Grave X was found in 1952 during construction work in Tuna in Badelunda parish, in the province of Västmanland. Objects from this 3rd Century grave were dispersed and the stone grave covering and cist-like wooden burial chamber were cut almost in half as a result of the construction work that unearthed it. The purpose of this dissertation is to create a better understanding of Tuna in Badelunda and to place Grave X and the person buried there in context. Due to my interest in Grave X and the person in this grave, the scope of the study is limited to Tuna during the Late Roman Iron Age. What kind of place may Tuna in Badelunda have been during that time? Which kinds of knowledge may the person in Grave X have possessed and what roles may this person have had in local society? How may this person have acted in Tuna in Badelunda in particular? Why was this person buried in the specific type of structure that was Grave X? To answer these questions, ancient monuments and phenomena in the Tuna area, objects from the grave and construction details of the grave are discussed. Specifically, I examine the name Tuna, stone enclosures, hillforts of Bejby borg-character and travel routes, beads, golden rings in the shape of snakes, vessels and serving utensils, and the stone grave covering and cist-like chamber. Since Grave X was partly ruined when discovered, comparisons are made to about 20 similar graves from other parts of Scandinavia in order to get an idea of what may have been lost from Grave X. A performative-constructive gender perspective is of importance in this dissertation, as well as the concept of creolization. The kinds of knowledge and the societal roles the person in Grave X may have had can be summarized in five categories or contexts of action: production within the (social-political) economy of the farm, ritual performances, physical communication, textile production, and oral performances with the telling of stories and relating of memories. Possible personal strategies in relation to the activities the person in question was involved in are seen as important. One way this dissertation takes up this subject is through the discussion of the role the person may have had in greetings and farewells in the yard of the farm (Sw. tun, gårdsplan). Greetings and farewells were probably of importance, and Tuna is discussed as a crossroads. This means that although a local perspective is advocated in this dissertation, Tuna may not be seen as an isolated community, but rather as a small place that to a great extent partook in the larger world. This can also be seen in Grave X; when the person in this grave was buried, the living made choices that both expressed local traditions and made reference to far-away places. In contrast to the surrounding graves, the person in Grave X was not cremated. One of many possible reasons may have been a desire to emphasize the person’s personality and gender as well as roles in society. / <p>Auktoriserad namnform i LIBRIS: Fernstål, Charlotte, 1974-</p>

The pseudospin symmetry concept is investigated by solving the Dirac equation for the exactly solvable potentials such as pseudoharmonic potential, Mie-type potential, Woods-Saxon potential and Hulth&eacute / n plus ring-shaped potential with any spin-orbit coupling term $kappa$. Nikiforov-Uvarov Method, Asymptotic Iteration Method and functional analysis method are used in the calculations. The energy eigenvalue equations of the Dirac particles are found and the corresponding radial wave functions are presented in terms of special functions. We look for the contribution of the ring-shaped potential to the energy spectra of the Dirac particles. Particular cases of the potentials are also discussed. By considering some particular cases, our results are reduced to the well-known ones presented in the literature. In addition, by taking equal mixture of scalar and vector potentials together with tensor potential, solutions of the Dirac equation are found and then the energy splitting between the two states in the pseudospin doublets is investigated. We indicate that degeneracy between members of pseudospin doublet is removed by tensor interactions. Effects of the potential parameters on the pseudospin doublet splitting are also studied. Radial nodes structure of the Dirac spinor are presented.

