[pt] Esta dissertação analisa metáforas para linguagem encontradas no Curso de Lingüística Geral, de Ferdinand de Saussure. Tomando por base aspectos da Teoria Cognitiva da Metáfora e a leitura clássica de Roy Harris para o Curso, a análise demonstra a presença de uma tensão entre duas visões concorrentes de linguagem e significado, a saber, uma perspectiva representacionista, hegemônica na história do pensamento lingüístico, e uma concepção oposta, próxima à que se encontra nas Investigações Filosóficas, de L. Wittgenstein. / [en] This study analyses metaphors for language in Saussures Course in General Linguistics. The analysis is based on the Cognitive Theory of Metaphor, and on Roy Harriss classical reading of the Course. The presence of a tension between two divergent views on language and meaning is demonstrated, where a traditional representationalist perspective is shown to coexist with an opposing view, similar to the one found in L. Wittgensteins Philosophical Investigations.

Pourquoi le locuteur italien a-t-il assimilé la structure phonique calidus comme caldo ? Quels mécanismes sont intervenus dans le processus d’apprentissage de cette phonie d’une langue à l’autre ? Notre réflexion nous a conduit sur le terrain de la nature du langage et des lois qui en règlent le psychisme de formation. Nous montrons que les mots sont des totalités phoniques composés de parties articulées générées par des voix significatives κατὰ συνθήκην (katá synthêkên), « par composition » et non pas « par convention ». Si on considère le langage comme un instrument de représentation indirecte guidant le locuteur, par les signes, jusqu’à la connaissance directe (la représentation) d’un savoir immédiat, dans un rapport direct au monde, et si on accepte le fait que nous percevons de façon gestaltique le signifiant linguistique dans un acte de parole, et non pas sa représentation phénoménique, c’est-à-dire que l’acte de parole est une structure bien organisée dont la perception procède du tout vers les parties, alors le processus de la composition devient l’instrument par lequel les mots se transforment en structures à arbitraire limité. Nous fondons notre travail sur les mécanismes guillaumiens que la pensée réalise afin de saisir elle-même et dont la langue offre une fidèle reproduction : le mouvement de généralisation et de particularisation, ou, au sens de Bühler, le mot considéré comme un visage phonique, avec sa physionomie acoustique. Devant l’impossibilité d’identifier les limitations de l’arbitraire dans un paradigme purement formel, il devient nécessaire de considérer le signe linguistique dans la réalité psychophysique des locuteurs. / Why the Italian speaker did assimilate the phonic structure calidus like caldo? Which mechanisms intervened in the process of training of this phone from one language to another? Our reflection led us on the ground of the nature of the language and the laws which regulate the psychism of formation of it. We show that the words are phonic totalities composed of articulated parts generated by significant voices κατὰ συνθήκην (katá synthêkên), “by composition” and not “by convention”. If it's considered the language as an instrument of indirect representation guiding the speaker, by the signs, until the direct knowledge (the representation) of an immediate knowledge, in a direct report in the world, and if the fact is accepted that we perceive in a gestaltic way meaning it linguistic in a his phenomenic representation and act of speech, not, i.e. the act of speech is a well organized structure whose perception proceeds of the whole towards the parts, then the process of the composition becomes the instrument by which the words change of structures with arbitrary limited. We base our work on the mechanisms guillaumiens that the thought realizes in order to seize itself and whose language offers a faithful reproduction: the movement of generalization and particularization, or, within the meaning of Bühler, the word considered as a phonic face, with its acoustic aspect. In front of impossibility of identifying the limitations of arbitrary in a purely formal paradigm, it becomes necessary to consider the linguistic sign in the psychophysical reality of the speakers.

