Thesis (Master of Business Administration) -- Naval Postgraduate School, 2005. / Title from title screen (viewed Aug. 26, 2008). "December 2005." The original document contains color images. "ADA443358"--URL. Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-91). Also issued in paper format.

Service quality has always been a tacit assumption within the delivery of academic library services, but since the 1990s demands for accountability from different stakeholders, including the clients, made service quality a highly debated and researched focus in academic libraries all over the world. The scope of the study covers a wide-ranging analysis of discourses underpinning service quality and its accompanying performance indicators in academic libraries. Using the academic library of the University of South Africa as an illustrative case study, this study examines the possible impact of inventory control on the service quality of the academic library in three areas, namely access to information resources, retrieval of information resources and positive implications for sound financial management. The study's findings all point to a positive enhancement of service quality in regard to the three areas mentioned. / Information Science / M. Inf.

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and moringa (Moringa oleifera) are nutritious and medicinal vegetables, but could also harbor harmful microbial contaminants. The main aim of the project was to determine the effect of each processing techniques on the microbiology, proximate nutrients and shelf life of these vegetables to produce nutritious, tasty, safe and long lasting vegetable products. The processing techniques used were: washing, blanching, and drying. Leaf samples were collected at each stage of processing and were analysed for total viable count, coliform count, yeast and mould count and nutritional content. Microbial plate analysis showed the presence, particularly on cowpea leaves, of yeasts and bacteria such as Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Staphylococci, Streptococci, and enterobacter including enteropathogens such as Salmonella spp., Shigella dysenteriae and E coli. The presence of E.coli on the leaves was also confirmed using polymerase chain reaction-amplified ribosomal DNA analysis. The most effective processing technique which reduced microbial load to below SABS standards while retaining nutritional quality was the washing of the leaves twice with tap water followed by steam tunnel blanching at 94oC for 12 minutes. Oven drying the leaves at 60oC gave satisfactory and extended shelf life results. Proximate analysis comparison of the two leaf types showed that on average moringa leaves contained more ash (2.37 vs 1.1 g), protein (6,9 vs 3,6 g), fat (0,41 vs 0.2 g) and energy (305,1 vs 70KJ) but less dietary fibre (0,9 vs 7,5 g) than cowpea leaves. No significant differences were noted in these values following washing and steam blanching. These results indicate that washing of these leaves is effective as to reducing microbial load and maintaining proximate values in the short term (up to 4 days) but that oven drying is effective for longer-term storage. / Life and Consumer Sciences / M. Sc. (Life Sciences)

A diversidade do uso do espaço oceânico e a antiga concepção da “doutrina da liberdade dos mares” forçou uma readequação do ordenamento político-econômico e espacial do ecossistema oceânico. Este redirecionamento, que envolveu o sistema internacional, originou uma nova geopolítica ou uma nova ordem global para o planejamento espacial oceânico, nos termos da Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre o Direito do Mar (CNUDM). Em razão de tais alterações, contextualizar-se-á a história do mar territorial brasileiro, em 1970, e suas implicações políticas nacionais e internacionais. Após, serão averiguadas as coalizões integradas pelo Brasil em uma aparente “batalha diplomática”, que se estendeu além de nove anos, envolveu mais de 130 países e originou um dos tratados mais bem sucedidos da história: a Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre o Direito do Mar. A partir de então, dentre outras conquistas, os Estados Partes garantiram o seu direito legal ao solo e subsolo marinho, mediante submissões para a plataforma continental além das 200 milhas náuticas, definidos no artigo 76 da Convenção. Tal conquista possibilitou aos países em desenvolvimento e a pequenas nações insulares acesso a valiosos recursos naturais, como o petróleo, gás e minerais. Os Estados costeiros, signatários da Convenção, passaram a ter assegurado o direito de