Inom elitidrott beskrivs motivation som något essentiellt för att idrottare ska orka träna och göra det som krävs för att försöka bli bäst i världen. Motivation kan undersökas med hjälp av Self-determination theory där tre grundbehov: autonomi, tillhörighet och kompetens, måste vara uppfyllda för att en inre självbestämmande motivation ska kunna uppnås. Syftet med denna studie var att ta reda på hur elitidrottares motivation förändrades under våren och sommaren 2020 när Covid-19 pandemin satte idrottsvärlden på paus med inställda tävlingar och ett uppskjutet OS. Sju semistrukturerade intervjuer med individuella elitidrottare genomfördes och analyserades med en teoristyrd tematisk analys. Studien kom fram till att elitidrottarna upplevde att deras grundbehov inom motivation påverkades, både positivt och negativt, av Covid-19 pandemin. Studien bidrar till ökad förståelse för elitidrottares behov under pandemin och inom vilka områden de behöver extra stöd. / In elite sports, motivation is described as an essential factor an athlete must have to undergo training and to do what is required to become the world’s best. Motivation can be examined using the Self-determination theory, where three basic needs: autonomy, relatedness and competence must be fulfilled to achieve intrinsic self-determined motivation. The purpose of this study was to investigate how motivation of elite athletes changed during the spring and summer 2020 when the Covid-19 pandemic put the sports world on paus with cancelled competitions and the postponement of the Olympics. Seven semi-structured interviews with elite athletes, competing in individual sports, were conducted, and analysed with a theoretical thematic analysis. This study concluded that the basic needs in motivation of elite athletes were experienced to be both positively and negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. The study contributes to an increased understanding of the needs of elite athletes during the pandemic and in which areas they need extra support.

"This paper relies on the belief that amelioratoin of the ethnic porblem requires the recognition and entrenchment of ethnic claims as part of a constitutional settlement in Africa not only as a matter of practical expediency but also a human rights necessity. It is expected that institutionalising group rights in a way to allow political participation and self-administraton by the sub-state groups contains ethnic conflict and necessitates collaboration and national cohesion. It is, thus, submitted that self-determination as a human right is an overriding norm and institution in the contemporary African situation. It vindicates group rights and captures some of the fundamental tensions in the politico-legal set-ups of states in Africa. As such, the potential of the right to self-determination in the realization of such objectives is closely considered. The focus of this study is, therefore, to wrestle with the query of whether institutionalising the right to self-determinaton would address inter-ethnic tension in the context of Africa. Such questions as how the right to self-determinaton is related to ethnicity and group rights and what institutional and normative solutions are present in the right to self-determination are also examined. This is done by way of examining the elements and various institutional dimensions of the right to self-determination and the experience of Ethiopia and South Africa. ... The study is divided into four chapters. Chapter one outlines the context of the study, objectives and significance of the study as well as the hypothesis and literature review. It is sought in the second chapter to explore the ethnicity problem and the right to self-determination in Africa. Chapter three deals with analysing the elements of the right to self-determination, its potentials to address the ethnicity dilemma of African and the modalities of institutionalising it. Chapter four examines the recognition of the right to self-determination under the Federal Constitution of Ethiopia and the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, the manner in which it is entrenched and institutionalised in the set-ups of the two states and the lessons, good or ill, to be drawn from their experience. Finally, the study seeks to draw some conclusions that involve recommended suggestions." -- Chapter 1. / Mini Dissertation (LLM)University of Pretoria, 2003. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

