2.2, Statistics Canada). We choose this survey because the BMI is derived from anthropometric measures of weight and height. We used two SES indicators: education level and measure of income sufficiency calculated by Statistics Canada. Multinomial logistic regressions were used to test our hypotheses’. Our results show a gender-reversed gradient for obesity but not for pre-obesity. Pre-obesity is significantly and positively associated to SES for men, but no significant relationship was found for women. For men, socio-demographic, behavioural and psychosocial factors neither contribute in explaining the relationship between SES and pre-obesity or obesity. For women, behavioural factors, mainly physical activity, contribute, however marginally, to reducing the gap between the poorest and the richest. In conclusion, these results show that targeting individual factors is a limited approach towards reducing overweight social inequalities.

This thesis focused on factors contributing to improved work environment in small-scale enterprises and sustainable health for the entrepreneurs. In Study I, implementation of the provision of Systematic Work Environment Management (SWEM) with and without support was investigated. Two implementation methods were used, supervised and network method. The effect of the project reached the employees faster in the enterprises with the supervised method. In general, the work environment improved in all enterprises. However, extensive support to small-scale enterprises in terms of advice and networking aimed at fulfilling SWEM regulations had limited effect – especially considering the cost of applying these methods. Studies II, III, and IV focused on entrepreneurs’ health, work conditions, strategies for maintaining good health, and utilisation of Occupational Health Service (OHS). A closed cohort of entrepreneurs in ten different trades responded to two self-administered questionnaires on health and work conditions, with five years between the surveys: at baseline, 496 entrepreneurs responded, and 251 entrepreneurs responded at follow-up. Differences were tested by Chi2-test, and associations estimated with logistic regression analyses. Qualitative interviews on entrepreneurs’ strategies for maintaining good health were included. In Study II, the most frequently reported complaints, musculoskeletal pain and mental health problems, were associated with poor job satisfaction and poor physical work environment. In Study III, consistent self-reported good health, i.e. good health both at baseline and at follow up, was associated with self-valued good social life when adjusted for physical work conditions and job satisfaction. Entrepreneurs’ strategies for maintaining good health included good planning and control over work, flexibility at work, good social contact with family, friends and other entrepreneurs, and regular physical exercise. Study IV concerned entrepreneur’s utilisation of OHS. Entrepreneurs affiliated to OHS had either better or more adverse work conditions than non-affiliated entrepreneurs. Medical care and health check-ups were the services most utilised. Affiliation to OHS correlated with use of specific information sources and active work environment management. The entrepreneurs were not consistently affiliated to OHS over the five-year-period.

La problématique de la surcharge pondérale est pandémique. Un nombre important d’études épidémiologiques robustes mettent en évidence un gradient socio-économique (SSE) en lien avec cette problématique: le risque de surpoids ou d'obésité diminuerait graduellement avec l’accroissement du SSE. Toutefois, les données canadiennes récentes montrent que ce gradient est inversé pour les hommes au Canada. Nos objectifs sont (1) de vérifier si ce phénomène de gradient SSE inversé s’applique autant à l’embonpoint, qu’à l’obésité; (2) nous présenterons et discuterons trois grandes hypothèses susceptibles d'expliquer les inégalités sociales de surcharges pondérales (sociodémographique, habitudes de vie et psychosociale). Méthodologie : nous réalisons nos analyses à partir d’un échantillon de personnes âgées de 25 à 65 ans ayant répondu aux questions de l’Enquête sur la santé dans les collectivités canadiennes cycle 2.2 volet-nutrition (ESCC 2.2). Nous choisissons d’utiliser les données de cette enquête principalement pour ses mesures anthropométriques. Nous utilisons deux indicateurs SSE : le revenu et l’éducation. Nous utilisons des régressions logistiques simples et multinomiales. Nos résultats montrent des gradients SSE inversés entre hommes et femmes pour les liens entre le revenu et l’obésité, mais non pour l’embonpoint. Nous observons des gradients SSE avec l’éducation, mais principalement pour les femmes et l’obésité. Que pour les hommes aucune des hypothèses explicatives n’aura su atténuer l’effet du revenu, tant pour l’embonpoint que pour l’obésité. Chez les femmes l’effet de l’éducation et des habitudes de vie expliquent majoritairement l’effet du revenu sur l’obésité. Conclusion : nous montrons par nos résultats qu’en se concentrant uniquement que sur les aspects individuels de la surcharge pondérale, nous limitons notre compréhension des inégalités sociales en matière de surcharge pondérale, particulièrement celles entre le genre. / Overweight and obesity are an epidemic health problem Worldwide. A large number of Epidemiological studies demonstrate social gradient (SES) whit this problematic: the higher the socioeconomic level of the household the lower the Overweight or Obesity rate are. Recent Canadian data shows that the likelihood of being overweight follows a socio economic (SES) gradient. However, the risk increases with the SES for men and decreases for women. Our aims are (1) to examine if this gender-reversed SES gradient is observable for pre-obesity as well as for obesity; and (2) to which extent this gradient can be explained by, socio-demographic, psychosocial and behavioural factors. Methods: Data was derived from a subsample of Canadian adults (25-65 years) who responded to the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS 2.2, Statistics Canada). We choose this survey because the BMI is derived from anthropometric measures of weight and height. We used two SES indicators: education level and measure of income sufficiency calculated by Statistics Canada. Multinomial logistic regressions were used to test our hypotheses’. Our results show a gender-reversed gradient for obesity but not for pre-obesity. Pre-obesity is significantly and positively associated to SES for men, but no significant relationship was found for women. For men, socio-demographic, behavioural and psychosocial factors neither contribute in explaining the relationship between SES and pre-obesity or obesity. For women, behavioural factors, mainly physical activity, contribute, however marginally, to reducing the gap between the poorest and the richest. In conclusion, these results show that targeting individual factors is a limited approach towards reducing overweight social inequalities.