reivindicar seu território submerso, ou a plataforma continental estendida, para até 350 milhas náuticas. Com a nova regulamentação, a análise das submissões passou a ser feita pela Comissão de Limites da Plataforma Continental (CLPC), organismo derivado da CNUDM, onde especialistas, selecionados segundo o critério de equidade geográfica, aceitam, modificam ou rejeitam as reivindicações. Demonstrar-se-á procedimentos adotados por Estados costeiros (insulares ou arquipelágicos) ao solicitar a ampliação de seus limites oceânicos, o modo dos especialistas brasileiros trabalharem a ampliação da plataforma continental estendida e de que forma foi feito o planejamento e o gerenciamento em termos políticos, através da Comissão Interministerial para os Recursos do Mar. Finalmente, averiguar-se-á se o Governo do Brasil terá condições de assumir tal responsabilidade, considerando o possível aumento de suas fronteiras e a capacidade do Estado, em termos científicos, tecnológicos e políticos, de internalizar e cumprir os preceitos da Convenção em sua política nacional para o mar. / The diversity of uses of the oceanic space and the old conception of “freedom of the seas doctrine” has compelled an adaptation of the political-economic and spatial legal framework for the oceanic ecosystem. This changing of direction encompassed the international system and has given rise to a new geopolitics for the legal framework of oceanic spaces around the globe, in terms of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Because of such modifications, this study contextualizes the history of Brazilian territorial sea in 1970 and its political implications, on the national as well as on the international level. After that, it examines the alliances Brazil has formed, engaging in a so called “diplomatic battle”. This process went on for over nine years, comprised more than 130 countries and originated one of the most successful treaties in history: the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Since then, the signatory states managed to secure their legal rights over the maritime soil and subsoil by means of submissions for the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles, as defined by the Convention in its article 76. This achievement was of utmost importance because it enabled developing countries and small island states to access valuable natural resources such as oil, gas and minerals. Every coastal state who has signed the Convention acquired the right to claim its underwater territory or extended continental shelf up to 350 nautical miles from its coast. Due to the new regulations, the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) began to undertake the analysis of submissions. This Commission is a body set up by the UNCLOS, in which experts, selected according to the criterion of geographic equity will accept, modify or reject claims. Furthermore, this study aims to account for procedures taken by coastal, insular, and archipelagic states when claiming the extension of its oceanic limits, with the main focus on measures taken by Brazil. More specifically, it intends to explain how Brazilian experts have brought about the expansion of the extended continental shelf and in which way planning and management, in political terms, can be carried out through the Interministerial Commission for Maritime Resources. Ultimately, it will be examined if the Brazilian government is able to assume such responsibility in the face of the growth of its borders and the capability of the state, in scientific, technological and political terms, of incorporating and enforcing the precepts of the Convention in its national policy for the seas.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-24T19:48:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AndersonTSF_TESE_ Capa_ate_pag22.pdf: 11459625 bytes, checksum: fd30a979bc39cf6180f782c772106ee3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-16 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This paper presents models of parameters of Sea Surface Layer (SSL), such as chlorophyll-a, sea surface temperature (SST), Primary Productivity (PP) and Total Suspended Matter (TSM) for the region adjacent to the continental shelf of Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brazil. Concentrations of these parameters measured in situ were compared in time quasi-synchronous with images AQUA-MODIS between the years 2003 to 2011. Determination coefficients between samples in situ and bands reflectance sensor AQUA-MODIS were representative. From that, concentrations of SSL parameters were acquired for the