Inledning: I inledningen beskrivs effekterna av fysisk aktivitet och dess betydelse. Trots detta kan vi se att den fysiska aktiviteten minskar i samhället på grund av mer stillasittande arbete och mindre vardagsmotion. Syfte: Syftet med undersökningen var att undersöka vad som motiverar studenter som läser idrottsvetenskap vid Karlstads universitet till fysisk aktivitet. Metod: För att besvara syftet användes kvalitativ metod. Sex studenter som läser idrottsvetenskap vid Karlstads universitet intervjuades i enskilda semistrukturerade intervjuer. För att analysera innehållet av resultatet använde vi oss av kvalitativ innehållsanalys i form av deduktiv ansats baserat på Self- Determination Theory (SDT). Analysen utgick från de tre psykologiska behoven: autonomi, kompetens och tillhörighet som benämns inom SDT. Resultat: Resultatet visade att autonomi hade en stor påverkan på motivationen som till exempel att utöva aktiviteten för nöjes skull och för välmående. Kompetensen upplevdes vara viktig för att känna att man utvecklas. Tillhörigheten påverkade informanterna på olika sätt, både under aktiviteten och i sociala sammanhang som omger aktiviteten. Slutsats: Av denna studie framkom att informanterna motiveras av olika faktorer. De vanligaste faktorerna till varför informanterna var fysiskt aktiva var av hälsoskäl som till exempel att de orkar mer, mår bättre, blir gladare, får mer energi samt kompisar och familj och utveckling i prestation. Nyckelord: fysisk aktivitet, motivation, Self-Determination Theory, studenter / Introduction: The introduction describes the effects of physical activity and its significance. Despite this, we can see that physical activity decreases in society due to more sedentary work and less everyday exercise. Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate what motivates students studying sports science at Karlstad University to engage in physical activity. Method: A qualitative approach was used to collect data. Six students studying sports science at Karlstad University were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide. To analyze the content of the results, qualitative content analysis in the form of deductive approach was used based on the Self-Determination Theory (SDT). The analysis was based on the three psychological needs: autonomy, competence and relatedness. Results: Autonomy was proved to have a major impact on motivation such as exercising for pleasure and well-being. The competence was, among the informants, experienced as important to feel that you are developing. The feel of relatedness affected the informants in different ways, both during the exercise and in social situations surrounding the activity. Conclusion: This study showed that the informants are motivated by various factors. The most common factors for why the informants were physically active were for health reasons, such as that they have more stamina, feel better, are happier, get more energy, as well as friends and family and development in performance. Keywords: motivation, physical activity, Self- Determination Theory, students

The problem with logging migraines is that patients often forget, or simply choose not to log their migraines. To solve this problem, we investigate in this thesis whether gamification can make a difference in their motivation. To investigate whether gamification makes a difference, an AB test was performed. An A prototype, without gamification, and a B prototype, without gamification, were developed in the initial phases of this thesis, these were tested on people outside of the target group. Motivation was measured using Self Determination Theory and its sub-theory Organic integration. Gamification elements chosen to use in the B-prototype is based on the desired feel of the prototype, the elements included an avatar, badges, and progress bars. The A/B-test was performed on 10 people, 5 for each prototype, and all the participants were diagnosed with migraine and had some previous experience of logging their migraines and symptoms. The result includes interview questions about their experience, observations of user tests and answers from a questionnaire. The results showed no significant overall difference between the two prototypes; however, discussion and some hypotheses can be created by the results. Most difference between the results can be seen in integration regulation, a subcategory of motivation, where the prototype without gamification got a higher result. / Detta examensarbete kommer att undersöka möjligheten att använda gamification i mobila applikationer för migränpatienter, för att se om det kommer att hjälpa migränpatienter med deras loggning. Problemet med att logga migrän är att patienter ofta glömmer, eller helt enkelt väljer att inte logga sin migrän. För att lösa detta problem undersöker vi i detta examensarbete om gamification kan göra skillnad i deras motivation. För att undersöka om gamification gör skillnad gjordes ett AB-test. En A-prototyp, utan gamification, och en B-prototyp, utan gamification, utvecklades i de inledande faserna av detta examensarbete, dessa testades på personer utanför målgruppen. Motivation mättes med hjälp av Self Determination Theory och dess underteori Organic integration. Gamification-element som valts att använda i B-prototypen är baserade på den önskade känslan av prototypen, elementen inkluderade en avatar, badges och progressbar. A/B-testet utfördes på 10 personer, 5 för varje prototyp, alla deltagare var diagnostiserade med migrän sedan innan och hade tidigare erfarenhet av att logga sin migrän och symptom. Resultatet inkluderar intervjufrågor om deras upplevelse, observationer av användartester och svar från en frågeenkät. Resultaten visade ingen signifikant skillnad mellan de två prototyperna, men diskussion och vissa hypoteser kan skapas av resultaten. Mest skillnad mellan resultaten kan ses i integration regulation, en underkategori av motivation, där prototypen utan gamification resultat visa högre nummer på likert-skalan.