Hypersonic vehicles are exposed to severe heating loads during their flight in the atmosphere. In order to minimize the heating problem, a variety of cooling techniques are presently available for hypersonic blunt bodies. Introduction of a forward-facing cavity in the nose tip of a blunt body configuration of hypersonic vehicle is one of the most simple and attractive methods of reducing the convective heating rates on such a vehicle. In addition to aerodynamic heating, the overall drag force experienced by vehicles flying at hypersonic speeds is predominate due to formation of strong shock waves in the flow. Hence, the effective management of heat transfer rate and aerodynamic drag is a primary element to the success of any hypersonic vehicle design. So, precise information on both aerodynamic forces and heat transfer rates are essential in deciding the performance of the vehicle. In order to address the issue of both forces and heat transfer rates, right kind of measurement techniques must be incorporated in the ground-based testing facilities for such type of body configurations. Impulse facilities are the only devices that can simulate high altitude flight conditions. Uncertainties in test flow conditions of impulse facilities are some of the critical issues that essentially affect the final experimental results. Hence, more reliable and carefully designed experimental techniques/methodologies are needed in impulse facilities for generating experimental data, especially at hypersonic Mach numbers. In view of the above, an experimental program has been initiated to develop novel techniques of measuring both the aerodynamic forces and surface heat transfer rates. In the present investigation, both aerodynamic forces and surface heat transfer rates are measured over the test models at hypersonic Mach numbers in IISc hypersonic shock tunnel HST-2, having an effective test time of 800 s. The aerodynamic coefficients are measured with a miniature type accelerometer based balance system where as platinum thin film sensors are used to measure the convective heat transfer rates over the surface of the test model. An internally mountable accelerometer based balance system (three and six-component) is used for the measurement of aerodynamic forces and moment coefficients acting on the different test models (i.e., blunt cone with after body, blunt cone with after body and frustum, blunt cone with after body-frustum-triangular fins and sharp cone with after body-frustum-triangular fins), flying at free stream Mach numbers of 5.75 and 8 in hypersonic shock tunnel. The main principle of this design is that the model along with the internally mounted accelerometer balance system are supported by rubber bushes and there-by ensuring unrestrained free floating conditions of the model in the test section during the flow duration. In order to get a better performance from the accelerometer balance system, the location of accelerometers plays a vital role during the initial design of the balance. Hence, axi-symmetric finite element modeling (FEM) of the integrated model-balance system for the missile shaped model has been carried out at 0° angle of attack in a flow Mach number of 8. The drag force of a model was determined using commercial package of MSC/NASTRAN and MSC/PATRAN. For test flow duration of 800 s, the neoprene type rubber with Young’s modulus of 3 MPa and material combinations (aluminum and stainless steel material used as the model and balance) were chosen. The simulated drag acceleration (finite element) from the drag accelerometer is compared with recorded acceleration-time history from the accelerometer during the shock tunnel testing. The agreement between the acceleration-time history from finite-element simulation and measured response from the accelerometer is very good within the test flow domain. In order to verify the performance of the balance, tests were carried out on similar standard AGARD model configurations (blunt cone with cylinder and blunt cone with cylinder-frustum) and the results indicated that the measured values match very well with the AGARD model data and theoretically estimated values. Modified Newtonian theory is used to calculate the aerodynamic force coefficient analytically for various angles of attack. Convective surface heat transfer rate measurements are carried out by using vacuum sputtered platinum thin film sensors deposited on ceramic substrate (Macor) inserts which in turn are embedded on the metallic missile shaped body. Investigations are carried out on a model with and without fin configurations in HST-2 at flow Mach number of 5.75 and 8 with a stagnation enthalpy of 2 MJ/kg for zero degree angle of attack. The measured heating rates for the missile shaped body (i.e., with fin configuration) are lower than the predicted stagnation heating rates (Fay-Riddell