O presente trabalho é o produto de minha pesquisa acerca dos aspectos históricos e linguísticos que subjazem o conceito do fonema. Nossa ideia originou-se a partir de dois extratos diferentes escritos pelo linguista russo Roman Jakobson: 1) sobre a gênese do fonema: “A procura pelos constituintes diferenciais discretos mais elementares da linguagem nos faz remontar à doutrina do sphoṭa dos gramáticos do sânscrito e a concepção do στοιχεῖον de Platão, mas o verdadeiro estudo linguístico desses invariantes iniciou-se apenas em 1870” (Jakobson, 1962:467); e 2) acerca dos fundadores da Fonologia: “Os primeiros alicerces da Fonologia foram assentados por Baudouin de Courtenay, Ferdinand de Saussure e seus discípulos” (Jakobson, 1962:232). Desta forma, tentamos realizar uma “reconstrução” desta trajetória histórica e linguística, dos nomes, fatos e teorias que formam o conceito da unidade fonológica no estudo científico da língua. Iniciamos com o estudo da ciência da linguagem na Índia antiga (em particular, o estudo da gramática do sânscrito), seguido pelo estudo do alfabeto grego (incluindo aí os problemas relativos à língua grega, assim como à Gramática e à Filosofia). Finalmente, tentamos fazer “um recorte” preciso do momento na história das ideias linguísticas quando o conceito científico do fonema foi delineado, definido e incorporado à terminologia da epistemologia linguística. Os grandes teóricos da escola incipiente da Linguística Geral, da Fonologia e do fonema, são, como disse Jakobson, o linguista e filólogo suíço Saussure, e o filólogo e foneticista polonês Courtenay; mas a história do fonema não é nada simples. Recentemente, um trabalho meticuloso por parte dos pesquisadores tem resgatado grande parte desta história já há muito esquecida, no que tange as teorias antigas dos gramáticos filósofos hindus e gregos, e os manuscritos de Saussure recentemente publicados, assim como os artigos de Courtenay e seus alunos (entre eles o polonês Mikołaj Kruszewski), escritos que, em sua maioria, permanecem sem tradução ao português. Nossa tarefa, então, foi trazer à luz esta história, seus desenvolvimentos no campo da Linguística em geral, e da Fonologia em particular. Realizamos nossa análise por meio de um cuidadoso estudo do fonema, um conceito no qual vários séculos de história e de ideias linguísticas estão sedimentados. / The present work is the product of my research into the historical and linguistic aspects that underlie the concept of the phoneme. Our main idea originated from two different extracts by the Russian linguist Roman Jakobson: 1) on the genesis of the phoneme: “the search for the ultimate discrete differential constituents of language can be traced back to the sphoṭa doctrine of the Sanskrit grammarians and to Plato’s conception of στοιχεῖον, but the actual linguistic study of these invariants started only in the 1870s” (Jakobson, 1962:467); and 2) on the founders of Phonology: “The first foundations of Phonology were laid by Baudouin de Courtenay, Ferdinand de Saussure and their disciples” (Jakobson, 1962:232). Thus, we attempted a historical and linguistic “reconstruction” of names, facts and theories that comprise the concept of a phonological unit and that of the phonological structure of language. We started with the study of the Science of Language in ancient India (in particular the grammar of Sanskrit), followed by the study of the Greek alphabet (including its implications concerning the Greek language, as well as Grammar and Philosophy). Finally, we attempted a precise “cut”, so to speak, on the moment in the history of Linguistic ideas when the scientific concept of the phoneme was outlined, defined and incorporated into the terminology of modern linguistic epistemology. The great theoreticians of the incipient school of General Linguistics, of Phonology and of the phoneme are, as Jakobson stated, the Swiss linguist and philologist Saussure, and the Polish philologist and phonetician Courtenay; yet the story inside the phoneme is anything but a simple one. Recently, meticulous scholarship has rescued a great part of this long forgotten history, in what concerns the ancient theories of both the Hindu and the Greek grammarian-philosophers, and the unpublished manuscript works of Saussure and the works of Courtenay and his students (among them the Polish professor Mikołaj Kruszewski), works that so far have remained without translation into Portuguese. Our task, then, has been to bring this history to light, its developments in the field of Linguistics in general, and Phonology in particular. We carried out this analysis by means of a careful study of the phoneme, a concept in which several hundred years of history and linguistic ideas have crystallized.