Studien undersöker hur den stress som idrottare upplever kopplat till idrottsutövandet påverkas av olika motivationsfaktorer, samt hur det återspeglas i deras upplevda prestation. Urvalet bestod av pojkar och flickor i åldern 16 - 20 år som går på idrottsgymnasium. Enkäten besvarades av totalt 87 personer (49 kvinnor och 38 män) som var aktiva inom längdskidor (n = 32), friidrott (n = 34) samt orientering (n = 21). Studiens frågeställningar besvarades med hjälp av självskattningsformulären Sports Motivation Scale II (SMS-II), Attainment of Sport Achievement Goals Scale (ASAG) samt Perceived Stress Reactivity Scale for Adolescent Athletes (PSRS-AA). En korrrelationsanalys visade att det fanns ett svagt samband mellan grad av självbestämmande motivation (RAI) och upplevd prestation samt ett svagt negativt samband mellan stress och självbestämmande motivation. Mer sofistikerade analyser kunde inte bekräfta någon samvariation mellan dessa variabler. Däremot kan man urskilja hur könsskillnader påverkar graden av upplevd stress. Där det var kvinnor som skattade sig högre. Ytterligare studier med större populationer behövs för att prova dessa hypoteser. / The study examines how the stress that athletes experience connected to the exercise of sports is affected by various motivational factors, as well as how it is reflected in their perceived performance. The selection consisted of boys and girls aged 16 - 20 who attend a sports high school. The questionnaire was answered by a total of 87 people (49 women and 38 men) who were active in cross-country skiing (n = 32), athletics (n = 34) and orienteering (n = 21). The study's questions were answered using the self-assessment forms Sports Motivation Scale II (SMS-II), Attainment of Sport Achievement Goals Scale (ASAG) and Perceived Stress Reactivity Scale for Adolescent Athletes (PSRS-AA). A correlation analysis showed that there was a weak relationship between degree of self-determination motivation (RAI) and perceived performance and a weak negative relationship between stress and self-determination motivation. More sophisticated analyzes could not confirm any covariation between these variables. However, it is possible to discern how gender differences affect the degree of perceived stress. Where it was women who rated themselves higher. Further studies with larger populations are needed to test these hypotheses.

Self-determination is a peoples' right to freely determine their political, economic and cultural destiny without external interference. However, the cultivation of a culture of respect for self-determination remains the greatest challenge to post-colonial Africa. Dictatorships and other oppressive regimes very substantially affected Africa's efforts to develop a culture of constitutionalism and respect for the right of peoples to selfdetermination. Most African countries typify the failed effort of trying to establish an enduring democracy and respect for the right of peoples to take part in the government. After five decades of transition from colonialism to constitutional democracy, most African peoples are still under the yoke of governments they consider undesirable or oppressive. This work primarily sets out to investigate if the denial of the right of peoples to self-determination justifies the use of force to secure such a right. Since independence, Africa has experienced armed rebel groups seeking either to effect radical transformation of the whole state or to separate from the state to which they belong in order to create a new state. In the main, this study explores the extent to which rebel groups acting on behalf of peoples are or are not allowed to use force for the attainment of self-determination. The thesis begins with an historical development of the right to self-determination in international law. It initially examines how self-determination has developed from a political principle to a legal right. Despite the fact that self-determination is one of the core principles of the UN Charter, there are still many controversies over its precise meaning, scope and application. The thesis considers the two aspects of selfdetermination: external self-determination and internal self-determination. The external aspect implies the right of people to form a new, sovereign and independent state, whereas the internal aspect implies the right of people to participate in the political framework of an existing state. The thesis also assesses the state of the academic literature over the right of peoples to self-determination, with a view to determining whether the right can be used by a group of people whose internal self-determination has been denied to effect secession from the state. It advocates that, outside the colonial context, the right of self-determination does not equal to a "right to secession and independence". The thesis argues, however, that in exceptional circumstances such as gross violations of human rights and the denial of internal self-determination, people should be endowed with a right to secession in the manifestation of a right to unilateral secession as a remedy of such injustices. The thesis further turns to the mechanisms for the protection of the peoples' right to self-determination, the problems and challenges in Africa. The challenges do not only include the legality of the use of force by rebel groups and national liberation movements in seeking to attain self-determination, but also the right of other states to assist them in their struggles. The work probes the nature of international law and critically assesses whether the persistent denial of demands for self-determination led to calls for drastic remedies, including the use of armed force. Before this theory is critically assessed, the thesis defines the differences between national liberation movements and rebel groups. It argues that as far as self-determination struggles are concerned, there must be representative organisations acting on behalf of people whose right of self-determination