expression) and the maximum difference is about 8%. These differences may be due to the theoretical values of velocity gradient used in the empirical relation. The experimentally measured values are expressed in terms of normalized heat transfer rates, Stanton numbers and correlated Stanton numbers, compared with the numerically estimated results. From the results, it is inferred that the location of maximum heating occurs at stagnation point which corresponds to zero velocity gradient. The heat-transfer ratio (q1/Qo)remains same in the stagnation zone of the model when the Mach number is increased from 5.75 to 8. At the corners of the blunt cone, the heat transfer rate doesn’t increase (or) fluctuate and the effects are negligible at two different Mach numbers (5.75 and 8). On the basis of equivalent total enthalpy, the heat-transfer rate with fin configuration (i.e., at junction of cylinder and fins) is slightly higher than that of the missile model without fin. Attempts have also been made to evaluate the feasibility of using forward facing cavity as probable technique to reduce the heat transfer rate and to study its effect on aerodynamic coefficients on a 41° apex angle missile shaped body, in hypersonic shock tunnel at a free stream Mach number of 8. The forward-facing circular cavities with two different diameters of 6 and 12 mm are chosen for the present investigations. Experiments are carried out at zero degree angle of attack for heat transfer measurements. About 10-25 % reduction in heat transfer rates is observed with cavity at gauge locations close to stagnation region, whereas the reduction in surface heat transfer rate is between 10-15 % for all other gauge locations (which is slightly downstream of the cavity) compared with the model without cavity. In order to understand the influence of forward facing cavities on force coefficients, measurement of aerodynamic forces and moment coefficients are also carried out on a missile shaped body at angles of attack. The same six component balance is also being used for subsequent investigation of force measurement on a missile shaped body with forward facing cavity. Overall drag reductions of up to 5 % is obtained for a cavity of 6 mm diameter, where as, for the 12 mm cavity an increase in aerodynamic drag is observed (up to about 10%). The addition of cavity resulted in a slight increase in the missile L/D ratio and did not significantly affect the missile lateral components. In summary, the designed balances are found to be suitable for force measurements on different test models in flows of duration less than a millisecond. In order to compliment the experimental results, axi-symmetric, Navier-Stokes CFD computations for the above-defined models are carried out for various angles of attack using a commercial package CFX-Ansys 5.7. The experimental free stream conditions obtained from the shock tunnel are used for the boundary conditions in the CFD simulation. The fundamental aerodynamic coefficients and heat transfer rates of experimental results are shown to be in good agreement with the predicted CFD. In order to have a feeling of the shock structure over test models, flow visualization experiments have been carried out by using the Schlieren technique at flow Mach numbers of 5.75 and 8. The visualized shock wave pattern around the test model consists of a strong bow shock which is spherical in shape and symmetrical over the forebody of the cone. Experimentally measured shock stand-off distance compare well with the computed value as well as the theoretically estimated value using Van Dyke’s theory. These flow visualization experiments have given a factual proof to the quality of flow in the tunnel test section.

I arbetet görs en ansats att utveckla verktyg för dimensionering av skyddsåtgärder vid röjning av RSV-ammunition. Till skillnad mot övriga verkansformer så saknar ammunitionsröjaren idag beräkningsmodeller eller annat adekvat stöd för fastställande av maximalt riskområde respektive för dimensionering av skadebegränsande åtgärder vid röjning av ammunition innehållande riktad sprängverkan. Arbetets fokus utgår från den militära nyttan med ett sådant verktyg, då en anpassning till röjningsverksamhetens informationstillgång, tidsförhållanden, arbetsmetodik och tekniknivå är direkt avgörande för om ett verktyg kan anses ändamålsenligt eller ej. Resultatet utgörs av förslag på två kompletta verksamhetsanpassade verktyg. Det första i form av en beräkningsmodell för dimensionering av skadebegränsande åtgärder, vilken kombinerar RSV-strålens penetrationsförmåga med detonationsavståndets inverkan. Det andra verktyget är en enkel modell för bedömning av det maximala riskområde som en RSV-stråle kan ge upphov till, vilken baseras på det dimensionerande strålsegmentets ballistiska bana. / This thesis is an attempt to develop models for design of