Fortement liées à l’international, les industries françaises du textile ont connu une évolution erratique entre 1871 et 1914. L’adoption de tarifs hautement protectionnistes en 1892 favorise les industriels du coton au détriment de ceux travaillant la laine et la soie. Ces derniers exportent leurs marchandises luxueuses sur des marchés ouverts à la concurrence. Ils profitent peu des marchés coloniaux, moins intéressés par leurs produits. Des politiques hardies d’importation directe de la matière première permettent, notamment à Roubaix, de pallier à certains désavantages. Si plusieurs industriels incitent le gouvernement à réformer ses services commerciaux à l’étranger et à y adjoindre des spécialistes, ils retiennent peu les recommandations des experts concernant l’adoption des moyens propres à favoriser les exportations. Plusieurs carences du commerce français ont été soulignées précocement mais il a été difficile de rapidement appliquer des solutions. Dans un contexte marqué par une concurrence accrue sur les marchés extérieurs, la France s’en tire mieux qu’on a pu le penser. La flexibilité de l’appareil productif français permet d’obtenir de nombreuses commandes dans les créneaux du luxe et du demi-luxe. Son niveau d’intégration, moins élevé que dans d’autres pays, se révèle ainsi parfois être un avantage. Toutefois, l’industrie textile est handicapée par la grande difficulté des patrons à s’associer de manière stable à l’extérieur du clan familial. L’entente se réalise cependant plus aisément et avantageusement pour ceux qui ont une production spécialisée, rare ou brevetée. Les performances et l’organisation des entreprises textiles françaises à l’étranger montrent que le marché national stimulait peu les producteurs à adopter les meilleures conditions de production possibles. Ces sociétés et celles obtenant des succès à l’exportation sont souvent les plus dynamiques et les plus rentables. / Strongly connected to international trade, the French textile industry experienced erratic changes between 1871 and 1914. The adoption of protectionist tariffs in 1892 favor cotton manufacturers at the expense of wool and silk producers. The latter export their luxury merchandise on markets that are open to competition. They deal very little on colonial markets, due to a lack of interest in their products. Bold direct importation policies on raw materials help overcome some disadvantages, especially in Roubaix. Several manufacturers urge the government to reform its foreign trade services and hire specialists, but they do not act upon recommendations from experts regarding the adoption of certain measures to promote exports. Several shortcomings of French trade were pointed out early on, but it proved difficult to apply swift solutions. In the context of greater foreign competition, France performed better than we would have imagined. The flexibility of the French manufacturing industry helps it to obtain several orders in the luxury and semi-luxury goods niches. Its level of integration, weaker than in other countries, sometimes proves to be an advantage. However, the textile industry is crippled by its leaders’ great difficulty to do stable business outside of their families. That said, those who deal in specialized, rare or patented production manage to reach agreements more easily and gain the upper hand. The performance and organization of the French textile industry abroad demonstrate that the domestic market provided little incentive to manufacturers to adopt the best possible conditions for production. These companies and those successful exporting their goods are often the strongest and most profitable.

