Thesis (M.Phil.) --Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Reality television combines various genres of entertainment to produce material that has in recent years gripped the attention of audiences across the globe. It is presented in various formats such as game or talk shows, which each reveal different ethical dilemmas to media practitioners. Reality shows place ordinary persons in exotic locations or situations where cameras capture non-scripted scenes that reveal the joy and heartache of participants. These programmes often lay the lives of normal people bare to all and, thus, the question arises as to whether it is ethical for the media to subject participants to the scrutiny of the audience in this way. Reality television has highlighted the ethical challenges and responsibilities presented to media practitioners in the modem media industry where competition may adversely affect ethical choices. In this assignment the function of journalists and their ethical position is touched on, while the medium of television, its entertainment value and the effect of commercialism on the media industry is examined. Various international and South African reality television productions are considered in an attempt to discover how current media practitioners deal with ethical challenges, and weigh up financial gain against upholding the moral values of society. The role of media practitioners as moral agents and the effect that the material they disseminate may have on their audience is furthermore discussed by using case studies. The future of reality television, particularly after the terror attacks of 11 September 2001 in the USA, is speculated and it is determined that it appears that reality-based programming will be a feature of television in the short term. Media practitioners need to realize their place in society and make ethical decisions that encourage artistic values and uplift society. Reality television presents a number of challenges in this regard and has the potential to continue to raise ethical issues in the future. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Realiteitstelevisie is 'n kombinasie van verskeie vermaaklikheidsgenres en het oor die afgelope jare die aandag van kykers wereldwyd aangegryp. Dit word op verskeie wyses aangebied soos byvoorbeeld in die vorm van speletjies- of geselsprogramme, welke elk verskillende etiese dilemmas vir media praktisyns daarstel. Hierdie programme plaas gewone persone voor die kameras op eksotiese bestemmings en in unieke situasies waar die ware blydskap en hartseer van deelnemers vasgele word op film. Hierdie programme beskou soms elke aspek van deelnemers se lewens, en dus word die vraag geopper of dit eties is vir die media om die lewens van deelnemers bloot te le vir kritiek van kykers. Realiteitstelevisie het die etiese uitdagings en veranwoordelikhede van media praktisyns in die moderne media bedryf, waar kompetisie 'n negatiewe effek op etiese keuses mag he, na vore gebring. In hierdie werkstuk word die funksie van joernaliste en hul ethiese posisie kortliks aangeraak, terwyl die middel van televisie, ·die vermaaklikheidswaarde daarvan asook die effek van kommersialisme op die media bedryf ondersoek. V erskeie internasionale en Suid-Afrikaanse realteitstelevisie produksies word hierin oorweeg in 'n poging om te ontdek hoe huidige media praktisyns etiese uitdagings hanteer en fmansiele gewin opweeg teenoor die morele waardes van die gemeenskap. Die rol van media praktisyns as morele agente en die effek van die materiaal wat hulle versprei word ook bepsreek deur middel van gevallestudies. Die toekoms van realiteitstelevisie, veral na die terreur aanvalle van 11 September 2001 in die VSA, word gespekuleer en word dit bevind dat realiteitstelevisie, minstens in die kort termyn, 'n eienskap van televisie in die toekoms sal wees. Media praktisyns moet hul plek in die samelewing besef en etiese besluit neem wat die artistieke waardes van die gemeenskap bevorder. Realiteitstelevisie opper vele uitdagings in hierdie opsig en beloof om ook in die toekoms etiese aspekte uit te lig.