protective measures during clearance of shaped charge ammunition. Unlike for other hazards, the EOD personnel are lacking adequate means for the establishment of the maximum hazardous area and for the design of measures for hazard confinement against the shaped charge effect. The development of the models is based on the military utility, by consideration of the limited information availability, the short time frames, the working methods and the technology level that are characteristic for EOD operations. The result is a suggestion of two complete and adapted tools for the design of protective measures. The first tool is a model for the design of measures for hazard confinement, which combines the jet penetration depth with the influence of the stand-off distance. The second tool is a simple model for estimation of the maximum hazardous area generated by the shaped charge jet, which is based on the trajectory of the most critical jet segment.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T20:15:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Anne Luise Kruger.pdf: 3331342 bytes, checksum: f90ffb5e34c66b8e268f864d4f6dab4e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The magneto-optical traps cool and trap atoms in a given region, forming clouds of cold atoms. As the setting of the trap, clouds can be obtained in different geometries such as spherical or ring-shaped. Traps have a wide range of applications, such as building atomic clocks, to obtain the Bose-Einstein condensate and the study of collisions, wherein the ring geometry is interesting to study in low dimensions. The learning of the trap parameters implies in its characterization and thus the appropriate parameters allow to optimize the trap and improve the performance of it s. The objective of our work is to study the behavior of the motion of atoms and the forces that act upon them by varying some parameters of the trap, such as the magnetic field gradient, the detuning between the laser frequency and the atomic transition, the intensity of the laser beams and also the intensity beams profile of the beams. By using the integration method of Runge-Kutta, we present simulations of the trajectory of a trapped atom and the radius of the orbit varying the same parameters of the trap mentioned above. One can find in literature a description of the force exertd on the trapped atoms with Gaussian profile laser beams in the traditional configuration and also with a small misalignment. From the deduction of the force on the trapped atoms with laser beams of Gaussian profile, we present some considerations to find the force acting on the atoms with Gaussian beam profile and simulations in this new configuration. Thus, the possibility of trapping atoms with other intensity beam profiles can be tested. / As armadilhas magneto-ópticas resfriam e aprisionam átomos em uma determinada região, formando nuvens de átomos frios. Conforme a configuração da armadilha, pode-se obter nuvens em diferentes geometrias, como esféricas ou em forma de anel. As armadilhas tem uma grande gama de aplicações, como a construção de relógios atômicos, a obtenção do condensado de Bose-Einstein e o estudo de colisões, no qual a geometria em anel se torna interessante para o estudo em baixas dimensões. Para conhecer os parâmetros da armadilha é necessário fazer sua caracterização. Parâmetros adequados permitem otimizar a armadilha e melhorar a performance da mesma. O objetivo de nosso trabalho é estudar o comportamento do movimento dos átomos e das forças que atuam sobre eles ao variar alguns parâmetros da armadilha, como por exemplo o gradiente de campo magnético, a dessintonia entre a frequência do laser e da transição atômica, a intensidade dos feixes laser e o perfil de intensidade dos feixes. Utilizando o método de integração de Runge- Kutta, apresentaremos simulações da trajetória de um átomo aprisionado e o raio da órbita variando os mesmos parâmetros da armadilha anteriormente citados. Na literatura encontra-se a descrição da força exercida sobre os átomos aprisionados com feixes laser de perfil gaussiano na configuração tradicional e também com um pequeno desalinhamento. A partir da dedução da força sobre os átomos aprisionados com feixes laser de perfil gaussiano, apresentaremos algumas considerações feitas para encontrar a força que atua sobre os átomos com feixes de perfil não gaussiano e simulações realizadas nesta nova consideração. Desta forma, poderá se verificar se existe a possibilidade de aprisionar átomos com feixes de outros perfis de intensidade.