L’écriture joycienne se distingue par la conscience aiguë dont elle témoigne de l’histoire des mots. Cette tendance est le produit de l’émergence de la grammaire comparée et de la sémantique historique au XIXe siècle, disciplines qui avaient bouleversé le concept d’étymologie et légitimé, en apparence, la prise en compte du passé de la langue dans son emploi. Pourtant, quand Joyce écrit, cette approche est irrémédiablement dépassée, et ses nombreuses contradictions critiquées. Aussi les œuvres de l’écrivain, loin de constituer un reflet fidèle et stable du discours sur l’étymologie du siècle où il naquit, en mettent-elles à nu les paradoxes et les partis pris. La stratégie d’écriture de Dubliners, si elle repose sur une exploitation fréquente des données mises au jour par les comparatistes et les sémanticiens, prend ainsi le contrepied de toute démarche transcendantale et tire profit de la nature subjective et aléatoire de l’activation des potentialités étymologiques des mots par le lecteur. La volonté affichée par Stephen dans A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man de trouver une justesse supérieure dans la motivation directe puis indirecte des noms fait place, dans le roman suivant, à un rejet amer de « l’imposture des sons ». Mais Ulysses éclaire également les failles des théories linguistiques de son époque : sa mise en lumière du rôle joué par l’étymologie populaire dans le fonctionnement de la langue implique une critique du positivisme saussurien et s’inscrit dans une dénonciation plus large de toute conception pseudo-rationnelle et supra-individuelle de l’histoire. / One of the hallmarks of Joyce’s prose is the acute consciousness it reflects of the history of words. This tendency is the product of the emergence of comparative linguistics and historical semantics in the 19th century, both of which had revolutionized the concept of etymology and seemed to make the history of words relevant to their use. Yet that approach soon became irremediably outdated and its numerous contradictions had been subjected to severe criticism by the time Joyce wrote his books. Accordingly, his works, far from giving a faithful and stable image of the etymological discourse prevalent in the century of his birth, reflect its biases and contradictions. Although the writing strategy of Dubliners relies on a constant exploitation of the data unveiled by linguists, it opposes any transcendental philosophy and makes much of the subjective and random nature of the activation of words’ etymological potentialities by the reader. Stephen’s attempts at finding a superior meaning in the direct and then indirect motivation of names in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man evolves, in the next novel, into a bitter rejection of the “imposture of sounds”. Ulysses, however, also brings into relief the inconsistencies of the linguistic theories of its own time: in highlighting the role played by folk etymology in the use of language, it constitutes an implicit criticism of Saussure’s positivist claims and calls into question any pseudo-rational and supra-individual conception of history.

This essay consists of a heuristic analysis of referents in the Swedish educational act, leaning on the methodological guidelines of discourse analysis. The overall aim of the essay has been to analyse in what way language in the educational act works as guidelines and law in relation to teachers’ work. To correspond to this aim an openly structured questionnaire has been used, providing an empirical view of how teachers understand certain words, or referents, in the educational act. This empirical data has then been shaped to a spectrum view of the definitions of the referents showing a number of deductable facts, including the significance of the apparent use of institutional and professional language, which then have been viewed from two theoretical perspectives. The theories are a structuralist one represented by Ferdinand de Saussure and Claude Lévi-Strauss, and a sociolinguistic one represented by Michel Foucault and Norman Fairclough. The theoretical analysis is based on three stages of the constitution of meaning in the communication between the educational act and the interpreting teachers. Four questions has guided the analyses and reads as follows: Which referents are used in the educational act to describe the purpose and forming of the education for the students?; How are said referents interpreted by active teachers?; Which are the gains of the understandings provided by the theoretical perspectives of the analysis of referents in relation to the empirical enquiry?; How are the referents to be understood functioning as imperative law regarding the teacher and its practice? The main conclusion of the essay is that depending on our theoretical understanding of language, the function of the Swedish educational act as imperative law with a clear relationship between vision and reality is questionable. Therefor it is important to acknowledge the need for guidelines in teachers’ interpretation of the law, better ensuring consensus in how central values of the school corresponds in practice.