Submitted by Clebson Anjos (clebson.leandro54@gmail.com) on 2016-02-17T19:45:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5518718 bytes, checksum: 05af1a1dda5623ee2bb660862bf32484 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-17T19:45:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5518718 bytes, checksum: 05af1a1dda5623ee2bb660862bf32484 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research develops an analysis of the seduction strategies used by the newspaper Já – which has been in circulation in Paraíba since 2009, oriented for the C, D and E social segments. For such, we selected 53 editions from January and May 2012, because these are the most recent months with consolidated and available data and respectively they are the ones with the highest and the lowest number of murders in the state, according to the Government’s Health Department. Our objective is to identify the produced meanings from the narratives in that specific newspaper when it comes down to physical violence and its related matters. In the research, concepts like popular journalism, public’s interest, sensationalism, physical violence and photojournalism are discussed. We find it’s indispensable to use the Content Analysis – as well as its structures like inferences, categorization, description and interpretation – as methodology, considering it allows us to understand the implicit meanings and get a further comprehension of the analyzed objects. These theoretical and methodological references served as the basis for the expansion and reachof the objectives, in which the route were perceived characteristics and the style of the analyzed newspaper as well as elements that support the newspaper as criteria of seduction public. / Esta pesquisa desenvolve uma análise das estratégias de sedução utilizadas pelo jornal impresso Já – tabloide em circulação na Paraíba desde 2009, voltado às classes C, D e E. Para isso, foram selecionadas 53 edições referentes a janeiro e maio de 2012, por ser, de acordo com a Secretaria Estadual de Saúde (SES), o ano mais próximo com dados consolidados e os meses com a maior e a menor quantidade de homicídios no estado, respectivamente. Buscase, com isso, identificar os sentidos produzidos na construção da narrativa do referido periódico, no tocante à violência física e suas implicações. No decorrer do trabalho são discutidos, sobretudo, conceitos como jornalismo popular, interesse do público, sensacionalismo, violência física e fotojornalismo. Como método de pesquisa, através do qual é possível captar sentidos implícitos e buscar uma compreensão mais profunda do teor analisável, utiliza-se a Análise de Conteúdo, em associação aos seus desdobramentos: inferências, categorização, descrição e interpretação. Esses referenciais teórico-metodológicos serviram como base para a ampliação e alcance do objetivo pretendido neste estudo, em cujo percurso foram percebidas as especificidades e o estilo do produto analisado, bem como elementos que dão suporte ao periódico enquanto critérios de sedução do público.

Submitted by Josimara Dias Brumatti (bcgdigital@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-03-20T14:34:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Raiane-Nogueira-Gama.pdf: 7519645 bytes, checksum: 5688a187ae880ea616d0ee546548ce2b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-20T14:34:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Raiane-Nogueira-Gama.pdf: 7519645 bytes, checksum: 5688a187ae880ea616d0ee546548ce2b (MD5) / Este trabalho tem por objetivo investigar como O Globo constrói em suas capas o noticiário de mortes trágicas e/ou violentas, fatos de grande comoção pública, sensacionais por si só. Partimos de uma pesquisa, desenvolvida anteriormente, sobre a cobertura do massacre de Realengo, em que identificamos a proximidade do veículo ao polo mais apelativo de um continuum traçado com capas de 12 jornais, das mais distantes às mais próximas do jornalismo dito sensacionalista, em uma gradação qualitativa de efeitos de sentido. Com base no resultado obtido, nos ancoramos na metodologia proposta pela semiótica francesa e seu desdobramento tensivo para verificarmos se reaparecem traços sensacionalistas na cobertura feita por O Globo de outros episódios referentes ao tema. O corpus é formado por 12 capas do primeiro caderno e de cadernos especiais publicados nos dias seguintes ao massacre do Colorado, à catástrofe que atingiu a Região Serrana do Rio de Janeiro em 2011, novamente ao massacre de Realengo e à morte do líder líbio Muamar Kadafi. Observamos que, em algumas edições, o veículo se rende preferencialmente ao estilo enunciativo dito sensacionalista. Nesses casos, ele abandona o perfil inicial de enunciador, do jornal moderado, para se projetar como “uma voz discursiva que grita” (DISCINI, 2013, p. 129). Com isso, a pesquisa explicita uma certa permeabilidade entre os estilos moderado e sensacionalista, em que as fronteiras nítidas entre esses dois estilos enunciativos se desfazem na dimensão pragmática e complexa da práxis jornalística. / This study aims to investigate how O Globo reports tragic and/or violent deaths, public outcry facts, sensational by themselves, on its front pages. It is based on a previous research about the Realengo Massacre press coverage in which we observed the proximity of this newspaper to the most sensationalist pole of a continuum traced with 12 newspapers front pages, ranging from a so called moderated to a sensationalist journalism, in a qualitative range of meaning effects. Based on this result, we counted on the methodology proposed by French semiotics and its tensive development to check if the sensationalist marks reappear in O Globo coverage of other facts involving tragic and/or violent deaths. The corpus consists of 12 front pages of first section and special sections published in the following days of Colorado Massacre, the disaster that hit the mountainous region of Rio de Janeiro in 2011, again the Realengo Massacre and the death of the Libyan leader Moammar Gadhafi. We observed that in some editions, this newspaper assumes preferably the sensationalist enunciative style. In these cases, O Globo abandons its initial profile of a moderate journal to project itself as “a discursive voice that shouts” (DISCINI, 2013, p. 129). Hence, the research sheds light to the porosity between the moderate and the sensationalist press styles showing that there are no clear boundaries between both in the pragmatic and complex dimension of the journalism praxis.