has been denied. In the light of these contentions, the study examines the general ban on the use of force as laid down by the UN Charter, and finds that the Charter does not expressly refer to self-determination as a situation where people may resort to the use of force for the attainment of such a right. It then turns to the history of and circumstance surrounding the use of force, examines the jus ad bellum regarding "liberation struggles", and concludes that the use of force by national liberation movements against colonial and racist regimes has strong theoretical foundations and support in state practice. Outside of the colonial and apartheid contexts, however, the argument that rebels acting on behalf of oppressed peoples may legitimately use force in pursuit of selfdetermination thus remains ambiguous. In that context, this thesis examines the practice relating to the use of force by rebel groups and the laws of war provisions that apply in civil wars, and concludes that none of them proves that the international community of states accepts rebels' right to use force as a legal entitlement. Finally, based on the lessons learned from and lacunae identified in all norms relating to the enforcement mechanisms of the right of self-determination, this study concludes with a set of suggestions and recommendations. / LLD (Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Self-determination is a peoples' right to freely determine their political, economic and cultural destiny without external interference. However, the cultivation of a culture of respect for self-determination remains the greatest challenge to post-colonial Africa. Dictatorships and other oppressive regimes very substantially affected Africa's efforts to develop a culture of constitutionalism and respect for the right of peoples to selfdetermination. Most African countries typify the failed effort of trying to establish an enduring democracy and respect for the right of peoples to take part in the government. After five decades of transition from colonialism to constitutional democracy, most African peoples are still under the yoke of governments they consider undesirable or oppressive. This work primarily sets out to investigate if the denial of the right of peoples to self-determination justifies the use of force to secure such a right. Since independence, Africa has experienced armed rebel groups seeking either to effect radical transformation of the whole state or to separate from the state to which they belong in order to create a new state. In the main, this study explores the extent to which rebel groups acting on behalf of peoples are or are not allowed to use force for the attainment of self-determination. The thesis begins with an historical development of the right to self-determination in international law. It initially examines how self-determination has developed from a political principle to a legal right. Despite the fact that self-determination is one of the core principles of the UN Charter, there are still many controversies over its precise meaning, scope and application. The thesis considers the two aspects of selfdetermination: external self-determination and internal self-determination. The external aspect implies the right of people to form a new, sovereign and independent state, whereas the internal aspect implies the right of people to participate in the political framework of an existing state. The thesis also assesses the state of the academic literature over the right of peoples to self-determination, with a view to determining whether the right can be used by a group of people whose internal self-determination has been denied to effect secession from the state. It advocates that, outside the colonial context, the right of self-determination does not equal to a "right to secession and independence". The thesis argues, however, that in exceptional circumstances such as gross violations of human rights and the denial of internal self-determination, people should be endowed with a right to secession in the manifestation of a right to unilateral secession as a remedy of such injustices. The thesis further turns to the mechanisms for the protection of the peoples' right to self-determination, the problems and challenges in Africa. The challenges do not only include the legality of the use of force by rebel groups and national liberation movements in seeking to attain self-determination, but also the right of other states to assist them in their struggles. The work probes the nature of international law and critically assesses whether the persistent denial of demands for self-determination led to calls for drastic remedies, including the use of armed force. Before this theory is critically assessed, the thesis defines the differences between national liberation movements and rebel groups. It argues that as far as self-determination struggles are concerned, there must be representative organisations acting on behalf of people whose right of self-determination has been denied. In the light of these contentions, the study examines the general ban on the use of force as laid down by the UN Charter, and finds that the Charter does not expressly refer to self-determination as a situation where people may resort to the use of force for the attainment of such a right. It then turns to the history of and circumstance surrounding the use of force, examines the jus ad bellum regarding "liberation struggles", and concludes that the use of force by national liberation movements against colonial and racist regimes has strong theoretical foundations and support in state practice. Outside of the colonial and apartheid contexts, however, the argument that rebels acting on behalf of oppressed peoples may legitimately use force in pursuit of selfdetermination thus remains ambiguous. In that context, this thesis examines the practice relating to the use of force by rebel groups and the laws of war provisions that apply in civil wars, and concludes that none of them proves that the international community of states accepts rebels' right to use force as a legal entitlement. Finally, based on the lessons learned from and lacunae identified in all norms relating to the enforcement mechanisms of the right of self-determination, this study concludes with a set of suggestions and recommendations. / LLD (Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