O presente trabalho é o produto de minha pesquisa acerca dos aspectos históricos e linguísticos que subjazem o conceito do fonema. Nossa ideia originou-se a partir de dois extratos diferentes escritos pelo linguista russo Roman Jakobson: 1) sobre a gênese do fonema: “A procura pelos constituintes diferenciais discretos mais elementares da linguagem nos faz remontar à doutrina do sphoṭa dos gramáticos do sânscrito e a concepção do στοιχεῖον de Platão, mas o verdadeiro estudo linguístico desses invariantes iniciou-se apenas em 1870” (Jakobson, 1962:467); e 2) acerca dos fundadores da Fonologia: “Os primeiros alicerces da Fonologia foram assentados por Baudouin de Courtenay, Ferdinand de Saussure e seus discípulos” (Jakobson, 1962:232). Desta forma, tentamos realizar uma “reconstrução” desta trajetória histórica e linguística, dos nomes, fatos e teorias que formam o conceito da unidade fonológica no estudo científico da língua. Iniciamos com o estudo da ciência da linguagem na Índia antiga (em particular, o estudo da gramática do sânscrito), seguido pelo estudo do alfabeto grego (incluindo aí os problemas relativos à língua grega, assim como à Gramática e à Filosofia). Finalmente, tentamos fazer “um recorte” preciso do momento na história das ideias linguísticas quando o conceito científico do fonema foi delineado, definido e incorporado à terminologia da epistemologia linguística. Os grandes teóricos da escola incipiente da Linguística Geral, da Fonologia e do fonema, são, como disse Jakobson, o linguista e filólogo suíço Saussure, e o filólogo e foneticista polonês Courtenay; mas a história do fonema não é nada simples. Recentemente, um trabalho meticuloso por parte dos pesquisadores tem resgatado grande parte desta história já há muito esquecida, no que tange as teorias antigas dos gramáticos filósofos hindus e gregos, e os manuscritos de Saussure recentemente publicados, assim como os artigos de Courtenay e seus alunos (entre eles o polonês Mikołaj Kruszewski), escritos que, em sua maioria, permanecem sem tradução ao português. Nossa tarefa, então, foi trazer à luz esta história, seus desenvolvimentos no campo da Linguística em geral, e da Fonologia em particular. Realizamos nossa análise por meio de um cuidadoso estudo do fonema, um conceito no qual vários séculos de história e de ideias linguísticas estão sedimentados. / The present work is the product of my research into the historical and linguistic aspects that underlie the concept of the phoneme. Our main idea originated from two different extracts by the Russian linguist Roman Jakobson: 1) on the genesis of the phoneme: “the search for the ultimate discrete differential constituents of language can be traced back to the sphoṭa doctrine of the Sanskrit grammarians and to Plato’s conception of στοιχεῖον, but the actual linguistic study of these invariants started only in the 1870s” (Jakobson, 1962:467); and 2) on the founders of Phonology: “The first foundations of Phonology were laid by Baudouin de Courtenay, Ferdinand de Saussure and their disciples” (Jakobson, 1962:232). Thus, we attempted a historical and linguistic “reconstruction” of names, facts and theories that comprise the concept of a phonological unit and that of the phonological structure of language. We started with the study of the Science of Language in ancient India (in particular the grammar of Sanskrit), followed by the study of the Greek alphabet (including its implications concerning the Greek language, as well as Grammar and Philosophy). Finally, we attempted a precise “cut”, so to speak, on the moment in the history of Linguistic ideas when the scientific concept of the phoneme was outlined, defined and incorporated into the terminology of modern linguistic epistemology. The great theoreticians of the incipient school of General Linguistics, of Phonology and of the phoneme are, as Jakobson stated, the Swiss linguist and philologist Saussure, and the Polish philologist and phonetician Courtenay; yet the story inside the phoneme is anything but a simple one. Recently, meticulous scholarship has rescued a great part of this long forgotten history, in what concerns the ancient theories of both the Hindu and the Greek grammarian-philosophers, and the unpublished manuscript works of Saussure and the works of Courtenay and his students (among them the Polish professor Mikołaj Kruszewski), works that so far have remained without translation into Portuguese. Our task, then, has been to bring this history to light, its developments in the field of Linguistics in general, and Phonology in particular. We carried out this analysis by means of a careful study of the phoneme, a concept in which several hundred years of history and linguistic ideas have crystallized.