continental shelf of the RN (eastern and northern) analyzing the geographic distribution of variation of these parameters between the years 2009-2012. Geographical and seasonal variations mainly influenced by global climate phenomena such as El Ni?o and La Ni?a, were found through the analysis of AQUA-MODIS images by Principal Components Analysis (PCA). Images show qualitatively the variance and availability of TSM in the regions, as well as their relationship with coastal erosion hotspots, monitored along the coast of the RN. In one of the areas identified as being of limited availability of TSM, we developed a methodology for assessment and evaluation of Digital Elevation Models (DEM) of beach surfaces (emerged and submerged sections) from the integration of topographic and bathymetric data measured in situ and accurately georeferenced compatible to studies of geomorphology and coastal dynamics of short duration. The methodology consisted of surveys with GNSS positioning operated in cinematic relative mode involved in topographic and bathymetric executed in relation to the stations of the geodetic network of the study area, which provided geodetic link to the Brazilian Geodetic System (GBS), univocal , fixed, and relatively stable over time. In this study Ponta Negra Beach, Natal / RN, was identified as a region with low variance and availability of MPS in the region off, as characterized by intense human occupation and intense coastal erosion in recent decades, which presents potential of the proposed methodology for accuracy and productivity, and the progress achieved in relation to the classical methods of surveying beach profiles / Este trabalho apresenta modelos de par?metros da Camada Superficial do Mar (CSM), tais como: Clorofila-a, Temperatura da Superf?cie do Mar (TSM), Produtividade Prim?ria (PP) e Material Particulado em Suspen??o (MPS), para a regi?o adjacente a plataforma continental do Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brasil. Concentra??es desses par?metros medidos in situ foram comparadas em tempo quase-s?ncronos com imagens AQUAMODIS entre os anos de 2003 at? 2011. Coeficientes de determina??o foram representativos entre as amostras in situ e as bandas de reflect?ncia do sensor AQUAMODIS. A partir disso, concentra??es de par?metros da CSM foram adquiridos para a plataforma continental do RN (Plataforma Oriental e Setentrional) analisando a distribui??o geogr?fica da varia??o desses par?metros entre os anos de 2009-2012. Varia??es geogr?ficas e sazonais influenciadas principalmente por fen?menos clim?ticos globais como o fen?meno El Ni?o e La Ni?a, foram constatadas atrav?s das an?lises das imagens AQUA-MODIS por an?lise de Principais Componentes (PC). As imagens apontam de maneira qualitativa a vari?ncia e disponibilidade do MPS nas regi?es, assim como sua rela??o com hotspots de eros?o costeira, monitorados ao longo do litoral do RN. Em uma das regi?es identificadas como sendo de pouca disponibilidade de MPS, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia para levantamento e avalia??o de Modelos Digitais de Eleva??o (MDE) de superf?cies praiais (setores emersos e submersos) a partir da integra??o de dados topogr?ficos e batim?tricos mensurados in situ e georreferenciados com precis?o compat?vel aos estudos de geomorfologia e din?mica costeira de curta dura??o. A metodologia desenvolvida consistiu de levantamentos com posicionamentos GNSS operados no modo relativo cinem?tico envolvidos nos levantamentos topogr?ficos e batim?tricos executados em rela??o ?s esta??es da rede geod?sica da ?rea de estudo, que forneceram referencial geod?sico vinculado ao Sistema Geod?sico Brasileiro (SGB), o qual ? un?voco, fixo e relativamente est?vel no tempo. No estudo foi apresentado a Praia de Ponta Negra, Natal/RN, identificada como uma regi?o com baixa vari?ncia e disponibilidade de MPS ao largo, assim como, caracterizada por intensa ocupa??o antr?pica e intensa eros?o costeira nas ?ltimas d?cadas, no qual s?o apresentadas as potencialidades da metodologia proposta, quanto ? acur?cia e produtividade, al?m dos avan?os alcan?ados em rela??o aos m?todos cl?ssicos de levantamento de perfis de praia