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Syfte: Med utgångspunkt från Self Determination Theory belysa hur den autonoma och kontrollerade motivationen påverkas hos medarbetare då företag arbetar budgetlöst med avseende på decentralisering, målstyrning och belöningssystem.  Metod: Studien har utgått från ett hermeneutiskt perspektiv där fenomenet som studerats ses vara av socialkonstruktivistisk art. Teori och empiri har arbetats fram iterativt med hjälp av abduktion där grunden för studien har varit i form av en fallstudie med ett kvalitativt angreppssätt genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Intervjuguiden används som utgångspunkt vid kategoriseringen i empirin vilket analysen baseras på.   Resultat & slutsats: Studien tyder på att decentralisering och målstyrning inom budgetlös styrning främst påverkar den autonoma motivationen. Gällande belöningssystem gav inte studien något entydigt resultat men vissa indikationer på att det fanns en risk för att en kontrollerad motivation skulle kunna uppstå. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Till vidare forskning inom budgetlös styrning föreslår vi att undersöka belöningssystem ur ett ledningsperspektiv och påverkan på deras motivation samt att undersöka huruvida det finns ett samband mellan principerna bakom en fungerande decentralisering och motivation.   Studiens bidrag: Teoretiskt bidrar studien med att decentralisering och målstyrning påverkar den autonoma motivationen positivt medans belöningssystem kan bidra till att kontrollerad motivation uppstår. Praktiskt bidrag visar att decentralisering och målstyrning ökar möjligheten till eget ansvar och beslutsfattande, detta bör dock företag arbeta mer aktivt med. / Aim: Based on the self-determination theory shed light on how the autonomous and controlled motivation  affects the employees in companies using beyond budgeting regarding to decentralization , management by objectives and reward systems. Method: This study has a hermeneutic perspective with a base of social constructivism. The theory and the empirical material have been approached iteratively with the help of abduction method. The design of the study is a case study with a qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews.The interview guide is used as the basis for categorization of empirical data which the analysis is based upon.   Result & Conclusion: The study suggests that decentralization and management by objectives using beyond budgeting primarily affects the autonomic motivation. Current reward system did not show any unequivocal results but some indications that there was a risk that a controlled motivation could arise.  Suggestions for future research:  For further research in Beyond Budgeting, we propose to investigate the reward system from a management perspective and the impact on their motivation and to investigate whether there is a connection between the principles behind the functioning of decentralization and motivation. Contribution of the thesis: From a theoretical point of view, this study contributes to decentralization and management by objectives primarily affects the autonomous motivation while the reward system may contribute to controlled motivation. Practical contribution shows that decentralization and management by objectives within Beyond Budgeting increases the possibility of personal responsibility and decision-making, this should companies work more actively with.

Hur påverkas projektdeltagarnas motivation i projekt som har en relativt lång tid avsatt för genomförandet och med förhållandevis stora resurser? För att få svar på frågan om motivation i långa projekt genomfördes en empirisk fallstudie via kvalitativa intervjuer av sex projektdeltagare och en projektledare, i ett företag inom tullbranschen. Dessa sju personer var allokerade till ett IT-utvecklingsprojekt. Herzbergs två-faktorteori användes för att beskriva vilka faktorer som påverkat respondenternas motivation. Av studien följer att det är främst tre slags händelser som påverkar projektdeltagarnas motivation. Det är händelser som går att koppla till projektets fasövergångar, händelser som berör projektets målsättning och händelser som handlar om projektets arbetssätt. Avslutningsvis kan konstateras att det är den kontextuella osäkerheten som främst påverkar projektdeltagarnas motivation i ett projekt som pågår under lång tid. Alltså de förändringar som sker i omvärlden mellan tidpunkten för planeringen av projektet och när projektmålet utvärderas. / What affect the project participants’ motivation in projects that have a relatively long period of time set aside for implementation and with relatively large resources? An empirical case study was conducted to answer the question about motivation in long projects by using qualitative interviews of six project participants and one project manager in a company in the customs sector. These seven people were allocated to an IT development project. Herzberg´s two-factor theory was used to describe the factors that influenced the respondents’ motivation. There are mainly three types of events that affects the project participants’ motivation. These are events that can be linked to the project phase transitions, events related to project objectives and events about the project’s methodology. Finally, it can be stated that it is the contextual uncertainty that primarily affect the project participants’ motivation in a project going on for a long time. Thus the changes in the business environment between the time of the planning of the project and when the project objectives are evaluated.