O presente trabalho é o produto de minha pesquisa acerca dos aspectos históricos e linguísticos que subjazem o conceito do fonema. Nossa ideia originou-se a partir de dois extratos diferentes escritos pelo linguista russo Roman Jakobson: 1) sobre a gênese do fonema: “A procura pelos constituintes diferenciais discretos mais elementares da linguagem nos faz remontar à doutrina do sphoṭa dos gramáticos do sânscrito e a concepção do στοιχεῖον de Platão, mas o verdadeiro estudo linguístico desses invariantes iniciou-se apenas em 1870” (Jakobson, 1962:467); e 2) acerca dos fundadores da Fonologia: “Os primeiros alicerces da Fonologia foram assentados por Baudouin de Courtenay, Ferdinand de Saussure e seus discípulos” (Jakobson, 1962:232). Desta forma, tentamos realizar uma “reconstrução” desta trajetória histórica e linguística, dos nomes, fatos e teorias que formam o conceito da unidade fonológica no estudo científico da língua. Iniciamos com o estudo da ciência da linguagem na Índia antiga (em particular, o estudo da gramática do sânscrito), seguido pelo estudo do alfabeto grego (incluindo aí os problemas relativos à língua grega, assim como à Gramática e à Filosofia). Finalmente, tentamos fazer “um recorte” preciso do momento na história das ideias linguísticas quando o conceito científico do fonema foi delineado, definido e incorporado à terminologia da epistemologia linguística. Os grandes teóricos da escola incipiente da Linguística Geral, da Fonologia e do fonema, são, como disse Jakobson, o linguista e filólogo suíço Saussure, e o filólogo e foneticista polonês Courtenay; mas a história do fonema não é nada simples. Recentemente, um trabalho meticuloso por parte dos pesquisadores tem resgatado grande parte desta história já há muito esquecida, no que tange as teorias antigas dos gramáticos filósofos hindus e gregos, e os manuscritos de Saussure recentemente publicados, assim como os artigos de Courtenay e seus alunos (entre eles o polonês Mikołaj Kruszewski), escritos que, em sua maioria, permanecem sem tradução ao português. Nossa tarefa, então, foi trazer à luz esta história, seus desenvolvimentos no campo da Linguística em geral, e da Fonologia em particular. Realizamos nossa análise por meio de um cuidadoso estudo do fonema, um conceito no qual vários séculos de história e de ideias linguísticas estão sedimentados. / The present work is the product of my research into the historical and linguistic aspects that underlie the concept of the phoneme. Our main idea originated from two different extracts by the Russian linguist Roman Jakobson: 1) on the genesis of the phoneme: “the search for the ultimate discrete differential constituents of language can be traced back to the sphoṭa doctrine of the Sanskrit grammarians and to Plato’s conception of στοιχεῖον, but the actual linguistic study of these invariants started only in the 1870s” (Jakobson, 1962:467); and 2) on the founders of Phonology: “The first foundations of Phonology were laid by Baudouin de Courtenay, Ferdinand de Saussure and their disciples” (Jakobson, 1962:232). Thus, we attempted a historical and linguistic “reconstruction” of names, facts and theories that comprise the concept of a phonological unit and that of the phonological structure of language. We started with the study of the Science of Language in ancient India (in particular the grammar of Sanskrit), followed by the study of the Greek alphabet (including its implications concerning the Greek language, as well as Grammar and Philosophy). Finally, we attempted a precise “cut”, so to speak, on the moment in the history of Linguistic ideas when the scientific concept of the phoneme was outlined, defined and incorporated into the terminology of modern linguistic epistemology. The great theoreticians of the incipient school of General Linguistics, of Phonology and of the phoneme are, as Jakobson stated, the Swiss linguist and philologist Saussure, and the Polish philologist and phonetician Courtenay; yet the story inside the phoneme is anything but a simple one. Recently, meticulous scholarship has rescued a great part of this long forgotten history, in what concerns the ancient theories of both the Hindu and the Greek grammarian-philosophers, and the unpublished manuscript works of Saussure and the works of Courtenay and his students (among them the Polish professor Mikołaj Kruszewski), works that so far have remained without translation into Portuguese. Our task, then, has been to bring this history to light, its developments in the field of Linguistics in general, and Phonology in particular. We carried out this analysis by means of a careful study of the phoneme, a concept in which several hundred years of history and linguistic ideas have crystallized.