In his 1974 novella The lost Honor of Katharina Blum Heinrich Böll argues for the constitutional guarantee of presumption of innocence. He states that this principle is violated when defamatory media headlines make unwarranted accusations against a private citizen destroying their reputation as part of a targeted smear campaign. The novella characterizes such intentional campaigns as both criminalizing and dehumanizing. Böll argues that the government should influence the press to conform to the limits implied in the institution of freedom of press. He shows the helplessness of a private citizen under attack from a smear campaign when the government takes a laissez-faire attitude toward sensationalized media. This thesis, "Neither citizen nor human: Prisoner of the media and the state: systematically linked dehumanization and radicalization: Two Interpretations of Heinrich Böll's: The Lost Honor of Katharina Blum," evaluates the sympathetic role that media and government play in the radicalization of the private citizen. This thesis establishes a direct relation between smear campaigns and radical or extremist behavior. This thesis shows that the victim of the media acts out erratically in a state of panic and terror brought on by feelings of helplessness. This thesis supports Boell's position that this erratic behavior leads to suicide or violence against perceived oppressors or others. This thesis argues for the habitualization of violence as a precise definition of the radicalization of the individual to violence. This thesis utilizes Böll's fictionalized account of Katharina Blum. This thesis makes comparisons between targeted smear campaigns in the BRD in the period 1967-1974, roughly the period of the Brandt Administration, and the case of Katharina Blum. This thesis demonstrates the systematically linked oppression of oppositional voices by the West German government with media-driven smear campaigns. Böll's essays on topics including human rights and the potential benefits of political radicals help inform this study. Böll's novella demonstrates the vulnerability of all citizens to victimization of the press. Boell shows that violent radical behavior results from smear campaigns against private citizens. Boell argues that this radicalization is clearly rooted in a sales-driven media sympathetic to the state's abuses of power.

本研究比較小報（蘋果日報）與大報（聯合報、中國時報）報導的不同處。同時也比較聯合報、中國時報於蘋果日報在台灣發行前後，其報導型式及方向是否有所改變。研究結果顯示聯合、中時兩大報只有在少數項目上有差異，大部分的類目沒有差異，意即兩大報無論在圖文比例、報導類型、頭條新聞的報導及選擇上，都是非常類似的兩份報紙。而兩報與蘋果日報除了少數類目外，大部分項目都有達到顯著差異，顯示兩大報與蘋果日報在圖文比例、報導類型、頭條新聞的報導及選擇上，是截然不同的報紙。另一方面，兩大報增加新聞總則數、總頁數、照片數、圖表數、彩色印刷頁數來因應蘋果。新聞則數及頁數的增加，顯示兩大報欲增加報導量來吸引讀者；而照片、圖表、彩色印刷頁數的增加，則顯示兩大報在某些項目上有逐漸向小報靠攏的趨勢。此現象也顯示台灣兩大報在報導形式上，的確漸漸「圖像化」，而傳統以文字為主的質報，也毫無例外的逐漸向圖像化靠攏。