Submitted by Daniella Sodre (daniella.sodre@ufpe.br) on 2015-04-10T16:37:01Z No. of bitstreams: 2 TESE Rômulo Fernando Teixeira Vilela.pdf: 3159637 bytes, checksum: d8b68b1fd93d79fe6162c4abdd0b1aa0 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-10T16:37:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 TESE Rômulo Fernando Teixeira Vilela.pdf: 3159637 bytes, checksum: d8b68b1fd93d79fe6162c4abdd0b1aa0 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-27 / Com os avanços em hardware, a engenharia de confiabilidade nos últimos 30 anos, tem nos mostrado equipamentos e sistemas complexos com níveis de falha muito baixos. Sistemas complexos na indústria nuclear, aeroespacial, química, elétrica entre outras possuem hoje em dia equipamentos e sistemas com níveis de confiabilidade que tem atendido adequadamente a sociedade. Entretanto, a operação e manutenção destes sistemas não dependem exclusivamente do desempenho intrínseco dos correspondentes equipamentos, dependem também da ação humana. Grandes acidentes no passado recente como Chernobyl, Bhopal, da nave Challenger e os grandes apagões no Brasil, colocaram em evidência a necessidade de redução do erro humano em sistemas complexos. A análise da confiabilidade humana surge assim como um apoio para a análise destes sistemas de operação e manutenção. Desde a década de 80 alguns avanços foram surgindo no estudo da confiabilidade humana. Técnicas como THERP, ATHEANA, CREAM e IDAC, se consolidaram ao longo do tempo como boas aplicações práticas para estudar, medir e prever o erro humano. Porém os fatores de desempenho utilizados em quase todas as técnicas supracitadas, tem se mostrado difíceis de serem estimados de um ponto de vista particular. Além disso, as particularidades do setor Hidroelétrico de Potência, definidas nos Procedimentos de Rede do Operador Nacional do Sistema (ONS) e nos instrumentos normativos da Agencia Reguladora ANEEL têm levado a necessidade de uma taxonomia que possa se adaptar a este importante e estratégico setor. Nesta tese, é proposta uma taxonomia e um modelo da sequência do processo de erro, para avaliação deste erro humano especificamente concebido para atender ao contexto de operação e manutencão do Sistema Hidroelétrico de Potência. Para ilustrar a nova taxonomia, foram coletados e analisados dados de cerca de dez anos de registro de erro humano de uma empresa de geração e transmissão de energia elétrica brasileira. Foram coletados 605 relatórios de desligamento por erro humano desde 1998 até 2009. Uma metodologia BBN-Base para a quantificação do erro humano é também discutida. A taxonomia e o modelo da sequência do processo de erro humano tanto quanto o modelo BBN-Based são ilustrados via um exemplo de uma aplicação no contexto de uma indústria Brasileira Hidroelétrica de Potência.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------With advances in hardware reliability engineering in the last 30 years, we have seen equipment and complex systems with very low levels of failure. Complex systems in the nuclear industry, aerospatiale sector, chemical industries, electrical industries and others now have equipment and systems with levels of reliability that has adequately served the society. However, the operation and maintenance of these systems do not rely solely on intrinsec performance of the corresponding equipment, but they also depend on human action. Major accidents in the recent past such Chernobyl, Bhopal, the Challenger shuttle and major recent power blackouts in Brazil, highlighted the need to reduce human error in complex systems. The human reliability assessment emerges as a support to the analisys of the operation and maintenance of these type of systems. Since the late 80th some advances have emerged in the study of human reliability. Techniques such as THERP, ATHEANA, CREAM and IDAC, have been consolidated over time for the study, measure and prediction of human error. However performance shaped factors used in almost all the aforementioned techniques have proven difficult to be estimated from a practical standpoint. In addition, the specifics of the Hydroelectric Power Industry defined in the Grid Procedures of the National System Operator (Operador Nacional so Sistema, ONS) and the regulatory instruments of ANEEL (Agencia Nacional de Energia Eletrica) Regulatory Agency have led to the necessity of a taxonomy that can adapt for this important strategic sector. In this thesis, it is proposed a taxonomy and model of error sequence process for assessment of human error specifically designed to meet the context of operation and maintenance of Hydroelectric Power System. To illustrate the new taxonomy it was collected and analyzed data from about ten years of human error records related to the generation and transmission of Hydroelectric Power Company in Brazil. It was collected 605 reports by human error shutdown from 1998 to 2009. A BBN-Base methodology for the quantification of human error is also discusses. The taxonomy, model for error sequence process as well as the BBN-Based model are illustrated via an example of application in the context of the Brazilian Hydroelectric Power Industry.