A Genève, Ferdinand de Saussure a professé, en élaborant progressivement son exposé, trois cours de linguistique générale répartis entre 1907 et 1911. Après en avoir examiné les notions fondamentales en suivant, entre autres cotextes, des notes de lecture du maître, l’auteur revient sur les sources et l’élaboration du premier cours. Louis Caille et Albert Riedlinger sont parmi les élèves qui ont bénéficié de ce cours.L’auteur complète la transcription de la sténographie Caille, et effectue la transcription d’un manuscrit intermédiaire mis au jour par Daniele Gambarara en aout 2011, et peut ainsi comparer avec les cahiers Riedlinger déjà connus. La triple transcription - détaillée selon les indices des articles de la remarquable édition de Rudolf Engler – permet de préciser les conditions d’élaboration du texte du Cours I.Outre l’examen des manuscrits, du manuscrit Caille et de ses annotations marginales, des recherches supplémentaires sont faites, tant sur les conditions historiques - généalogiques et administratives concernant les élèves immatriculés (au cours), inscrits (à l’examen) ou examinés (à l’épreuve) -, qu’aux archives de l’université concernant cette période pour les vérifications indispensables. L’ensemble de ces informations permet de privilégier la conjecture selon laquelle Louis Caille tenait le rôle de secrétaire de séance pour ce cours neuf dont l’introduction modifiait par ailleurs plusieurs programmes de cette université.Il en résulte que, de facto, la seule source à proprement parler du Cours I est cette sténographie Caille, contrairement à ce que suggérait jusqu’ici la connaissance des textes considérés nécessairement dans l’ordre historique de leurs acquisitions ; les éléments de la synthèse des trois cours – le Cours de Linguistique Général (CLG), publié par Ch. Bally et A. Séchehaye – sont distingués les uns des autres, et son élaboration est analysable en détail. / In Geneva, Ferdinand de Saussure professed, by developing gradually his presentation, three lectures of general linguistics between 1907 and 1911. Having examined the fundamental notions by following, among others texts, reading notes of the teacher, the author focused on sources and elaboration of the first lecture. Louis Caille and Albert Riedlinger are among the students who benefited from this lecture.The author completes the transcription of the stenography by Caille, and makes the transcription of a new manuscript releaved by Daniele Gambarara in august 2011, and therefore can compare with the Riedlinger’s already known notetakings. The triple transcription - detailed according to the ranking of the articles of the remarkable Engler’s edition - allows to specify the conditions of elaboration of the text of Cours I.Besides the examination of manuscripts, of the Caille manuscript, and of its marginal notes, additional researches are made, as well on the historical conditions - genealogical and administrative concerning the registered and examined candidates -, that on the archives of the university concerning this period for the essential checks. All these informations allow to favor the hypothesis that Louis Caille acted as a transcriber for this new lecture whose introduction also modified several programs of this university.As a result, de facto, the only source strictly speaking of Cours I is this Caille stenography, contrary to what suggested until now the knowledge of texts considered inevitably in the historic order of their acquisitions; the elements of the synthesis of the three lectures – the Cours de Linguistique Générale (CLG), published by Ch. Bally and A. Séchehaye - are distinguished from each other, and its elaboration is analyzable accurately.

Orientador: Rosa Attié Figueira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T17:20:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vieira_CamilaRossetti_M.pdf: 1468460 bytes, checksum: 45a22e6cf33a3bf0d419abd061b367a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: São inúmeros os casos de palavras não dicionarizadas que surgem na fala dos sujeitos, sejam eles adultos ou crianças. A inovação lexical constitui, nesse sentido, um dos fenômenos mais registrados nas línguas, um poderoso fator de mudança linguística e um importante dado de eleição para a discussão da aquisição de linguagem. Dentro das abordagens teóricas da morfologia, a análise desse tipo de dados oferece dois caminhos distintos: (1) a formulação de regras, dentre se destacam as RFPs (Regras de Formação de Palavras), propostas pela Gramática Gerativa no início da década de 1960 (ARONOFF, 1976); e (2) a analogia. Segundo a primeira perspectiva as palavras seriam formadas por uma operação fonológica sobre uma base especificada dando origem a produtos predizíveis em termos sintáticos e semânticos. Já para a segunda, através da qual as palavras são formadas por comparação a um modelo, sobrariam dados mais singulares, em que não houvesse a necessidade de formular regras. O objetivo desta dissertação é o de verificar o potencial explicativo dessas duas visões antagônicas sobre as inovações lexicais na fala da criança. A primeira se baseia em regras e discorre, portanto, sobre questões como os padrões de regularidade e os limites do possível gramatical dentro da formação de novas palavras no português brasileiro. A segunda é a posição teórica interacionista (DE LEMOS, 2003; FIGUEIRA, 2010), que se filia de modo fundamental ao "ideário saussuriano sobre a formação de palavras" o qual, ao ser baseado no mecanismo analógico, é capaz de oferecer múltiplos caminhos para a explicação da fala infantil. Como material empírico, coletamos dados provenientes da observação longitudinal do sujeito