Följande uppsats undersöker hur svensk utbetalningspolitik har utvecklats under åren 1992-2012. Urvalet består av de företag som under våren 2014 var noterade på Stockholmsbörsens “Large”, “Mid” eller “Small Cap” lista. Återköpens andel av den totala utbetalningsandelen visar sig inte vara lika hög som andra internationella studier har visat. Det är istället utdelningarna som utgör merparten av de totala utbetalningarna. Däremot så har andelen företag som enbart delar ut minskat trots att utdelningarna ökat, vilket också styrks av resultat från tidigare studier. Lägre nettoresultat under finanskrisen följs av minskade utbetalningar under 2008-2009. Återköpen minskar under denna period markant till att i stort sätt utebli, vilket bekräftar tidigare studier. / This paper provides evidence on Swedish payout policy during the past 20 years (1992-2012). The sample data consists of companies that were listed on Stockholm Stock Exchange (SSE) “Large”, “Mid” or “Small Cap” list during spring 2014. We show that repurchases of shares still represents a small proportion of the total payout, which contradicts results from other international studies. The dividends therefore still constitute the bulk of the total payments. We document a drop in net income during the financial crisis followed by reduced payments during 2008-2009. Repurchases decrease significantly during this period to virtually absent; confirming previous studies that argue that repurchases are a more flexible payout method than dividends.