Submitted by ROBSON ROSA DA SILVA (robsilva31@gmail.com) on 2016-07-04T18:50:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_2016_New photonic structures_Self assembly of 1D Te structures_Multifunctional biopolymers and reused plastics.pdf: 40718449 bytes, checksum: 9c299b328a4a54c169de6647b0225f34 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-07-07T17:57:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_rr_dr_araiq_par.pdf: 1063262 bytes, checksum: cc72dc79773da734cac767490756f56e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-07T17:57:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_rr_dr_araiq_par.pdf: 1063262 bytes, checksum: cc72dc79773da734cac767490756f56e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Nanoestruturas unidimensionais de telúrio (Te1D) na forma de whiskers, fios e hélices foram preparados com facilidade por uma síntese em etapa única na presença de solução aquosa de Pluronic® F68 à baixas temperaturas (< 100 °C) e pressão ambiente. A forma das nanoestruturas puderam ser controladas de acordo com a cinética da reação. Estruturas empacotadas de nanowhiskers e nanofios de Te foram obtidas via auto-organização em interface líquido-líquido e pela técnica de drop-cast em substrato de Si/SiO2. Estruturas híbridas 1D foram obtidas utilizando nanoestruturas Te1D como molde de sacrifício para anexar nanopartículas metálicas ou mesmo produzir nanoestruturas 1D metálicas. Por exemplo, nanoestruturas híbridas 1D foram preparadas decorando nanofios de Te com nanopartículas de Ag em solução aquosa de poli(vinilpirrolidona). Nanoestruturas 1D de Au com forma de nódulos foram preparados por deslocamento galvânico de íons Au3+ em uma mistura de nanohélices de Te, ácido ascórbico e solução aquosa de poli(vinilpirrolidona). Além disso, nanohélices de Te foram funcionalizadas com uma camada resina resorcinol-formaldeído em condições brandas de síntese. A resina de resorcinol-formaldeído é uma via intermédia para explorar a deposição de compostos opticamente ativos tais como nanopartículas de hidroxicarbonato de Tb3+ ou nanopartículas de Au. Para aplicações práticas é essencial que estas nanoestruturas possam ser suportadas em filmes rígidos ou flexíveis de alta qualidade óptica. Filmes de polímeros naturais puros e filmes híbridos de sol-gel epóxi foram avaliados como potenciais matrizes hospedeiras para luminóforos. A fabricação de híbridos é baseada na incorporação de 3-glicidoxipropiltrimetoxissilano na solução homogênea de polímero natural com posterior secagem sobre uma superfície plana. Particularmente, filmes flexíveis de fibroína da seda e acetato de celulose e os seus híbridos derivados exibiram excelentes propriedades ópticas para hospedar compostos opticamente ativos. Por exemplo, compostos de Eu3+ emissores na região do vermelho e corantes fluorescentes foram incorporados em matriz pura de polímero e híbridos epóxi e suas propriedades ópticas foram investigadas. Laser de corantes por feedback distribuído (DFB) foram fabricados dopando grades de difração de fibroína de seda com Rodamina 6G. Devido a sua capacidade de replicar superfícies padronizadas com resolução nanométrica, grades de fibroina da seda dopadas com corante foram depositadas contra a grade de difração de uma mídia de disco compacto comercial. Lasers modificados de DFB baseados em filmes de fibroina contendo nanopartículas espalhadoras de luz de SiO2 e Ag aleatoriamente distribuídas na grade de fibroina demonstraram aumento da intensidade do laser, além de estreitamento da largura do pico de emissão. Filmes híbridos flexíveis e transparentes (> 85%) de fibroina da seda e acetato de celulose modificados com função epóxi e contendo compostos fluorescentes na região do vermelho como complexos β-dicetonato de Eu3+ e nanopartículas de YVO4:Eu3+ em baixa proporção relativa mássica (<5%) foram preparados. De maneira geral, o resultado são filmes homogêneos com funções epoxi e/ou alcoxissilano não hidrolisados disponíveis para outras modificações químicas. Devido a matéria-prima limitada de polímeros naturais para uma alta demanda de fabricação de dispositivos ópticos, é igualmente importante desenvolver materiais com base na reutilização de polímeros sintéticos. Filmes finos de poliestireno foram concebidos por dissolução de poliestireno expandido (EPS) recuperado