RA cujo corpus está disponível no Projeto de Aquisição de Linguagem Oral (CEDAE/IEL/UNICAMP) e, complementarmente, contaremos com um conjunto de dados de autores que já se dedicaram ao tema. Com isso, pudemos averiguar, em um primeiro plano, a impossibilidade de analisar dados da fala da criança de uma perspectiva teórica que só considere formações que estejam de acordo com uma gramática bem comportada, já que as RFPs, que tem por característica principal dizer de um funcionamento formal da língua, nem sempre sustentam o que ocorre na aquisição da morfologia pela criança, uma vez que é claro um movimento do previsível para o imprevisível. Pudemos também ver que a vantagem de assumir a analogia saussuriana para explicar as inovações lexicais não está somente em dar conta de dados que não se deixam explicar por regras muito bem especificadas, mas também está em reconhecer que a criança está submetida ao funcionamento dos mecanismos fundamentais da língua, relações sintagmáticas e associativas / Abstract: There are countless cases of words, which are not in the dictionary that appear in people's speech, whether they are adults or children. The lexical innovation is in this sense one of the most recorded phenomena in the languages, a powerful element for linguistic change and an important point of choice for the language acquisition discussion. Among the morphology theoretical approaches, the analysis of this data leads us to two distinct paths: (1) the formulation of rules, among them stand out the WRFs (Word Formation Rules), which was proposed by the Generative Grammar in the early 1960s (ARONOFF, 1976); and (2) the analogy. According to the first perspective, the words would be formed by a phonological operation on a specific base originating predictable products in syntactic and semantic terms. As for the latter, words would be made by comparison to a model in which more natural data would be left and there would not need to formulate rules. The aim of this dissertation is to verify the potential impact of these two opposing views on the lexical innovations in the child's speech. The first is based on rules and discusses issues such as patterns of regularity and the limits of the grammar constraints within the formation of new words in Brazilian Portuguese. The second is the interactionist theoretical position (DE LEMOS, 2003; FIGUEIRA, 2010), which is affiliated in a fundamental way to "Saussure ideas on the formation of words" which is based on the analogue mechanism that is able to offer multiple pathways to explain the child speech. As empirical source, we collected data from longitudinal observation of the subject RA whose corpus is available in Oral Language Acquisition Project (CEDAE / IEL / UNICAMP) and in addition, we will have a set of authors who have dedicated themselves to the subject. Therewith, we could determine in a foreground the failure to analyze the child's speech data from a theoretical perspective that only considers the formations that are in accordance with formal grammar since the WRFs whose main characteristic is to talk about the formal operation of the language, which does not always maintain what occurs in the child¿s morphology language acquisition, once the movement from predictable to unpredictable is clear. It was also possible to notice the advantage taken by assuming the Saussure analogy to explain that lexical innovation is not only to account data that it is not explained by well-specified rules but also to recognize that the child is subjected to language fundamental mechanisms, syntagmatic and associative relations / Mestrado / Linguistica / Mestra em Linguística

This thesis is about meaning, expression and language in Merleau-Ponty’s philosophy, and their role in the phenomenological project as a whole. For Merleau-Ponty, expression is the taking up of a meaning given either in perception or in already acquired forms of expression, thereby repeating, transforming or congealing meaning into gestures, utterances, artworks, ideas or theories. Contrary to the predominant view in the literature, the relation of expression to meaning, and in particular the problem of expressing new meanings, was of fundamental importance to Merleau-Ponty from the very beginning, in that it was intrinsically related to the overcoming of what he termed “objective thought”. Admittedly, there is an evolution of his philosophy in this respect: from the early stance where the recasting of certain basic categories is taken as pivotal for the development of a new form of thinking, with arguments drawn also from various empirical and social sciences, to what appears to be an effort at an all-pervading reformulation of philosophical language during his last years. But the remoulding of categories was never for Merleau-Ponty a matter simply of finding a few, better adapted concepts, but from the outset an endeavour to think philosophical arguments through to a point where they reveal their inherent inconsistencies. Recasting philosophical expression is thus a risky enterprise, and this is a point I explore further in Essay 1, that focuses especially upon creative expression in painting and to some extent in literature. In Essay 2 I discuss the notion of Gestalt and how it serves this general project, whereas Essay 3 deals with verbal language, on the basis of Merleau-Ponty’s reading of Saussure’s linguistics. Essay 4 examines bodily expression from the point of view of feminist phenomenology and in particular Judith Butler’s early reading of Merleau-Ponty, and finally Essay 5 discusses expression in the art of dance. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Accepted. Paper 5: Accepted.</p>