Depuis les années 60, l'Amérique Latine avait accueilli les suggestions des organismes économiques internationaux (OEIs) sur la façon de réussir le développement. Dans les années 70, les Nations Unies ont suggéré la politique où les pays pourraient définir indépendamment leur propre politique nationale et internationale pour atteindre leur développement. Cela n'a pas fonctionné en raison de l'interdépendance croissante (de quoi ?); donc, dans la deuxième moitié des années 80, le Consensus de Washington a remplacé cette politique. Le Consensus de Washington disait que, la globalisation favorise le multilatéralisme dans la mesure où un pays ne peut pas prendre unilatéralement des décisions qui affecteront d'autres pays. Et même que cela paraît-t il vraisemblable, il signifierait que le libre-échange doit régner en maître et au-dessus des actions des Etats, éliminant tout entrave aux échanges et aux investissements à l'étranger. Selon la Commission des Nations Unies pour le Commerce et le Développement (CNUCED), « la production internationale est devenue la caractéristique structurale centrale de l'économie mondiale ». Une plus grande liberté de commerce et une large ouverture aux mouvements de capitaux, pourrai mener les nations sous-développés à la croissance économique comparable à celle des pays riches. En conséquence, beaucoup de pays latino-américains qui avaient rejoint entretemps le néolibéralisme proposé par le Consensus de Washington en 1989, ont ainsi mise en place des mesures visant à réduire les entraves au commerce : ils ont ouvert leurs marchés aux capitaux étrangers et suivi plusieurs des indications des OEIs ; le but étant le développement par l'internationalisation. Des économies nationales rejoignent ainsi un réseau du commerce international, d'investissement et de crédit où le commerce devait apporter le développement. Les OEIs ont indiqué que la taille du marché national n'importe plus si un pays se focalise sur de plus grands marchés internationaux. L'internalisation des normes de Consensus de Washington était difficile pour les SSE parce que les règles de ce consensus les ont pris en tant que groupe « d'une taille unique, ouvert, juste, établie sur le terrain d'une régulation non discriminatoires » approchez pour la multilatéralisation du commerce et du développement. Cependant, les SSE n'ont pas tiré profit de ces mesures car ils ne faisaient pas le poids des puissances au point d'influencer les règlements du libre échange et de la libéralisation de l'investissement directe étrangère (ou IDE). Ils n´ont pas la capacité ni le pouvoir de changer la structure des normes à l'intérieur des OEIs, où les politiques et les lois internationales sont suggérées sans prendre en considération des privilèges particuliers ni les besoins propre à chacun. Cette marginalisation dans la scène internationale accentue les problèmes économiques et sociaux qui sont à l'origine de l'agitation sociale constante et mettent en péril la stabilité de leur gouvernement. Plusieurs chercheurs et gouvernements ne perçoivent pas ces vrais problèmes et ne peuvent pas ainsi prévoir des mesures proportionnées pendant les négociations internationales. Le pire est que, les EPT ne connaissent pas eux même leur faiblesses et comment les évaluez. Avec cette thèse, nous voulons explorer la capacité d'insertion des EPT sur la scène internationale. De ce fait, la thèse est divisée en deux parties : dans la première partie, nous analyserons pourquoi après plusieurs années de multilatéralisme proposé par les OEIs, aucune amélioration en termes de l'internationalisation et du développement de certains pays sud-américains n'a été constaté ; mais au contraire, il y a eu un accroissement de la pauvreté. Nous pensons que c'est le fait que la scène internationale a été ordonnée seulement par les plus grandes économies laissant de côte la majorité des pays en voie de développement et leurs besoins. / Since the 60s, Latin America has been hearing the suggestions of International Economic Organizations (IEOs) on how to reach development. In the 70s, the United Nations suggested the politics of development, where the countries could define independently their own national and international politics to reach development and be equally rich. This did not work due to the increasing interdependence; therefore, in the second half of the 80s, the Washington Consensus replaced this policy. The Washington Consensus claims that globalization promotes multilateralism and does not allow countries to take unilateral decisions because they affect others and are being affected by other countries' decisions as well. Although this made a lot of sense, it would mean that the free market prevailed over the actions of the government, eliminating all barriers to trade and to foreign investments. According to the United Nations Commission for Trade and Development (UNCTAD), "International production has become the central structural characteristic of the world economy”. A greater freedom to trade, plus the opening of capital flows, could lead the underdeveloped nations to economic growth showing as a sample the rich countries. Therefore, many Latin American countries joined the neoliberalism that was proposed by the Washington Consensus in 1989, reduced trade barriers, opened up their markets to foreign capitals and followed many of the indications of the IEOs in order to find development through internationalization. National economies are linked together by a network of trade, investment and credit and this link is supposed to bring development. The IEOs said that the national market size does not matter anymore if a country focuses on larger international markets. Internalizing the Washington Consensus norms was difficult for Small Size Economies (SSE) because the rules of this Consensus took all the countries as a group of a unique size and established on common and non discriminatory rules to approach multilateralization. However, the SSE had no part of the cake and no power to influence the regulations of free trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) liberalization. The same, they do not have the capacity or power to change the norm structure inside the IEOs (where policies and international laws are suggested) that could take them into account with particular privileges according to their specific needs. This marginalization in the international arena is believed to have accentuated economic and social problems that now keep them in constant social turmoil and put in risk their government's stability. Several researches and governments do not perceive this problem and cannot foresee adequate reactions in international negotiations. Worst, SSE do not know themselves what are their weakness and how to asses them. With this thesis, we want to explore the power of SSE on international insertion. For this, the thesis is divided in two parts. The problem that we want to analyze in the first part is why after several years of multilateralism proposed by the IEOs, internationalization and development did not improve for some of the South American countries increasing poverty. It seem that the reason lies in the fact that the international arena was only ruled by the largest economies leaving aside to the majority of the developing countries and their needs. This is why we wanted to explore (main goal) under what circumstances multilateralism and the Washington Consensus was applied, which were the options to improve the situation within multilateralism and what was the impact of multilateralism as proposed by the IEOs in terms of internationalization and development.

With the advancement in the current wireless technology standards such as terrestrial digital video broadcasting systems (DVB-T, DVB-T2, and DVB-H) and the massive usage of the Internet over mobile devices, streaming of television channels in smart phones has become a necessary advancement for mobile users. As, UMTS dominating the entire mobile market globally and with the evolution of LTE, several mobile operators are working on an MBMS framework which will help to launch mobile TV services on respective operators. This paper deals with terrestrial and mobile TV with IP multicasting and broadcasting and is aimed to improve system spectral efficiency.  With the help of IP multicasting, the base station can be able to provide with significantly less spectrum by saving it from the channels which the user is not viewing currently. This case is analysed from several sets, called schemes of resource plan sets. The transmitter scheduling is dealt with by means of a Packet and Resource Plan Scheduling (PARPS) algorithm, and the simulated results are plotted in Matlab which assists in analysing the efficiency in the spectrum management and the coverage probability for the number of transmitters used for each scheme. The schemes are simulated in Matlab for different number of transmitters (2-7) in both the static and random model. The SFN schemes are offering greater coverage probability than MFN schemes, in all cases. Multicasting over Continuous Transmission Dynamic Single Frequency Network (CT-DSFN) offers a 1342% and 582% gain in Multi-user System Spectral Efficiency (MSSE) for 7 transmitters, from Broadcasting over MFN and Broadcasting over SFN respectively.  For 7 transmitters, Multicasting over CT-DSFN offers a 1213% and 428% gain in System Spectral Efficiency (SSE) from Broadcasting over MFN and Broadcasting over SFN respectively.