de resíduos em D-limoneno, um solvente verde proveniente de óleos cítricos. Filmes transparentes dopados com complexos β-dicetonato de Eu3+ demonstraram excelente transparência e aptos para uso em guias de luz. Estes resultados são motivadores para a) a engenharia de nanoestruturas 1D com propriedades ópticas sintonizáveis bem como, b) desenvolvimento de híbridos flexíveis e transparentes baseados em híbridos de polímeros naturais com alta funcionalidade química ou polímeros sintéticos reciclados como potenciais matrizes hospedeiras ópticas almejadas em aplicações fotônicas. / One-dimensional Te nanostructures (Te1D) in the shape of whiskers, wires and helices were prepared by a facile one-pot synthesis in the presence of aqueous Pluronic® F68 solution at low temperatures (< 100 ºC) and ambient pressure. The shape of Te1D nanostructures could be manuvered according with the reaction kinectics. We evaluate some techniques to assemble Te1D nanostructures on the pursuit for complex nanoarchitectures. Bundles of Te nanowhiskers and nanowires were achieved by self-assembly in liquid-liquid interface or by drop-cast technique in Si/SiO2 substrates. 1D hybrid structures have been conceived by using Te1D nanostructures as sacrificial template to attach metallic nanoparticles or even produce metallic 1D nanostructures. For example, 1D hybrid nanostructures were easily prepared by decorating Te nanowires with Ag nanoparticles in aqueous solution of poly(vinylpyrrolidone). Au 1D nanostructures with nodular-like shape were prepared by galvanic displacement of Au3+ ions in a mixture of Te nanohelices, ascorbic acid and an aqueous solution of poly(vinylpyrrolidone). Furthermore, Te1D nanohelices were functionalized with a layer of resorcinol-formaldehyde resin at mild synthesis conditions. The RF resin allowed us to fashion an intermediate pathway to explore the deposition of optically active compounds like Tb3+ hydroxylcarbonate or Au nanoparticles. Seeking practical applications, these nanostructures should be hosted over rigid or flexible films possessing excellent optical properties. Pure natural polymers and epoxy sol-gel hybrids films were evaluated as potential host for luminophors. The fabrication of epoxy hybrids is based on the incorporation of 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysiloxane on the homogenous solution of natural polymer with subsequent casting over flat surface. Particularly, flexible silk fibroin and cellulose acetate films and their derivative hybrids displayed excellent optical properties to host optically active compounds. For instance, red emitting Eu3+ compounds and fluorescent dyes were hosted on pure natural polymer and hybrid films and the optical features of the luminescent films were investigated thoroughly. Distributed feedback dye-lasers were fabricated by doping silk fibroin diffraction gratings with Rhodamine 6G. Owing its ability to mimic patterned surfaces at nanoscale resolution, dye-doped SF gratings were fabricated using replica-casting patterning against a commercial blank digital versatile disc as template. A modified DFB Laser based on SF films with Ag or SiO2 light scattering particles randomly distributed on the grating unveiled an enhancement of laser intensity withal narrowing of emission peak linewidth. Flexible and highly transparent SF- and CA-epoxy hybrids (> 85%) containing red fluorescent Eu3+ b-diketonate complex and YVO4:Eu3+ nanoparticles at low relative content (< 5 wt%) were tailored. In general, the outcome is homogeneous films with epoxy and/or unhydrolized alkoxysilane functions available for further chemical modification. Owing the limited feedstock of natural polymers for high demanding production of optical devices, it is equally important develop materials based on the reuse of synthetic polymers. Thin films of polystyrene were conceived by dissolving waste-recovered expanded-polystyrene (EPS) in D-limonene, a green solvent from citrus oil. Transparent EPS films doped with Eu3+ b-diketonate complex displayed excellent transparency and light waveguiding, These assertions provide a framework that motivates the research on a) engineering of 1D hybrids nanostructures with tunable optical properties and b) flexible natural polymer/epoxy hybrid with enhanced functionality or plastic recycled as potential optical hosts sought in photonic applications. / FAPESP: 2013/12367-6

Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Materials based on polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), chitosan (CHI) and fibroin (SF) are biocompatible and attractive for applications in bone tissue engineering. In this work, 3D scaffolds of PHB/CHI and PHB/CHI/SF in different proportions was prepared, characterized and evaluated the in vitro behavior: group I: PHB/CHI (50:50 wt.%), group II: PHB/CHI/SF (50:45:5 wt.%) and group III: PHB/CHI/SF (50:35:15 wt.%). The scaffolds were produced by the lyophilization method of the components mixtures. The physical-chemical characterization of the scaffolds was performed by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. A highly porous nature was revealed by SEM analysis of the scaffolds. The FTIR analysis revealed that the constituents used in the preparation of the scaffolds interacted chemically with each other. Thermal analysis showed that fibroin increases the thermal stability of the scaffolds. The viability and cell proliferation were assessed by the MTT method and the cytotoxicity results showed that all scaffolds are non- cytotoxic. In addition, the scaffolds stimulated cell proliferation and are promising for tissue engineering applications. / Materiais à base de polihidroxibutirato (PHB), quitosana (QUI) e fibroína (SF) são biocompatíveis e atrativos para aplicações na engenharia tecidual óssea. Neste trabalho foi preparado, caracterizado e avaliado o comportamento in vitro de arcabouços 3D de PHB/QUI/SF em diferentes proporções: grupo I: PHB/QUI (50:50 % em massa), grupo II-PHB/QUI/SF (50:45:5 % em massa) e grupo III- PHB/QUI/SF (50: 35:15 % em massa). Os arcabouços foram produzidos pelo método da liofilização das misturas dos componentes dos três grupos. A caracterização físico-química dos arcabouços foi realizada por difração de raios X, espectroscopia no infravermelho, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e análise termogravimétrica. A análise de MEV mostrou que os arcabouços 3D apresentam uma boa porosidade. Por FTIR observou- se que os componentes utilizados na preparação dos arcabouços interagiram quimicamente entre si. As análises térmicas indicam que a fibroína aumenta a estabilidade térmica dos arcabouços. A viabilidade e a proliferação celular foram avaliadas pelo método do MTT e os resultados de citotoxicidade mostraram que ambos os arcabouços não são citotóxicos. Além disso, os arcabouços estimularam a proliferação celular, sendo promissores para aplicações em engenharia tecidual.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:08:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vinicius Muller.pdf: 5054743 bytes, checksum: 4684dd9325f819006bfd84424d666674 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-04 / Electrospinning technique was applied in the covering of fused silica fibers by regenerated silk fibroin nanofibers (RSF). The parameters of electrospinning process were evaluated through factorial experimental design 22. This study showed the variables flow of solution and capillary-collector distance were statistically significant in the medium diameter response. The model obtained was validated through variance analysis (ANOVA) and response surface methodology. The material was used at solid phase micro extraction (SPME) in the extraction of samples containing a small chain alcohol, applied at gas chromatography (GC). The recovered device was characterized through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) and thermal analysis (DSC and TGA). The RSF nanofibers covered fibers were morphologic evaluated through scanning electronic spectroscopy (MEV). The results of MEV showed that was possible to obtain fibers in nanoscale, medium diameter around 304 ± 46 nm. The fibers were also submitted to simulated thermal treatment (100°C to 250°C). There was no fusion between the fibers until 250°C (4 hours of treatment), and a little structural damage. The thermal analysis of FRS and covered FRS nanofibers device showed that the electrospun material maintained the thermal stability, with loss due thermal degradation from 250°C. The GC assay demonstrated the standard SPME covered device didn´t interfere on the suggested method to the alcohol isopropyl analysis (AIS). The times of extraction and desorption were optimized in 20 minutes and 10 minutes, respectively. The methodology was evaluated about linearity and specificity. In the concentration between 10 to 500 ppm of AIS, the method was linear, with R2= 0,9927 and selective, with high resolution between peaks of methanol, AIS and ethyl acetate. Electrospinning process of RSF as covering device showed great potential to use in SPME due its high surface area, thermal stability and easiness process, as well as potential to application in extraction of alcohols and GC analysis. / A técnica de eletrofiação foi aplicada no revestimento de fibras de sílica fundida por nanofibras de fibroína de seda regenerada (FSR). Os parâmetros do processo de eletrofiação foram avaliados por meio de delineamento experimental fatorial 2². Este estudo mostrou que as variáveis vazão da solução e distância entre capilar-coletor foram estatisticamente significativas na resposta diâmetro médio. O modelo obtido foi validado através da análise de variância (ANOVA) e metodologia de superfície de resposta. O material foi empregado em Microextração em Fase Sólida (Solid Phase Microextraction SPME ) na extração de amostras contendo um álcool de cadeia pequena, aplicado em cromatografia gasosa (CG). O dispositivo recoberto foi caracterizado por meio de espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (FTIR-ATR) e análises térmicas (DSC e TGA). As fibras recobertas com nanofibras de FSR foram avaliadas morfologicamente através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Por meio dos resultados das análises de MEV, observou-se que foi possível obter fibras em escala nanométrica, com diâmetro médio em torno de 304 ± 46 nm. As fibras também foram submetidas a tratamento térmico em forno (100°C a 250°C). Não houve fusão das fibras até 250°C (até 4 h de tratamento), e poucos danos estruturais. As análises térmicas da FSR e do dispositivo recoberto com as nanofibras de FSR mostraram que o material eletrofiado manteve a estabilidade térmica, com perda por degradação térmica a partir de 250 °C. Os ensaios em CG demonstraram que o branco com o dispositivo de SPME recoberto não interferiu no método proposto para a análise de álcool isopropílico (AIS). Os tempos de extração e dessorção do analito foram otimizados em 20 min e 10 min, respectivamente. A metodologia foi avaliada quanto à linearidade e especificidade. Na faixa de concentração de 10 a 500 ppm de AIS, o método foi linear, com R=0,9927 e seletivo, apresentando alta resolução entre os picos de metanol, AIS e acetato de etila. O processo de eletrofiação da FSR como recobrimento do dispositivo mostrou grande potencial para emprego em SPME devido a sua grande área superficial, estabilidade térmica e facilidade no processo, bem como potencial para aplicação em extração de alcoóis e análise em CG.

The aim of this research is to bridge the correlation of peace and foreign investments through the lens of North et al.’s (2013) Limited Access Orders (LAOs). The research seeks to engage in the discussion of LAOs by providing a perspective from analyzing Chinese investments under the context of New Silk Road policy with the case of Tasang Dam. Current discussion of LAOs does not involve how foreign investments affect institutional transition in LAOs. Therefore this research is a humble attempt to engage in the existing literature from a different perspective.         Tasang Dam is designed to be built in southern Shan State, Myanmar, an area that has encountered continuous armed conflicts. The conflicts between the local armed group SSA-S/RCSS and the Tatmadaw continue even after a ceasefire agreement was signed in 2011. Chinese investors acting under the context of New Silk Road project have tried to involve in creating stability in the area to reduce costs.         According to the LAOs logic, if the access to rents is open to armed organizations, there will be motivations for rival parties to avoid violence. In order to redistribute the resources, there should be an institutional transition. In Tasang Dam’s case, the rents created by Chinese investments are not available to SSA-S/RCSS, but with the Chinese investments as the democratization of Myanmar goes on, there are opportunities to alter the story of repeated violence.

Une lésion au niveau d’un nerf périphérique peut provoquer la perte de fonction sensorielle et motrice, et dans le cas de neurotmésis, la régénération spontanée ne se produira pas. De plus, si l’espace entre les deux segments de nerf est trop important, une suture directe n’est pas possible et l’implantation d’une greffe est nécessaire afin de créer une liaison entre les deux segments de nerf. L’autogreffe de nerf est le « gold standard » pour des procédés de réparation nerveuse : une portion d’un nerf sein (qui est considéré comme un nerf moins important) est prise du même patient et implantée au site de la lésion. Cependant, il existe plusieurs désavantages avec ce procédé comme une deuxième chirurgie, la perte de fonction au site du don, la possibilité de développer un neurome sur ce même site, ainsi qu’un taux de réussite de 50% dans les cas où l’espace entre les deux segments de nerf est très important. Il reste donc, un besoin de trouver un procédé alternatif afin d’augmenter le taux de réussite et d’éliminer les désavantages de l’autogreffe. L’objectif de cette étude est d’avancer vers une solution alternative de l’autogreffon en utilisant des biomatériaux. Cette thèse se divise en trois parties. La première se focalise sur le développement d’un modèle de guide nerveux basé sur des nanofibres de fibroïne de soie. Ce matériau est composé d’une organisation complexe qui inclut deux surfaces de nanofibres alignées avec une couche de nanofibres aléatoires à l’intérieur afin d’améliorer des propriétés mécaniques du matériau sans la perte d’orientation des fibres pour la régénération nerveuse. Le matériau est ensuite manipulé pour fabriquer un tube, multi-canaux avec une « enveloppe » supplémentaire afin de faciliter le procédé d’implantation chirurgicale. Ce guide nerveux a été soumis pour l’obtention d’un brevet européen le 12 juillet 2017 et cela est le sujet d’un deuxième article qui a été soumis pour publication. La deuxième partie de cette étude explore des possibilités d’une fonctionnalisation du matériau afin d’améliorer son efficacité pour la régénération nerveuse. Cette étude explore la fonctionnalisation de la fibroïne de soie avec une deuxième protéine, plusieurs facteurs de croissance, et des nanoparticules. Chacune de ces fonctionnalisations donne une possibilité d’ajouter des propriétés favorables à la fibroïne de soie, un matériau naturel et biocompatible. La troisième partie de cette étude examine l’efficacité d’un guide nerveux composé de la fibroïne de soie fonctionnalisée avec des facteurs de croissance pour la régénération nerveuse périphérique en comparaison avec un guide nerveux composé de la fibroïne de soie sans aucune fonctionnalisation et une suture direct (qui simule une autogreffe). Trois techniques d’évaluation différentes de la régénération nerveuse ont été réalisées afin d’obtenir une analyse plus complète. Il y a de nombreux mécanismes impliqués dans la régénération nerveuse, il est donc nécessaire d’étudier différents paramètres pour analyser l’efficacité de régénération. Les résultats d’analyses histologiques, d’électromyographie, et de capture de mouvement, ont été considérées ensemble afin d’arriver à une conclusion sur la réussite d’une régénération nerveuse pendant cette étude. Pour conclure cette étude, les guides nerveux fonctionnalisés avec une combinaison de facteurs de croissance démontrent une meilleure régénération nerveuse et une récupération de fonction supérieure. / Injury to a peripheral nerve can cause loss of sensory and motor function, and if the injury is very severe where the nerve undergoes neurotmesis, unassisted nerve regeneration may not occur. In this case, where the gap between nerve segments is too large to carry out a direct end to end suture, a graft is sutured to bridge the gap between sectioned nerve segments. The autologous nerve graft, where a portion of a less important nerve from the same patient is removed and grafted between nerve segments, continues to be the gold standard procedure for nerve repair. However, there are several drawbacks of this technique including a second surgical procedure, loss of function at the donor site, possibility of developing a painful neuroma at the donor site, and the 50% success rate of autografts used in large gaps. There is therefore a need for a tissue engineered nerve graft that can replace the autograft, and this study aims to advance toward an effective autograft alternative. This PhD is presented as a three part study consisting first of the development of a novel nerve guidance conduit based on a tri-layered silk fibroin nanofiber material comprised of a complex organization including two aligned fiber surfaces and a randomly deposited fiber interior to improve the mechanical properties of the material while not compromising the guidance capabilities of aligned nanofibers for nerve regeneration. The material is then used to fabricate a multi-channeled tube with an additional “jacket layer” in order to facilitate surgical implantation. This NGC has been submitted to be patented on July 12, 2017 and is the subject of the second article submitted for review for publication. The second part of this study explores the different possibilities of the functionalization of the material in order to improve the effectiveness for nerve regeneration. This study explores functionalizing the silk fibroin with a second protein, several growth factors, and nanoparticles that all have potential to add favorable properties to the natural biocompatible silk fibroin material. The final part of this study tests the effectiveness of growth factor-embedded silk fibroin NGCs for peripheral nerve regeneration in comparison with non-functionalized silk fibroin devices and a direct suture to simulate results obtained with an autograft. Three different techniques for the evaluation of nerve regeneration were used in order to produce a more comprehensive analysis. As there are many mechanisms involved in nerve regeneration, only one or two analysis techniques cannot paint a complete picture of the success of nerve regeneration. Therefore, histological analyses, electromyography analyses, and motion capture analyses were carried out and considered together in order to make a conclusion on the level of nerve regeneration success during this study. The conclusions from this study were that a NGC functionalized with a combination of growth factors appeared to exhibit the most successful nerve regeneration and functional recovery.

La lésion de nerfs périphériques peut engendrer des déficits moteurs et/ou sensoriels permanents. En dépit des progrès techniques réalisés au cours de ces 25 dernières années, une récupération complète suite à ces lésions n’est pas encore possible aujourd'hui. L’autogreffe nerveuse, toujours considérée comme le standard clinique, est la seule technique capable d’offrir les meilleurs résultats en termes de récupération fonctionnelle. Cependant, la survenue de complications post-opératoires lors d’autogreffes d’un nerf et la quantité limitée de nerfs disponibles conduisent à mettre au point d’autres stratégies alternatives. Dans ce contexte, la mise au point de biomatériaux pour substituts nerveux devient une nécessité clinique. Malgré les efforts de la recherche, ces prothèses ne permettent toujours pas une régénération du nerf à la hauteur de l’autogreffe. Le biomatériau utilisé doit notamment présenter des propriétés physiques et chimiques proches de celui du nerf natif. La soie, aux propriétés mécaniques uniques, représente une bonne alternative pour mettre au point ce type de prothèses. En effet, la protéine de soie déjà utilisée dans le domaine biomédical est biocompatible. Les modifications chimiques de cette protéine améliore et favorise l’adhérence et la croissance cellulaires par l’incorporation de facteurs de croissance ou d’autres molécules d'intérêt. Ce travail de thèse propose de développer un nouveau type de biomatériau à base de soie fonctionnalisée par deux facteurs de croissance : le Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) et le Ciliary NeuroTrophic Factor (CNTF). Étant donné l’architecture complexe qui compose la structure nerveuse, une matrice supportant la repousse des tissus de façon orientée semble primordiale. Nous démontrons, dans un premier temps, le pouvoir de ces nanofibres alignées (produites par electrospinning) à orienter la régénération tissulaire de différents organes par culture d’explants. Les nanofibres de soie alignées, biocompatibles sont bio-activées par ajout de NGF spécifique de la régénération nerveuse. Cette matrice créée présente un gradient de concentration en NGF qui permet d’orienter la repousse axonale en stimulant la croissance axonale dans une seule direction. Afin d’optimiser la croissance de deux populations cellulaires, nous avons incorporé du CNTF pour produire des nanofibres bifonctionnalisées. Ces nanofibres bifonctionnalisées ont conduit à une longueur des neurites 3 fois plus grande à leurs contacts, stimulant la croissance des cellules gliales. Ainsi, nous avons produit des conduits nerveux à base de soie biofonctionnalisée pour implantation chez le rat. Les analyses physico-chimiques et les propriétés mécaniques démontrent le caractère biomimétique de nos tubes de guidage. Les premières études de la locomotion et l’observation de coupes du nerf sciatique de rat, suite à l’implantation de nos conduits donnent des résultats très prometteurs. L’ensemble de ces travaux démontre l’efficacité de nos guides nerveux à base de soie et les présente comme une alternative prometteuse à l’autogreffe nerveuse pratiquée en clinique. / Peripheral nerve injury causes sensory and/or motor functions deficits. Despite technological advances over the past 25 years, a complete recovery from these injuries remains unsatisfactory today. The autograft still considered the "gold standard" in clinical practice. This is the only technique able to offer complete functional recovery. However, the occurrence of postoperative complications in autologous nerve and the limited amount of available nerves lead to develop alternatives strategy.In this context, development of nerve graft substitutes becomes by far a clinical necessity. Despite research efforts, these artificial prostheses design based on biomaterial doesn’t allow nerve regeneration as found in autograft nerve procedures. The biomaterial used must have the physical and chemical properties similar to that of the native nerve. Silk, well known for its unique mechanical properties, proposes a good alternative to develop these prostheses. Indeed, the silk protein is commonly used in the biomedical field and regenerative medicine. This protein biocompatibility may be improved through chemical modifications to promote adhesion and cell growth by the incorporation of growth factors or other molecules of interest. Therefore, this thesis proposes to develop a new type of functionalized silk biomaterial based on two growth factors : Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and Ciliary NeuroTrophic Factor (CNTF). Given the complex architecture that consists of nerve structure, a matrix which is able to support and manage the outgrowth of tissue becomes essential. We demonstrate the power of these aligned nanofibers (produced by electrospinning) to guide and manage tissue regeneration from different organ explants culture. Aligned silk nanofibers, were biocompatible and bio-activated by adding NGF involved for nerve regeneration. This matrix has been created with a concentration gradient of NGF to guide neuritis outgrowth in only one direction. The presence of this gradient demonstrated a better axonal growth in one direction versus the uniform concentration conditions. Nerve cells consist essentially of two cell populations which are neurons and Schwann cells. To optimize the culture and growth of these two populations, in addition to NGF, we incorporated CNTF to produce bifunctionalized nanofibers. These biofunctionalised nanofibers led to a length 3 times larger on contact with neurites. The glial cells growth, alignment and migration were stimulated by CNTF. Thus, we produced bi-functionalized nerve guidance conduits for rat implantation. The physico-chemical analyzes demonstrate the biomimetic of our guide tubes. Early studies of locomotion and observing histological sections of rat sciatic nerve, following the implementation of our conduits gave very promising results.These studies demonstrate the relevance of our nervous guides’ silk-based developed as an effective alternative to nerve autograft performed in the clinic.

v anglickém jazyce The book presents an array of woven patterned fabrics from church treasuries in the territory of the Diocese of České Budějovice. The examples provided originate in the period spanning from the 16th to the 18th century, and they represent only a small selection of the surviving collections. The focal point consists of a magnificent collection of textiles from the 18th century, documenting the development of the individual historical spheres of decors overlapping into corresponding variants of design. The variability of patterns pertaining to this century is unusually high, and it combines a large number of sources of inspiration with roots in exotic overseas countries. The catalogue entries are furnished with brief technological analyses that offer an insight into the textile production of the respective periods and, at the same time, they provide researchers with a deeper understanding of the individual fabrics on display. Although the area of the Diocese of České Budějovice to a certain degree exceeds the boundaries of the Region of South Bohemia, the collections examined were, in their majority, imported from western European countries manufacturing weaving products of world renown. The catalogue outlines the historically significant import of luxury goods reflecting a variety...

BILL, Simon. Bandwagoning with the Belt and Road: Russia's changing attitude towards the Chinese presence in Central Asia post-Crimea. Praha, 2019. 78 pages. Master's thesis (Mgr.). Charles University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute of International Studies. Department of Russian and East European Studies. Supervisor Prof. Jan Šír, Ph.D. Abstract Since the fall of the Soviet Union, Russia has considered the Central Asian states to be a part of its exclusive sphere of influence. In recent years, however, China has also increased its presence in the region, investing heavily in the energy and transportation sectors. This is exemplified by its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), specifically its Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB) component, which was launched in September 2013. As China increased its presence in the region, and Russia launched its own initiative, the Eurasian Economic Union (EaEU), the two powers seemed to be on a collision course. However, relations between the two never deteriorated as predicted. Instead, the opposite has happened. In 2015, Russia found itself internationally isolated due to its controversial actions in Ukraine and embraced China's initiative. This dissertation will seek to explain Russia's increasingly accommodating attitude towards China's growing investment and influence...

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