Submitted by Edineia Teixeira (edineia.teixeira@unioeste.br) on 2018-03-05T18:27:51Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Fernando_Martins2017.pdf: 3146180 bytes, checksum: a1dcde101c1559cda9b93c488d0f17e9 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-05T18:27:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Fernando_Martins2017.pdf: 3146180 bytes, checksum: a1dcde101c1559cda9b93c488d0f17e9 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / For species that do not exhibit parental care such as oviparous insects, choosing a favorable oviposition site is of utmost importance for brood success. Niche theory predicts that crickets should show a bell-shaped oviposition response to substrate humidity. However, at least one lab experiment with mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpoidea) indicated a linear oviposition responses to substrate humidity. The house cricket Acheta domesticus (Orthoptera: Grylloidea) also shows a linear juvenile body growth response to substrate humidity, which suggests a positive relationship between humidity and oviposition preference. We evaluated the relationship between oviposition frequency and substrate humidity in forest litter- dwelling species, primarily composed of Ubiquepuella telytokous, using field experiments. We also tested oviposition responses of U. telytokous to substrate humidity in a laboratory experiment. We offered oviposition substrates that varied in humidity from zero percent to maximum substrate water absorption capacity. Oviposition preference was estimated using presence or absence of eggs as a binary response variable, adjusted logistic regression (GAMM) was used to test for non-linear responses, and GLMs were used to test linear responses. We found that oviposition probability increased linearly with substrate humidity for U. telytokous in both field and lab experiments. Our results demonstrate the importance of substrate humidity as an ecological niche requirement for this species. This work bolsters knowledge of litter cricket life history association with humidity, and suggests that litter crickets may be particularly threatened by changes in climate that favor habitat drying. / Para espécies que não apresentam cuidados parentais, tais como insetos ovíparos, a escolha de um local de oviposição favorável é de extrema importância para o sucesso da prole. A teoria do nicho prevê que a oviposição de grilos deve mostrar uma resposta em forma de sino à umidade do substrato. Entretanto, pelo menos um experimento de laboratório com paquinhas (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpoidea) indicou uma resposta de oviposição linear em relação a umidade do substrato. O grilo doméstico Acheta domesticus (Orthoptera: Grylloidea) também apresenta um crescimento corporal dos juvenis linear em relação a umidade do substrato, o que sugere uma relação positiva entre umidade e preferência de oviposição. Aqui testamos a relação entre a frequência de oviposição e a umidade do substrato, em espécies de grilos de serrapilheira florestal, primariamente compostas Ubiquepuella telytokous, utilizando experimentos de campo. Também testamos as respostas de oviposição de U. telytokous em experimentos de laboratório. Oferecemos substratos de oviposção que variaram a umidade de zero porcento até a capacidade máxima de absorção do substrato. A preferência de oviposição foi estimada utilizando presença ou ausência de ovos como uma variável resposta binária, regressão logística ajustada (GAMM) para testar respostas não lineares, e GLMs para testar respostas lineares. Verificamos que a probabilidade de oviposição aumenta linearmente com a umidade do substrato para U. telytokous, nos experimentos de campo e laboratório. Nossos resultados demonstram a importância da umidade do substrato como requisito de nicho ecológico para Ubiquepuella telytokous. Este trabalho reforça o conhecimento da associação de história de vida de grilos com a umidade, e sugere que esses organismos podem ser particularmente ameaçados por mudanças climáticas que tornam habitats áridos.

In order to combat global warming and climate change issues and facilitate economic prosperity in the same time, it is important to understand the possible tradeoffs between economic growth and environmental degradation. In this thesis, we evaluate the hypothesis of an N-shaped environmental Kuznets curve (EKC). Using panel data analysis, we investigate the relationship between CO2 emissions, GDP per capita, renewable energy consumption, technological development, trade, and institutional quality for 74 countries over the period of 1994 to 2012. We find (i) evidence for the Nshaped EKC when using pooled OLS regressions for all income groups but upper-middleincome countries; (ii) heterogeneous results regarding the N-shaped EKC across income groups and quantiles when using quantile regressions; and (iii) a clear and consistent negative relationship between renewable energy and CO2 emissions, indicating the importance of promoting greener energy to combat climate change. / För att bekämpa klimatförändringar och samtidigt möjliggöra ekonomiskt välstånd är det viktigt att förstå de möjliga avvägningarna mellan ekonomisk tillväxt och miljöförstöring. I denna uppsats utvärderar vi hypotesen om en N-formad miljökuznetskurva (EKC). Med hjälp av paneldataanalys undersöker vi förhållandet mellan koldioxidutsläpp, BNP per capita, förnybar energi, teknologisk utveckling, internationell handel och institutionell kvalitet för 74 länder under perioden 1994 till 2012. Vi finner (i) bevis för en N-formad EKC för alla inkomstgrupper förutom övre medelinkomstländer när poolad OLS används som skattningsmetod; (ii) heterogena resultat gällande en N-formad EKC, både mellan och inom de olika inkomstgrupperna, när vi använder oss av kvantilregressioner; och (iii) ett tydligt och konsekvent negativt förhållande mellan förnybar energi och koldioxidutsläpp, vilket pekar på vikten av att främja grönare energi för att kunna bekämpa klimatförändringar.