A diversidade do uso do espaço oceânico e a antiga concepção da “doutrina da liberdade dos mares” forçou uma readequação do ordenamento político-econômico e espacial do ecossistema oceânico. Este redirecionamento, que envolveu o sistema internacional, originou uma nova geopolítica ou uma nova ordem global para o planejamento espacial oceânico, nos termos da Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre o Direito do Mar (CNUDM). Em razão de tais alterações, contextualizar-se-á a história do mar territorial brasileiro, em 1970, e suas implicações políticas nacionais e internacionais. Após, serão averiguadas as coalizões integradas pelo Brasil em uma aparente “batalha diplomática”, que se estendeu além de nove anos, envolveu mais de 130 países e originou um dos tratados mais bem sucedidos da história: a Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre o Direito do Mar. A partir de então, dentre outras conquistas, os Estados Partes garantiram o seu direito legal ao solo e subsolo marinho, mediante submissões para a plataforma continental além das 200 milhas náuticas, definidos no artigo 76 da Convenção. Tal conquista possibilitou aos países em desenvolvimento e a pequenas nações insulares acesso a valiosos recursos naturais, como o petróleo, gás e minerais. Os Estados costeiros, signatários da Convenção, passaram a ter assegurado o direito de reivindicar seu território submerso, ou a plataforma continental estendida, para até 350 milhas náuticas. Com a nova regulamentação, a análise das submissões passou a ser feita pela Comissão de Limites da Plataforma Continental (CLPC), organismo derivado da CNUDM, onde especialistas, selecionados segundo o critério de equidade geográfica, aceitam, modificam ou rejeitam as reivindicações. Demonstrar-se-á procedimentos adotados por Estados costeiros (insulares ou arquipelágicos) ao solicitar a ampliação de seus limites oceânicos, o modo dos especialistas brasileiros trabalharem a ampliação da plataforma continental estendida e de que forma foi feito o planejamento e o gerenciamento em termos políticos, através da Comissão Interministerial para os Recursos do Mar. Finalmente, averiguar-se-á se o Governo do Brasil terá condições de assumir tal responsabilidade, considerando o possível aumento de suas fronteiras e a capacidade do Estado, em termos científicos, tecnológicos e políticos, de internalizar e cumprir os preceitos da Convenção em sua política nacional para o mar. / The diversity of uses of the oceanic space and the old conception of “freedom of the seas doctrine” has compelled an adaptation of the political-economic and spatial legal framework for the oceanic ecosystem. This changing of direction encompassed the international system and has given rise to a new geopolitics for the legal framework of oceanic spaces around the globe, in terms of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Because of such modifications, this study contextualizes the history of Brazilian territorial sea in 1970 and its political implications, on the national as well as on the international level. After that, it examines the alliances Brazil has formed, engaging in a so called “diplomatic battle”. This process went on for over nine years, comprised more than 130 countries and originated one of the most successful treaties in history: the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Since then, the signatory states managed to secure their legal rights over the maritime soil and subsoil by means of submissions for the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles, as defined by the Convention in its article 76. This achievement was of utmost importance because it enabled developing countries and small island states to access valuable natural resources such as oil, gas and minerals. Every coastal state who has signed the Convention acquired the right to claim its underwater territory or extended continental shelf up to 350 nautical miles from its coast. Due to the new regulations, the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) began to undertake the analysis of submissions. This Commission is a body set up by the UNCLOS, in which experts, selected according to the criterion of geographic equity will accept, modify or reject claims. Furthermore, this study aims to account for procedures taken by coastal, insular, and archipelagic states when claiming the extension of its oceanic limits, with the main focus on measures taken by Brazil. More specifically, it intends to explain how Brazilian experts have brought about the expansion of the extended continental shelf and in which way planning and management, in political terms, can be carried out through the Interministerial Commission for Maritime Resources. Ultimately, it will be examined if the Brazilian government is able to assume such responsibility in the face of the growth of its borders and the capability of the state, in scientific, technological and political terms, of incorporating and enforcing the precepts of the Convention in its national policy for the seas.

