In 2006 the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) introduced new legislation related to corporate governance (CG). Initial evaluation by the World Bank three years later showed relatively modest implementation of the regulations. This thesis investigates the extent to which this has been adopted over the past ten years. Saudi business has become more globalized, and a more standardised approach to CG is naturally expected by international partners and investors who must themselves justify investment. This research expands the existing literature on CG by examining the progress of countries with developing economies and relatively weak or new histories of regulated CG. This thesis explores the extent and form of the uptake of the newest generation of CG regulations, the existing roadblocks and the general current attitudes to corporate governance in KSA, examining the extent of KSA company compliance with KSA corporate governance regulations, the reasons for non-compliance when that exists, and any relevant deficits in the 2006 legislation with respect to international best practice. This is investigated through the use of a series of interviews and surveys with major Saudi organizations, as well as analysis of secondary information. The mixed method approach of quantitative and qualitative data analysis was selected as providing a means to generate both benchmarking data (i.e. quantitative) and further insight as to obstacles for further adoption (i.e. qualitative). As the basis for the investigation, questions are structured around four basic pillars of corporate governance: transparency; stakeholder value; responsibility; and fairness. This linkage of these factors with organisational structure, decision-making and the overall image of the firm within the industry is combined with an examination of how CG affects Saudi business expansion and investments, particularly in relation to how parties from other countries perceive the governance of a company. This perception of governance may condition their views concerning, for example, partnering with and investing in that company. The secondary data relates to The Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency (SAMA), Sanabil Investments and Saudi Arabia Basic Industries Corporation (SABIC). The qualitative data analysis was taken from interviews conducted from fifteen top managers of large-scale organisations. The quantitative data was collected from three organisations: Almarai, Saudi Aramco and Albaik. The overall results of the qualitative analysis and the secondary analysis showed that CG plays a vital role in business development. Quantitative analysis supported the idea that transparency, stakeholder value and corporate image are the main attributes of CG in a Saudi context, with statistical analysis indicating that both are essential to company access to private investment and market liquidity The overall findings indicate KSA’s need to improve its CG standards further, and taht whilst benchmarking of government-supported institutions such as SAMA and SABIC would be of assistance, the KSA government could play a pro-active role in encouraging businesses to expand best international corporate governance practices.

Problemformulering År 2015 beslutade FN om en ny universell hållbarhetsplan, vid namn Agenda 2030, som syftar till att förbättra de sociala, ekonomiska och miljömässiga förhållanden som råder i världen. Enligt EU-kommissionen ska CSR-arbete ledas på initiativ av företaget. Det här skapar en intressekonflikt mellan företag och de mål som FN satt upp i Agenda 2030 då vissa menar att ansvar för hållbar utveckling inte ska, eller ens kan, ligga på företaget. Sverige anses idag ligga i framkant när det gäller frågor som berör mänskliga rättigheter och demokrati, men för att kunna nå de ambitiösa målen i Agenda 2030 krävs ytterligare ansträngning. Då vi hävdar att näringslivets ansvar har ökat i takt med samhällsutvecklingen, innehar företagen en central roll för uppfyllandet av Agenda 2030. Utan förståelse och vilja, från företagens sida, att ta ansvar för hållbar utveckling tror vi det kommer vara närmast omöjligt att nå målen i Agenda 2030. Därför anser vi att det är viktigt att undersöka ifall Agenda 2030 leder till en större förståelse och vilja för vad företagen behöver göra för att uppnå hållbarhetsmålen. Forskningsfrågor Vad karaktäriserar och motiverar svenska energiföretags CSR-arbete idag? Vad influerar svenska energiföretags CSR-arbete idag? Har Agenda 2030 förändrat eller påverkat synen på ekonomiskt, socialt och miljömässigt ansvar hos svenska energiföretag? Om ja: Hur har Agenda 2030 förändrat eller påverkat synen på ekonomiskt, socialt och miljömässigt ansvar hos svenska energiföretag? Om nej: Varför har Agenda 2030 inte förändrat eller synen på ekonomiskt, socialt och miljömässigt ansvar hos svenska energiföretag? Har Agenda 2030 förändrat eller påverkat CSR-arbetet hos svenska energiföretag? Om ja: Hur har Agenda 2030 förändrat eller påverkat CSR-arbetet hos svenska energiföretag? Om nej: Varför har Agenda 2030 inte förändrat eller påverkat CSR-arbetet hos svenska energiföretag?  Syfte Studien syftar till att undersöka hur svenska företag inom energisektorn arbetar för hållbar utveckling och vad som influerar deras hållbarhetsarbete. Vidare är syftet med studien även att utreda i vilken utsträckning företagens CSR-arbete har anpassats till deglobala mål som FN beslutat om i Agenda 2030. Resultat Studien har förklarat vad som karaktäriserar, motiverar och influerar svenska energiföretags CSR-arbete. Vidare har studien beskrivit hur företagens syn på samhällsansvar och CSR-arbete har förändrats efter Agenda 2030s införande. Resultatet från studien visar att samtliga fallföretag utformar sitt hållbarhetsarbete utifrån tre dimensioner; ekonomisk, social och miljömässig hållbarhet. Motivationen till att ta ansvar kommer från dels ett självdrivet intresse, men också då många av företagen beskriver att hållbarhetsarbete är nödvändigt för företagets långsiktiga lönsamhet och överlevnad. Olika intressentgrupper påverkar fallföretagen på olika sätt och uttrycker olika förväntningar på företagen. De mest framstående intressentgrupperna är dock ägare, medarbetare och kunder. Studien fann att varken företagens syn på samhällsansvar eller deras CSR-arbete har förändrats till följd av Agenda 2030. Det som många av fallföretagen uttryckte var dock att de såg många fördelar med Agenda 2030 och att företag generellt förmodligen får hjälp av agendan när de utformar sitt CSR-arbete. Kunskapsbidrag Studien har ämnat öka förståelsen för hur svenska energiföretag arbetar med CSR i syfte att uppnå hållbarhetsmålen i Agenda 2030. Målsättningen är att öka intresset och inspirera andra svenska företag till att satsa mer på CSR-arbete, samt bättre förstå sitt bidrag till hållbar utveckling. Genom att undersöka hur Agenda 2030 har förändrat eller påverkat energiföretagens CSR-arbete är ambitionen att hjälpa de företag som vill eller försöker implementera CSR-arbete i sin organisation, i syfte att bidra till hållbar utveckling. / Problem discussion By 2015, the UN decided on a new universal sustainability plan, called Agenda 2030, which aims to improve the social, economic and environmental conditions in the world. According to the EU Commission, CSR work is conducted on the initiative of the company. This creates a conflict of interest between companies and the goals set by the UN in Agenda 2030, as some argue that responsibility for sustainable development should not, or even may, lie on the company. Sweden is now considered to be at the forefront of issues relating to human rights and democracy, but in order to achieve the ambitious goals of Agenda 2030 further efforts are required. As we argue that the responsibility of business and industries has increased in line with the development of the society, companies have a key role to play in fulfilling Agenda 2030. Without a understanding and willingness of companies to take responsibility for sustainable development, we believe it will be impossible to achieve the goals of Agenda 2030. Therefore, we consider it important to investigate if Agenda 2030 leads to a greater understanding and willingness for what businesses need to do to achieve the sustainability goals. Research questions What characterizes and motivates Swedish energy companies' CSR work today? What influences Swedish energy companies' CSR work today? Has Agenda 2030 changed or influenced the view of economic, social and environmental responsibility of Swedish energy companies? If yes: how has Agenda 2030 changed or influenced the view of economic, social and environmental responsibility of Swedish energy companies? If no: why has Agenda 2030 not changed or influenced the view of economic, social and environmental responsibility of Swedish energy companies? Has Agenda 2030 changed the CSR work of Swedish energy companies? If yes: how has Agenda 2030 changed the CSR work of Swedish energy companies? If no: why has Agenda 2030 not changed the CSR work of Swedish energycompanies? Aim The aim of the study is to examine how Swedish companies within the energy sector work for sustainable development och what influences their sustainability efforts. Furthermore, the aim of study is also to investigate to what extent the companies CSR work has been adapted to the global sustainability goals decided by the UN in Agenda 2030 Results The study has explained what characterizes, motivates and influences the Swedish energy company's CSR work. Furthermore, the study has described how companies' views on CSR and sustainability have changed since the introduction of Agenda 2030. The result of the study shows that all fallopian companies base their sustainability work on three dimensions; economic, social and environmental sustainability. The motivation to take responsibility comes from a self-driven interest, but many of the companies also describes that sustainability work is necessary for the company's long-term profitability and survival. Different stakeholders affect the companies in different ways and express different expectations on the companies. However, the most prominent stakeholders are owners, employees and customers. The study found that neither companies' view of social responsibility nor their CSR work has changed as a result of Agenda 2030. However, what many of the companies said were that they saw many benefits of Agenda 2030 and that companies are generally likely to be helped by the agenda when they design their CSR work. Science contributions The study aims to increase the understanding of how Swedish energy companies work with CSR in order to achieve the sustainable development goals of Agenda 2030. The aim is to increase interest and inspire other Swedish companies to invest more in CSR, as well as better understand their contribution to sustainable development. By examining how Agenda 2030 has changed or affected the energy company's CSR work, the ambition is to help those companies that want to or are trying to implement CSR in their organization, in order to contribute to sustainable development.

This thesis focuses on types of shares in limited liability company. The concept of variability of shares was introduced by the Business Corporation Act, with a purpose to make limited liability company more attractive. There are many issues concerning this concept, preventing its effective use in practice. The aim of this thesis, is to identify current interpretational disputes and attempts to adumbrate possible outcomes and solutions. This thesis also reflects the proposal of amendment of the Business Corporation Act which was approved by the Government and passed to the Chamber of Deputies in June 2018. This diploma thesis consists of six chapters, which are further divided into subcategories. The first chapter introduces a concept of share in a limited liability company, its legal definition, understanding and related issues, The second chapter provides an overview of different types of shares, their classification as ordinary and special shares, and briefly outline the concept of variability of shares in selected foreign legal systems. The third chapter focuses on the concept of ordinary share and its unclear definition resulting in various interpretations. This section further examines and analyses different viewpoints on definition of ordinary share. The focus of the fourth chapter is the...

Une analyse conceptuelle du pouvoir du capital amène à opérer la distinction entre d'une part le pouvoir juridique, et d'autre part le pouvoir économique. Le pouvoir juridique du capital renvoie à la prérogative de l'organe, mais doit surtout être appréhendé conformément à la théorie du pouvoir en droit privé. C'est dire que les actionnaires se doivent d'exercer une prérogative altruiste, dans un intérêt qui les transcende. Intérêt social, intérêt commun, le droit des sociétés s'organise autour d'intérêts transcendants, et donc autour du pouvoir juridique. Pour autant, le pouvoir du capital dans la société anonyme donne lieu à une réflexion rénovée sous l'impulsion des principes de gouvernance d'entreprise. Il s'agit là non plus de la manifestation d'un pouvoir juridique, mais de celle d'un pouvoir économique, dont l'essence est d'opérer la réduction des risques liés à un investissement. L'analyse de ce pouvoir économique amène à douter de sa capacité à réduire effectivement ces risques / A conceptual analysis of the power of capital in a corporation involves distinguishing between legal and economic power. The legal power of capital classically refers to an organic prerogative but also has to be analyzed according to the theory of power in private law. Hence, shareholders have to exercise an altruistic prerogative for the benefit of interests other than their own. Indeed, corporate law is organized around several interests that may conflict with individual shareholder interests, for example the common interest of shareholders or even the purely selfish interest of the corporation. However, this classical theory of legal power is challenged by the doctrine of corporate governance whose current expression of economic power in corporate law can be defined as the capacity of economic entities to reduce risks. By modifying managerial conduct, this doctrine aims to reduce the risks related to the investment in listed companies. Corporate governance is a phenomenon of economic power, not legal power in the corporation. A realistic assessment of this power leads to the conclusion that it is ineffective in reducing investment risks

Les récents scandales financiers qui ont touché de nombreuses sociétés anonymes à travers le monde, ont révélé la nécessité de renforcer le droit d’information des actionnaires sur la situation de leur société. La France ainsi que la Jordanie, furent parmi les pays concernés par ces scandales. Si le droit français a réagi à ces affaires en renforçant le droit d’information des actionnaires des sociétés anonymes, le droit jordanien, n’a pas, jusqu’à présent, pris de mesure dans ce sens.La comparaison faite entre le droit français et jordanien, au sujet du droit d’information des actionnaires des sociétés anonymes, révèle que les actionnaires des sociétés anonymes françaises sont mieux informés sur la situation de leur société, que les actionnaires des sociétés anonymes du droit jordanien. Cette comparaison révèle également que le renforcement du droit d’information des actionnaires du droit jordanien nécessite d’une part, l’affirmation du droit des actionnaires d’être informés et ce, à travers le renforcement de leurs moyens d’information et de l’extension du domaine de l’information à laquelle ils ont accès, et d’autre part, l’amélioration de la qualité de l’information donnée aux actionnaires à travers le renforcement des contrôles exercés sur cette information. / The recent financial scandals that hit many limited companies in the world have revealed the need to strengthen the right of shareholders information about the situation of their society. France as well as Jordan were among the countries involved in these scandals. If the French law has responded to this issue by strengthening the right of information of shareholders of limited companies, Jordanian law, has not so far taken any steps in this direction.The comparison between the Jordanian and French law regarding the right of information of shareholders of limited companies shows that shareholders of French limited companies are better informed about the situation of their company than shareholders of limited companies of Jordanian law. This comparison also shows that strengthening the right of information of shareholders of Jordanian law requires on one hand, the affirmation of the right of shareholders to be informed and that, through the strengthening of their information process, and extending the field of information they have access, and on the other hand, improving the quality of information given to shareholders by strengthening controls over it.

Student Number : 8601897T - PhD Thesis - School of Law - Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management / Traditionally, company law assumes that the directors’ role is to run the company for the benefit of its shareholders alone and to maximise profits for them. It can be argued, however, that this view is too narrow and outdated; that is, company directors should have regard to the rights and interests of a broader range of corporate stakeholders. Hence, the question is whether we should change our perception of the company or corporation from one run by directors dedicated exclusively to serving the interests of shareholders to that of a corporation whose main purpose is to bring benefit not only to its owners and creditors, but also to its employees, the community and the environment. Given that reforms of directors’ duties in light of the above considerations have found their way into legislation across the globe, this thesis examines how and to what extent legal rules and policies should develop in South Africa to place directors under a positive duty to take account of the interests of bodies other than shareholders. Current South African company law does not contain clear rules regarding corporate governance issues and the duties and liabilities of directors. These matters have been left to the common law and Codes of Corporate Practice. Thus, there is no extensive statutory scheme in South Africa, which covers the duties, obligations and accountability of directors. The focus in this thesis is on the rights and interests of employees and the premise that is defended is that it is valuable to corporations to provide employees with an institutionalised voice at board level. It is argued that there is global evidence that where employees participate in the decision-making processes of the company, performance is generally enhanced. This, in turn, directly impacts upon and improves economic productivity, generating a ‘win-win’ situation. The question of the duties of company directors and managers is attracting much attention in South Africa. With rapidly developing and changing labour legislation in South Africa, it is essential to consider the extent to which the country should reassess its traditional principles of company law and corporate governance policies in order to encourage participatory roles for employees in the workplace. It is argued that if South Africa is to improve corporate productivity levels with its re-entry into international markets, management and labour must find improved ways of dealing with one another. The main purpose of this thesis, therefore, is to propose and formulate a workable corporate governance model for South Africa – one that would be advantageous to all stakeholders, especially the employees. This is achieved by comparing and contrasting international models of corporate governance and by applying the best features of each to the unique South African corporate system of values, structures and traditions. It is suggested that the current unitary board structure operating in South Africa has become outdated and does not provide employees with rights enabling them to engage in the decision-making processes of the corporation with their employees at an adequate level. In its place, a two-tier board system of corporate governance is proposed. The economic success of a company will bring about social benefits to many stakeholder constituencies. This will not happen if the company is a financial failure. The issue of obliging directors to act primarily for the benefit of shareholders alone is questioned. Corporate governance reforms were undertaken in many parts of the world in the late 1980’s and early 1990’s. This reform process questioned whether the interests of the company should be managed for the shareholders alone or for the other corporate stakeholders as well. There are many views that strongly support the idea that corporate governance should be seen as a system by which corporations are to be governed for the benefits of all stakeholders, including shareholders, employees, creditors, suppliers and the community. In this way, companies should be run as communities in partnerships with all their stakeholders. Thus, this thesis proposes that the success of a company is inextricably intertwined with a consideration of the rights and interests of its employees and other stakeholders.

This dissertation consists of three essays. The first essay focuses on idiosyncratic volatility as a primary arbitrage cost for short sellers. Previous studies document (i) negative abnormal returns for high relative short interest (RSI) stocks, and (ii) positive abnormal returns for low RSI stocks. We examine whether these market inefficiencies can be explained by arbitrage limitations, especially firms' idiosyncratic risk. Consistent with limits to arbitrage hypothesis, we document an abnormal return of -1.74% per month for high RSI stocks (>=95th percentile) with high idiosyncratic volatility. However, for similar level of high RSI, abnormal returns are economically and statistically insignificant for stocks with low idiosyncratic volatility. For stocks with low RSI, the returns are positively related to idiosyncratic volatility. These results imply that idiosyncratic risk is a potential reason for the inability of arbitrageurs to extract returns from high and low RSI portfolios. The second essay investigates market efficiency in the absence of limits to arbitrage on short selling. Theoretical predictions and empirical results are ambiguous about the effect of short sale constraints on security prices. Since these constraints cannot be eliminated in equity markets, we use trades from futures markets where there is no distinction between short and long positions. With no external constraints on short positions, we document a weekend effect in futures markets which is a result of asymmetric risk between long and short positions around weekends. The premium is higher in periods of high volatility when short sellers are unwilling to accept higher levels of risk. On the other hand, riskiness of long positions does not seem to have a similar impact on prices. The third essay studies investor behaviors that generate mispricing by examining relationship between stock price and future returns. Based on traditional finance theory, valuation should not depend on nominal stock prices. However, recent literature documents that preference of retail investors for low price stocks results in their overvaluation. Motivated by this preference, we re-examine the relationship between stock price and expected return for the entire U.S. stock market. We find that stock price and expected returns are positively related if price is not confounded with size. Results in this paper show that, controlled for size, high price stocks significantly outperform low price stocks by an abnormal 0.40% per month. This return premium is attributed to individual investors' preference for low price stocks. Consistent with costly arbitrage, the return differential between high and low price stocks is highest for the stocks which are difficulty to arbitrage. The results are robust to price cut-off of $5, and in different sub-periods. / Ph. D.

Text in Afrikaans / Daar is 'n toenemende bewuswording van die noodsaaklikheid van effektiewe beskerming vir minderhede. Die rede vir hierdie toenemende erkenning aan die behoefte aan minderheidsbeskerming is waarskynlik toe te skryf aan die beset dat dit nie alleen die minderheidsaandeelhouers is wat skade ly in geval van benadelende optrede nie, maar ook die ekonomie. Maatskappye word ingevolge die beginsel van meerderheidsbewind bestuur, met die gevolg dat die minderheid onderworpe is aan die wil van die meerderheid. Die minderheid kan hulself hierdeur in 'n onbenydenswaardige posisie bevind, veral indien die meerderheid hul mag aanwend om hul eie belange te bevorder. Gemeenregtelik is die reel in Foss v Harbottle 'n struikelblok vir minderheidsaandeelhouers wat gedingvoering beoog. In 'n poging om die gebrekkige gemeenregtelike beskerming van minderhede te ondervang, is bepaalde statutere maatreels ingevoer. Die evaluasie van hierdie maatreels geskied aan die hand van 'n regsvergelykende ondersoek na verskeie buitelandse stelsels, waarvan die van Nieu-Seeland en Kanada uit staan vanwee die innoverende aard van hul statutere beskermingsmaatreels. Die gevolgtrekking is dat die beskerming wat die Suid-Afrikaanse statutere maatreels aan minderhede bied, onbevredigend is om verskeie redes. Eerstens is hierdie maatreels dikwels te eng bewoord wat daartoe lei dat die aanwendingsveld van die maatreels beperk is. Tweedens hou die maatreels nie tred met ontwikkelings elders in die wereld en veranderende omstandighede en behoeftes in die praktyk nie. Derdens ontbreek goed geformuleerde remedies wat aanvullend tot artikel 252 van die Wet sal wees. Daar is verder bevind dat ad hocwysigings van bestaande maatreels nie die gewenste resultaat gaan bereik nie en 'n algehele hervorming van die Suid-Afrikaanse maatskappyereg word aanbeveel. Ten slotte word konkrete voorstelle in die vorm van konsepwetgewing gemaak en word vergesel van verduidelikende notas. Hierdie wetgewing is hoofsaaklik aan die hand van die Nieu-Seelandse en Kanadese modelle geformuleer. / There is a growing awareness of the need for effective protection of minority shareholders. This can probably be ascribed to the acknowledgement of the fact that prejudicial conduct harms not only minority shareholders, but also the economy at large. Companies are governed by the principle of majority rule; consequently the minority is subjected to the will of the majority. This often places the minority in an invidious position, especially when the majority use their power to further their own interests. The rule in Foss v Harbottle presents a stumbling block to minority shareholder action. Certain statutory measures have been introduced in an effort to counter defective minority protection. These statutory measures are evaluated in the light of a comparative study of several foreign jurisdictions, the most prominent of which are New Zealand and Canada, because of the innovative nature of the measures which they employ. The conclusion arrived at is that, for various reasons, the protection afforded minorities by the South African statutory measures is unsatisfactory. Firstly, the wording of these measures is narrowly construed; this in turn results in a narrow field of application. Secondly, these measures are not in step with developments elsewhere in the world and with the changing circumstances and needs in practice. Thirdly, well-formulated remedies needed in order to supplement section 252 of the Act are non-existent. It has also been found that ad hoc amendments of existing measures will not achieve the required result, and consequently a complete reform of South African company law is recommended. Finally, specific recommendations in the form of draft legislation are made; these are accompanied by explanatory notes. This draft legislation was formulated primarily along the lines of the New Zealand and Canadian models. / Private Law / LL.D.

循著時光的隧道，自二十世紀初以來，全球企業併購的熱潮方興未艾，時至今日「併購」已為一般人所熟知，併購的型態更演變出多種樣貌。本文以敵意併購為基調，蒐集全球2000年至2015年樣本，研究結果顯示，敵意併購之宣告對主併公司股東短期有不利之影響，若目標公司採取防禦策略時，對主併公司股東而言亦不利。故如果一公司欲發動敵意併購時，需考量目標公司是否有防禦措施的設置，惟此結果未達顯著水準。 此外本研究亦針對敵意併購下主併公司股東的異常報酬，探討影響股東異常報酬的原因，實證結果得知，併購溢價越高，對於主併公司股東顯著不利，驗證「贏家的詛咒」理論，亦即併購溢價越多，將使得主併公司持股人的財富移轉至目標公司身上，對主併方股東有不利之影響。 / The trend of Merger and Acquisition is booming as of 20th century and the pattern has become variable and complicated. In this study, hostile takeover, one of the focal point on the subject of M&A, is to be discussed. Samples are collected from 2000 to 2015 globally by SDC platinum. Result shows that hostile takeover activity does not benefit shareholders’ interest of the acquiring firm. If the target firm adopts defensive tactics, situation will be worse. Therefore, as the bidding firm, it has to considered whether there are defensive tactics against hostile takeover in the target. While these aren’t significant result. Furthermore, this paper attempts to find the factors which would affect shareholders’ abnormal return under hostile takeover, and result shows M&A premium significantly does. The higher of M&A premium, the more unfavorable to the shareholders’ interest of the acquiring firm. It supports the theory of “winner’s curse”. That is, as M&A premium increases, shareholders’ wealth of the acquiring company is expected to transfer to the targets more which is adverse to the shareholders of the acquiring one.

Thesis (LLM)--Stellenbosch University, 2015 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT : The Companies Act 71 of 2008 introduces a completely new system for the regulation of distributions by a company to its shareholders. The preferred method for protecting the interests of creditors in distributions is now based on a solvency and liquidity test. Regrettably, the provisions setting out the requirements for distributions on the one hand and the solvency and liquidity test on the other have been poorly drafted. This thesis first explains and then applies an innovative interpretation theory to these provisions with a view to piecing together coherent content. The thesis finds that creative interpretations will not suffice in various places, meaning that substantive revision is required. The thesis concludes with brief amendment proposals and accompanying commentary. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING : Die Maatskappywet 71 van 2008 bied ‘n radikaal nuwe sisteem vir die regulering van uitkerings van 'n maatskappy aan sy aandeelhouers. Die voorkeur metode om die belange van skuldeisers in uitkerings te beskerm, is nou op ‘n solvensie- en likwiditeittoets gebaseer. Ongelukkig is die wetlike bepalings wat die vereistes vir uitkerings aan die een kant uiteensit, en die solvensie en likwiditeit toets aan die ander kant, swak opgestel. Hierdie tesis verduidelik eerstens die bepalings, en pas dan 'n innoverende interpretasie teorie op hierdie bepalings toe, met die doel om 'n samehangende inhoud daar te stel. Die tesis bevind dat kreatiewe interpretasies op verskeie plekke nie voldoende sal wees nie. Dit beteken dat substantiewe hersiening noodsaaklik is. Ten slotte bied die tesis kortliks wysigings-voorstelle met meegaande kommentaar.