Dans ce travail, nous proposons des procédures de test paramétriques et nonparamétriques localement et asymptotiquement optimales au sens de Hajek et Le Cam, pour deux modèles de données de panel. Notre approche est fondée sur la théorie de Le Cam d'une part, pour obtenir les propriétés de normalité asymptotique, bases de la construction des tests paramétriques optimaux, et la théorie de Hajek d'autre part, qui, via un principe d'invariance, permet d'obtenir les procédures nonparamétriques.<p><p><p><p>Dans le premier chapitre, nous considérons un modèle à erreurs composées et nous nous intéressons au problème qui consiste à tester l'absence de l'effet individuel aléatoire. Nous<p>établissons la propriété de normalité locale asymptotique (LAN), ce qui nous permet de construire des procédures paramétriques localement et asymptotiquement optimales (“les plus stringentes”)<p>pour le problème considéré. L'optimalité de ces procédures est liée à la densité-cible f1. Ces propriétés d'optimalité sont hautement paramétriques puisqu'elles requièrent que la densité sous-jacente soit f1. De plus, ces procédures ne seront valides que si la densité-cible f1 et la densité sous-jacent g1 coincïdent. Or, en pratique, une spécification correcte de la densité sous-jacente g1 est non réaliste, et g1 doit être considérée comme un paramètre de nuissance. Pour éliminer cette nuisance, nous adoptons l'argument d'invariance et nous nous restreignons aux procédures fondées sur des statistiques qui sont mesurables par rapport au vecteur des rangs. Les tests que nous obtenons restent valide quelle que soit la densité sous-jacente et sont localement et asymptotiquement les plus stringents. Afin d'avoir des renseignements sur l'efficacité des tests<p>fondés sur les rangs sous différentes lois, nous calculons les efficacités asymptotiques relatives de ces tests par rapport aux tests pseudo-gaussiens, sous des densités g1 quelconques. Enfin, nous proposons quelques simulations pour comparer les performances des procédures proposées. <p><p><p><p>Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous considérons un modèle à erreurs composées avec autocorrélation d'ordre 1 et nous montrons que ce modèle jouit de la propriété LAN. A partir de ce résultat, nous construisons des tests optimaux, au sens local et asymptotique, pour trois problèmes de tests importants dans ce contexte :(a) test de l'absence d'effet individuel et d'autocorrélation; (b) test de l'absence d'effet individuel en présence d'une autocorrélation non<p>spécifiée; et (c) test de l'absence d'autocorrélation en présence d'un effet individuel non spécifié. Enfin, nous proposons quelques simulations pour comparer les performances des tests pseudogaussiens<p>et des tests classiques. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

L’Asie du sud-ouest et en particulier le plateau iranien, au croisement de l’Afrique, de l’Europe et de l’Asie, constituent une région assez unique marquée par une histoire longue et diversifiée. Cet espace a souvent été considérée au Paléolithique moyen comme un lieu de passage d’hommes anatomiquement différents : Homo Sapiens et Neandertal. Mais pour plusieurs raisons, les chercheurs ont concentré leurs recherches sur la région du Levant et du Zagros. Le sud et l’est du pourtour de la Mer Caspienne sont en revanche nettement moins étudiés. Si le Moustérien du Proche-Orient est marqué par la prédominance de débitages de type Levallois, au-delà du Torus à l’ouest de la Caspienne, c'est-à-dire en Azerbaïdjan et en Géorgie, les industries lithiques se caractérisent par des pièces bifaciales dites micoquiennes. Dans ce contexte, que se passe-t-il à l'est et sud de la mer Caspienne entre ces deux grandes aires d’influence ? Une étude approfondie des outillages lithiques par une approche technologique et technofonctionnelle a été menée sur cinq assemblages d’Iran et du Turkménistan. Nous avons pu observer que si à l’est de la mer Caspienne la tradition bifaciale est bien attestée dans certaines industries turkmènes, elle regroupe des systèmes techniques variés. Ces éléments nous invitent donc à faire le lien avec d’autres « techno-complexes » jusqu’à présent moins connus. Il semblerait donc que le Turkménistan et l'est de l'Iran représentent un carrefour où différents complexes techniques ont pu se rencontrer. Cette diversité de systèmes techniques semble indiquer une complexité plus importante qu’attendue des dynamiques de peuplements pendant le Moustérien. C’est grâce à la mise en évidence de la variabilité technique que l’on tentera de percevoir et de reconstituer cesphénomènes de peuplements et la mobilité des groupes humains préhistoriques dans les espaces qu’ils ont occupés. / Southwest Asia and in particular the Iranian plateau, at the crossroads of Africa, Europe and Asia, constitute a rather unique area with a long and diversified history. In Middle Paleolithic, the whole region has often been considered as a place for passage of anatomically different humans: Homo Sapiens and Neanderthal. However, for several reasons, researchers focused their activities, on the region of Levant and Zagros, therefore the southern parts and the east of Caspian Sea are much less studied. As Mousterian of the near east region is marked by the predominance of Levalloisdebitages, in Torus region (regions in the west of Caspian Sea including current Azerbaijan and Georgia), the lithic industries are characterized by so-called Micoquian bifacial pieces. In this context, a very important question is what happened in the east and the south of Caspian Sea,between these two great areas of influence.A deep study of lithic tools has been conducted on five assemblages of Iran andTurkmenistan, by a technological and techno-functional approach. The obtained results show that if in the east of Caspian Sea the bifacial tradition is well attested in some Turkmen industries, it attests various technical systems. These elements lead us to make the link with the other "techno-complexes" so far less known. It would seem, therefore, that Turkmenistan and eastern Iran represent a crossroads where different techno-complexes could meet.This diversity of technical systems seems to indicate a complexity more than expected of dynamics of populations during Mousterian. Thanks to the demonstration of the technical variation, we will try to perceive and reconstruct these phenomena of populations, the mobility of prehistoric human groups, in the environment that they occupied. / جنوب غرب آسیا و به خصوص فلات ایران، در تقاطع قاره های آفریقا، اروپا و آسیا، منطقه ای نسبتا منحصر به فرد با تاریخی طولانی و متنوع را تشکیل می دهند. در طول دوره پارینه سنگی میانی، این منطقه اغلب به عنوان مکانی برای عبور گونه های مختلف انسان: انسان هوشمند باستانی و نئاندرتال در نظر گرفته شده است. با این حال، به دلایل مختلف، محققان اغلب در انجام فعالیت های علمی خود در منطقه لوانت و زاگرس متمرکز بوده اند بخش های شرقی دریای خزر بسیار کمتر مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته اند.اگر موسترین در منطقه خاورمیانه با تراشه برداری لوالوا عجین شده است، منطقه توروس در غرب دریای خزر (شامل آذربایجان و گرجستان کنونی) با قطعات دو طرفه از نوع میکوکین شناخته می شود. در این زمینه، سوال مهم مطرح این است که چه اتفاقی در شرق و جنوب دریای خزر، بین این دو حوزه بزرگ رخ داده است؟در این راستا، مطالعه ایی بسیار گسترده توسط روش های تجزیه و تحلیلی فن آوری و فنی-کاربردی بر روی ابزارهایی از پنج مجموعه از ایران و ترکمنستان انجام شد. نتایج به دست آمده نشان می دهد که علی رغم حضور ابزارهای دو طرفه در برخی از صنایع ترکمنستان، در شرق دریای خزر شاهد سیستم های تکنیکی متفاوتی هستیم. این عناصر ما را بر آن می دارد که به دنبال ارتباط آنها با سیستم های فنی ای باشیم که تا کنون کمتر شناخته شده اند. به نظر می رسد که ترکمنستان و مناطق شرقی ایران، محل تقاطع سیستم های فنی مختلفی باشند.این تنوع در سیستم های فنی احتمالا از آنچه پیشتر در مورد پویایی جمعیت در طول دوره موسترین تصور می شد بسیار پیچیده تر باشد. به لطف شناسایی این گوناگونی های فنی است که ما سعی می کنیم پدیده های مربوط به جمعیت و جابجایی گروه های انسانی پیش از تاریخ در محیط مورد اشغال آنها را درک و بازسازی کنیم.