A diversidade do uso do espaço oceânico e a antiga concepção da “doutrina da liberdade dos mares” forçou uma readequação do ordenamento político-econômico e espacial do ecossistema oceânico. Este redirecionamento, que envolveu o sistema internacional, originou uma nova geopolítica ou uma nova ordem global para o planejamento espacial oceânico, nos termos da Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre o Direito do Mar (CNUDM). Em razão de tais alterações, contextualizar-se-á a história do mar territorial brasileiro, em 1970, e suas implicações políticas nacionais e internacionais. Após, serão averiguadas as coalizões integradas pelo Brasil em uma aparente “batalha diplomática”, que se estendeu além de nove anos, envolveu mais de 130 países e originou um dos tratados mais bem sucedidos da história: a Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre o Direito do Mar. A partir de então, dentre outras conquistas, os Estados Partes garantiram o seu direito legal ao solo e subsolo marinho, mediante submissões para a plataforma continental além das 200 milhas náuticas, definidos no artigo 76 da Convenção. Tal conquista possibilitou aos países em desenvolvimento e a pequenas nações insulares acesso a valiosos recursos naturais, como o petróleo, gás e minerais. Os Estados costeiros, signatários da Convenção, passaram a ter assegurado o direito de reivindicar seu território submerso, ou a plataforma continental estendida, para até 350 milhas náuticas. Com a nova regulamentação, a análise das submissões passou a ser feita pela Comissão de Limites da Plataforma Continental (CLPC), organismo derivado da CNUDM, onde especialistas, selecionados segundo o critério de equidade geográfica, aceitam, modificam ou rejeitam as reivindicações. Demonstrar-se-á procedimentos adotados por Estados costeiros (insulares ou arquipelágicos) ao solicitar a ampliação de seus limites oceânicos, o modo dos especialistas brasileiros trabalharem a ampliação da plataforma continental estendida e de que forma foi feito o planejamento e o gerenciamento em termos políticos, através da Comissão Interministerial para os Recursos do Mar. Finalmente, averiguar-se-á se o Governo do Brasil terá condições de assumir tal responsabilidade, considerando o possível aumento de suas fronteiras e a capacidade do Estado, em termos científicos, tecnológicos e políticos, de internalizar e cumprir os preceitos da Convenção em sua política nacional para o mar. / The diversity of uses of the oceanic space and the old conception of “freedom of the seas doctrine” has compelled an adaptation of the political-economic and spatial legal framework for the oceanic ecosystem. This changing of direction encompassed the international system and has given rise to a new geopolitics for the legal framework of oceanic spaces around the globe, in terms of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Because of such modifications, this study contextualizes the history of Brazilian territorial sea in 1970 and its political implications, on the national as well as on the international level. After that, it examines the alliances Brazil has formed, engaging in a so called “diplomatic battle”. This process went on for over nine years, comprised more than 130 countries and originated one of the most successful treaties in history: the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Since then, the signatory states managed to secure their legal rights over the maritime soil and subsoil by means of submissions for the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles, as defined by the Convention in its article 76. This achievement was of utmost importance because it enabled developing countries and small island states to access valuable natural resources such as oil, gas and minerals. Every coastal state who has signed the Convention acquired the right to claim its underwater territory or extended continental shelf up to 350 nautical miles from its coast. Due to the new regulations, the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) began to undertake the analysis of submissions. This Commission is a body set up by the UNCLOS, in which experts, selected according to the criterion of geographic equity will accept, modify or reject claims. Furthermore, this study aims to account for procedures taken by coastal, insular, and archipelagic states when claiming the extension of its oceanic limits, with the main focus on measures taken by Brazil. More specifically, it intends to explain how Brazilian experts have brought about the expansion of the extended continental shelf and in which way planning and management, in political terms, can be carried out through the Interministerial Commission for Maritime Resources. Ultimately, it will be examined if the Brazilian government is able to assume such responsibility in the face of the growth of its borders and the capability of the state, in scientific, technological and political terms, of incorporating and enforcing the precepts of the Convention in its national policy for the seas.

Submitted by Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica BGQ (bgq@ndc.uff.br) on 2016-04-13T15:18:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Mestrado Manuel Moreira.pdf: 7413069 bytes, checksum: 0f15055b235c438ffd4fac6dde85f099 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-13T15:18:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mestrado Manuel Moreira.pdf: 7413069 bytes, checksum: 0f15055b235c438ffd4fac6dde85f099 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências-Geoquímica. Niterói, RJ / Elementos-tarços são freqüentemente utilizados como indicadores das condições redox e da paleoprodutividade marinha, que podem afetar a distribuição e o fracionamento geoquímico destes elementos. O potencial efeito do ciclo re-oxidativo da pirita sedimentar sobre o grau de piritização destes indicadores (degree of trace metal pyritization – DTMP) não tem sido anteriormente avaliado. Esta avaliação foi realizada em testemunhos sedimentares da plataforma continental sob influência do Sistema de Ressurgência de Cabo Frio (RJ). A relação do DTMP com a assinatura isotópica do S na pirita (δ34S), que se torna mais leve em resposta ao ciclo re-oxidativo da pirita na área de estudo, sugere que a influência pode ser alta (para Pb, As, Cd e Mn), baixa (para Zn e Cu) ou desprezível (para Cr e Ni), dependendo do elemento considerado. Sedimentos mais antigos e ricos em pirita possibilitaram a identificação de um aparente limiar para o efeito da re-oxidação, após o qual os elementos Pb, As, Cd, Mn e Zn apresentaram maior piritização. Um testemunho em posição intermediária na plataforma apresentou correlações negativas das concentrações reativas de Mn, Cu, Ni e Pb com as concentrações de Fe na pirita, assim como outros dois testemunhos apresentaram em relação a Mn e Pb. Isto sugere um consumo de óxidos de Mn (e metais associados) em reação com a pirita, contribuindo para explicar o alto DTMP apresentado pelo Pb, que discorda das predições termodinâmicas e de cinética de incorporação deste metal pela pirita. As assinaturas isotópicas da pirita na área de estudo (que apresenta condições óxicas), foram semelhantes às de ambientes sedimentares anóxicos e euxínicos reportadas na literatura, sugerindo que o ciclo re-oxidativo pode afetar a susceptibilidade de incorporação e a preservação dos elementos na pirita em uma ampla variedade de condições sedimentares. A abordagem metodológica proposta pode subsidiar a melhor interpretação do processo de piritização e suas aplicações para a indicação de condições paleo-redox e de paleo-produtividade / Potential effects of sedimentary pyrite re-oxidative cycling on the degree of trace metals pyritization (DTMP) were evaluated in four sediment cores from the continental shelf under the influence of a tropical upwelling system (Cabo Frio, Brazil). The DTMP relation with stable isotope signals (δ34S) of chromium reducible sulfur, which became lighter in response to intense pyrite re-oxidative cycling in the study area, suggests high (Pb, As, Cd and Mn), low (Zn and Cu) or negligible (Cr and Ni) re-oxidation influences. Oldest pyrite-richer sediments provide an apparent threshold for intense pyrite re-oxidation, after which most trace elements (Pb, As, Cd, Mn and Zn) presented more accentuated DTMP. A middle shelf core presented negative correlations of reactive Mn, Cu, Ni and Pb with pyrite iron, suggesting Mn oxide (and associated metals) depletion in reaction with pyrite. This contributes to explain the observed high degree of Pb pyritization in disagreement with predictions derived from both thermodynamics and water exchange reaction kinetics. Pyrite δ34S signatures under the oxic bottom water from the study area were similar to those from euxinic sedimentary environments, suggesting that pyrite re-oxidative cycling can affect trace element susceptibility to be incorporated and preserved into pyrite in a wide range of sedimentary conditions

L'étude de la variabilité spatio-temporelle des flux sédimentaires sous l'influence des forçages naturels et des activités de chalutage a été entreprise à l'échelle du plateau continental du Golfe de Gascogne, en associant des données in situ et une modélisation numérique 3D déterministe. Deux campagnes en mer spécifiques ont été menées pour quantifier les impacts physiques induits par un chalut professionnel au niveau de la Grande-Vasière, en termes de remise en suspension (panache turbide), et de perturbation de la structure et de la nature du sédiment superficiel. Ces données ont permis d'estimer à 0.13 kg.m-2 le taux d'érosion moyen. Leur croisement avec des données d'effort de pêche a conduit à une cartographie mensuelle du flux d'érosion par chalutage. D'autre part, un modèle hydro-sédimentaire 3D réaliste a été mis en place et calibré à partir de mesures au point fixe. Une attention particulière a été accordée au paramétrage de l'érosion naturelle sous l'influence combinée des vagues et des courants. Une nouvelle formulation de la loi d'érosion adaptée aux mélanges de sable fin et de vase classiquement rencontrés sur les plateaux continentaux a été proposée et a permis d'optimiser significativement la réponse du modèle en termes de turbidité. Deux simulations de 5 ans ont été réalisées en incluant ou non l'influence du chalutage de fond, dans le but de quantifier et comparer les contributions relatives des forçages naturels et anthropique sur les flux verticaux (érosion) et horizontaux (transport solide) de sédiments. La variabilité temporelle des flux est décrite en une succession de régimes caractéristiques répondant à divers forçages (e.g. marée, vent, vagues, chalutage), et les flux résiduels saisonniers et annuels sont commentés : sans tenir compte des apports fluviaux, le flux de matériel vaseux a été estimé à 1.6 Mt/an sortant par le nord (au droit de La Pointe du Raz) et à 0.62 Mt/an vers le talus continental (au niveau de l'isobathe 180 m). / The spatio-temporal variability of sediment fluxes under the influence of natural forcings and trawling activities was assessed at the scale of the Bay of Biscay shelf, from in situ data and a 3D process-based numerical modelling. Two sea trials were carried out to quantify physical impacts induced by a professional trawling gear over an intensively trawled area of the shelf, the "Grande-Vasière", in terms of resuspension (turbid plume) and alteration of the surficial sediment nature and structure. These data enabled to estimate an average trawling-induced erosion rate of 0.13 kg.m-2. Their combination with fishing effort data led to monthly spatial distributions of trawling-induced erosion fluxes.Besides, a 3D realistic hydro-sedimentary model has been set up and calibrated from measurements acquired at a mooring station. The calibration task mainly consisted in assessing the natural erosion law setting under the influence of waves and currents. A new formulation of the erosion law has been proposed to describe the erosion of any mixture of mud and fine sand (sediment facies classically encountered on continental shelves) and led to a noteworthy improvement of the model response in terms of turbidity. Two 5-year simulations were performed accounting for natural forcings only or both natural and anthropogenic forcings in order to quantify and compare their respective contributions to sediment fluxes (vertical and horizontal sediment dynamics). The temporal variability of sediment fluxes is described in a succession of typical regimes occurring in response to various conditions of forcings (e.g. tide, wind, wave, trawling), and residual fluxes are assessed at seasonal and annual scales: without accounting for riverine sediment inputs, the mud flux is estimated to 1.6 Mt/yr outflowing northward (at the latitude of the Pointe du Raz) and to 0.62 Mt/yr toward the continental slope (through the 180 m isobath).

The oil industry is the richest and most influential industry in the world. The industry has moved the fates of nations. Oil is required to fight wars and exert power, and the restriction of this energy source is paramount to the restriction of movement, control, and in the end, power. Management of this resource and the tax revenue it generates are of serious strategic importance, both domestically and internationally. Understanding the results of taxation for this important commodity is important to international relations as well. The tax system affects tax revenue, government actions, oil company actions, and the oil supply itself. Each of these is important to international relations.