本研究透過監視器在電視新聞發展歷程中的特殊性和新聞價值，以及監視器新聞的緣起和發展，結合電視新聞的相關理論和實證研究了解監視器影像和電視新聞媒體媒合以後，電視監視器新聞的敘事方式和其所再現的社會景觀以及社會文化意涵。 透過內容分析法，本研究發現，多數監視器新聞以目擊事件現場為「賣點」，呈現對犯罪事件和特殊奇觀的現場感，然而也有不少新聞在監視器鏡頭外，用特殊的剪輯和運鏡技巧或是帶有情緒性的口語配音進行後製，加深觀眾的「共感氛圍」。在「求真」之外，也追求在視聽訊息上的感官化，並透過選擇新聞題材以及後製加工帶給觀眾強大的視覺衝擊力和感染力。 監視器新聞主題中以暴力和犯罪為主，其次則為奇觀新聞。以感官化的手法呈現與社會安全相關的主題，以犯罪暴力為主題的監視器新聞人物，大多為社會上的邊緣團體，且多發生在都市區；奇觀新聞則以一般民眾為主，背景大多為非都市區；監視器新聞以一般市井小民為主要報導對象，公眾人物在監視器新聞裡十分罕見。監視器新聞再現的時空，突破新聞記者採訪佈線「時空」的限制。 監視器新聞的畫面來源和主要受訪者皆為警方，且多為採用「單面報導」的方式，也就是說，警方掌握監視器畫面以及享有對監視器畫面的主要詮釋權，顯示了公共攝影的社會控制和詮釋的不對等關係。在監視器新聞主題中也看到了符合社會奇觀的主題，「記錄不容錯過的精彩生活片段」似乎成了監視器在社會中扮演的另類角色。 當監視器與電視新聞媒合以後，電視新聞觀眾面對的是更多重、更奪目的真實形式。這些影像以「軟性化」或「衝突性」題材為主，而不是以訴諸理性或是傳達資訊的方式。監視器新聞帶出了公共危險的社會意象，對於邊緣團體化約、淺碟化的敘述，可能加深觀眾對於邊緣團體的刻板印象。整體而言，監視器新聞是一種去脈絡化的敘事形式，透過後製的音效和影像編輯，呈現緊張、懸疑和驚聳的氣氛，因此，監視器新聞所再現的都市空間形象是危險的、充滿不確定性的，為一種高社會犯罪率的隱喻。

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:30:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Henrique Sugahara Francisco.pdf: 1251006 bytes, checksum: 1894f98758d7585f039dd807bd538e71 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this research is to analyze, in the context of the modernization of the city of São Paulo, the representations of the magic practitioners in the sensationalist news and in the faits divers of the melodramatic newspaper A Capital. In the view of the publication, these characters represented a setback on the way of civilization and were immoral per excellence. Witches, faith healers, fake mediums and cartomancers underwent a process of disqualification, being represented as highly dangerous people. On the other hand, spiritists and occultists, due the fact that they based their practices on scientific, rational and philosophic principles, were praised by the newspaper as people who were able to regenerate society by spreading values that should be embodied by the people of Brazil and São Paulo, such as erudition, highly moral, solidarity and religious feeling in the direction of humanitarianism / A presente pesquisa tenciona, no contexto de modernização da cidade de São Paulo, analisar as representações dos praticantes de magia nas notícias sensacionalistas e nos faits divers melodramáticos do jornal A Capital. Por constituírem-se, no entender desse periódico, em símbolos de atraso rumo à civilização e imorais por excelência, feiticeiros, curandeiros, falsos médiuns e cartomantes passaram por um processo de desqualificação, sendo representados como sujeitos de alta periculosidade. Espíritas e ocultistas, por sua vez, em virtude do fato de basearem suas práticas em fundamentos científicos, racionais e filosóficos, foram noticiados sempre com louvor pelo jornal, tendo sido exaltados como indivíduos capazes de regenerar a sociedade, por meio da difusão de valores que deveriam ser incorporados pela população paulista e brasileira, como a erudição, a moral elevada, a solidariedade e o sentimento religioso na direção do humanitarismo

[pt] Criados para ampliar o apoio popular em relação a determinadas lideranças, os jornais Última Hora, O Dia e Luta Democrática tiveram atuação importante durante o segundo governo Vargas como intermediários entre o público e os líderes políticos aos quais estavam ligados (respectivamente, Getúlio Vargas, Ademar de Barros/Chagas Freitas e Tenório Cavalcanti). Neste sentido, a linguagem sensacionalista presente nestes jornais foi elemento fundamental no exercício do papel de defensores do povo encarnado pelos três veículos. Através do sensacionalismo, estes jornais forjaram sua identificação com as classes populares e disseminaram a retórica populista. A presente análise tem como objetivo revelar a especificidade da interseção entre linguagem sensacionalista e linguagem política presente nestes periódicos. / [en] Newspapers Última Hora, O Dia and Luta Democrática were founded with the purpose of expanding popular support for certain leaderships and played an important role as intermediaries between the public and the political leaders to whom they were connected during Vargas` second term (Getúlio Vargas, Ademar de Barros/Chagas Freitas and Tenório Cavalcanti, respectively). In this sense, the sensationalistic language used by these newspapers was an essential element in the forging of their roles as defenders of the people. It was through sensationalism that these papers fabricated their identification with the popular classes and disseminated their populistic rhetoric. The present analysis proposes to show the specificity of the intersection between sensationalistic language and political language presented by these newspapers.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal