Dans la confiance, l'infans scotomise psychiquement le chaos sonore qu'il ne peut pacifier autrement. Le vide sonore, né de cette rétraction volontaire de son attention, sera un espace impensable mais aussi le réservoir de créations psychiques à venir. Comme le potier "créé" le vide de son vase tout en le cachant, l'infans focalise ensuite son attention sur des sons privilégiés afin de voiler-dévoiler le vide de sa scotomisation. C'est une prosodie (entendue pour la première fois comme musicale) qui focalisera sur elle son attention ainsi libérée, et donnera forme à "ce vase" psychique. Sa réception de la prosodie d'un autre Sujet, enveloppant un vide étranger mais identique au sien, permet à un point de doute de percer la belle Confiance de l'infans, dont le restant ne sera plus dès lors qu'une Croyance. L'enfant peut enfin inventer dans l'échange avec cet autre Sujet ses premiers signifiants-musicaux prosodiques non verbaux, puis les charger -ensuite- d'affects au fur et à mesure de ses "associations d'idées". Pour le présent écrit, ce qui de l'affect n'est pas musicalisable est le premier objet de désir de l'inconscient du petit humain. Inconscient qui restera toujours structuré comme un langage musical. / Trust allows the infant to scotomise chaos's noises. Thus, he forms a void, born of a retraction of his attention. It is an unthinkable space. It is also the base for future mental creations. As the potter "creates" and "hides" simultaneously the emptiness of his vase, the infant will focus his attention on privileged sounds to generate (and hide) his scotomisation. Those human sounds will transform this "deaf hole" in a musical silence. The present doctoral study purpose is to investigate how a prosody can allow a subjectification of the infant, from a vacuum, when he heard it for the first time as a musical language. Therefore, the present dissertation argues that a prosody can create a Belief in the infant mind. Then, the Belief itself allows to bring into existence musical-signifiers, creating the desire. And creating also the unconscious of the child subjectivated. Unconscious formed as a musical language for ever.

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This is a study in how rooms with several activities within health and well-being can be designed using the 5S-methodology to facilitate the structure and order. The purpose of the study is to create structured and organized environment that highlights activities and functions. The study is a collaboration with Munktell Exercise & Health, a health- and fitness company in Eskilstuna with plans to develop the business with a new mindfulnessarea. Information has been gathered by methods like qualitative interviews, site analysis and analysis of referenceobjects. The premises along with previous examples of 5S-methodology and the requirements and wishes of mindfulness practice showed that there is a need for structure and organization in environments with multiple tasks and users. Theories about cognitive theory, visual balance, immerssion, affordance, signifiers and 5S-methodology shown examples of how people are affected by their environment. For example, the experience of a room and interpretation of the functions can be controlled in terms of organization and spatial attributes. In the current situation there are empty rooms available for the new part to take place and the realization of it. The result of the study is a designproposal from a human-centered design approach, combined with the 5S-methodology, where the 5S-methodology may be of interest to other training activities or organizations in the health sector in need of structure and organization. The designproposal is designed on the basis of the collected empirical data with the aim of preventing confusion and facilitate the users on the site with user-customized solutions and clarity of the rooms features. / Det här arbetet är en studie i hur rum med flera aktiviter inom hälsa och välmående kan utformas med hjälp av 5S-metoden för att underlätta för struktur och ordning. Syftet med studien är att skapa strukturerad och organiserad miljö som tydliggör aktiviteter och funktioner. Arbetet sker i samarbete med Munktell Träning & Hälsa, ett friskvårdsföretag i Eskilstuna som planerar att utveckla sin verksamhet med en ny mindfulnessdel. Med metoder som kvalitativa intervjuer, platsanalys och analys av referensobjekt har informations samlats kring de aktuella lokalerna, tidigare exempel av 5S-metoden samt krav och önskemål inom mindfulnessutövning som visat att det finns ett behov av struktur och organisering i miljöer med flera aktiviteter och användare. Utifrån gestalt- och schemateorier, visuell balans, immerssion, affordance och signifiers samt 5S-metoden visas exempel på hur människan påverkas av sin omgivning. Exempelvis hur upplevelsen av ett rum och tolkningen av funktioner kan styras i form av organisering och rumsliga attribut. I dagsläget finns tomma lokaler till förfogande för den nya delen och det planeras en ombyggnation i samband med förverkligandet av det. Arbetet mynnar ut i ett gestaltningsförslag från ett human centered design-perspektiv i kombination med 5S-metoden, där främst 5S-metoden kan vara av intresse för andra träningsverksamheter eller organisationer inom hälsosektorn som är i behov av strukturering och organisering. Gestaltningsförslaget är formgivet utifrån den insamlade empirin med syftet att förebygga oreda och underlätta för användarna på platsen med användaranpassade lösningar och tydlighet av rummens funktioner.

En uppgift för en digital designer är att skapa användbara visuella gränssnitt, det som går att se som t.ex. text och grafik. Det skapas ett reellt problem när designern använder den populära stilen flat design i visuella gränssnitt när senare forskning pekar mot att stilen saknar tydliga signaler (signifiers) som berättar vad som är klickbart då skuggor är borttagna. Forskning säger att det är svårt att upptäcka vad som är klickbart när klickbara element inte ”poppar fram” som i teorin om preattentive processing; vilket gör stilen mindre användbar. Men det finns motsättningar i senare forskning vilket gör att jag vill öka förståelsen för hur användaren kommer fram till vad som är klickbart i flat design.Genom en kvalitativ fallstudie bestående av ett experiment, metoderna observation och intervju undersökte jag flat designs signifiers med hjälp av 5 informanter och 3 webbsidors startsidor. Jag kom fram till att det som får användaren att förstå att element är klickbara beror på komposition mellan detaljer och helhet. Gestaltningslagar har betydelse. Konventioner har betydelse och teorin om preattentive processing. Informanterna har ett inlärt beteende men de lär sig också medans de surfar och det finns element som ”poppar fram” trots avsaknad av skuggor. / A task for a digital designer is to create useful visual interfaces, which can be seen as, for example, text and graphics. It creates a real problem when the designer uses the popular style flat design in visual interfaces when later research indicates that the style lacks clear signals (signifiers) that tells what is clickable due to the lack of shadows. Research says that it is difficult to detect what is clickable when clickable elements do not "pop out" as in the theory of preattentive processing; which makes the style less useful. But there are contradictions in recent research which means that I want to increase understanding of how the user figure out what is clickable in flat design.Through a qualitative case study consisting of an experiment, the observation and interview methods, I examined flat design signifiers using 5 informants and 3 web pages. I found that what makes the user figure out if elements are clickable depends on the composition between the details and the whole. design laws are important. Conventions are important and the theory of preattentive processing. The informants have an inferior behavior, but they also learn as they browse and there are elements that “pop out” despite the absence of shadows.

Este trabajo lleva por título, Teorías Implícitas de la Creatividad y Formación Docente: Los Significados de la Creatividad en la Licenciatura en Educación Preescolar para el Medio Indígena, 1990, es producto de la investigación realizada en la Unidad 071 de la Universidad Pedagógica Nacional, de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México, durante el periodo de 2004 – 2009. Se pretendió identificar los significados que los estudiantes-profesores y asesores de la Licenciatura en Educación Preescolar para el Medio Indígena, plan 1990 (LEPMI’90) atribuían a la Creatividad, para comprender el Ser Creativo de estos actores educativos, partiendo de la reflexión de que el término Creatividad podría tener diferentes significados para los individuos dependiendo del grupo social de pertenencia, de los espacios sociales donde estudian o trabajan y de la posición que ocupan. Los objetivos específicos de investigación fueron identificar los significados que le atribuyen a la creatividad los estudiantes-profesores de la LEPMI, analizar el proceso de construcción de los significados a través de un ejercicio exploratorio para identificar sus concepciones sobre el término, identificar y analizar el concepto que tienen estos actores educativos de sí mismos y de sus alumnos como creativos y el valor que le atribuyen, así como identificar y analizar los factores que contribuyen al desarrollo del autoconcepto o autovaloración positiva o negativa de los estudiantes-profesores y asesores con relación a ser creativos. El diseño de esta investigación fue de tipo exploratorio fenomenológico y se empleó una metodología cualitativa, porque el objeto de estudio así lo requería, ya que se trataba de descubrir, entender el fenómeno de la Creatividad y su significación en la formación docente de la Licenciatura en Educación Preescolar para el Medio Indígena, 1990, desde la perspectiva subjetiva de cada participante y desde la perspectiva construida colectivamente; por sus objetivos, la investigación fue de tipo básica y no fue una investigación aplicada. Para la elaboración de los instrumentos que permitieron recolectar, organizar y sistematizar la información se atendieron las indicaciones de Abric (2001) referidas a los métodos interrogativos y asociativos. Como la comprensión y explicación de los significados de Creatividad no se agotan en un solo constructo teórico, se realizó el ejercicio de articular tres constructos: Las Teorías Implícitas, Representaciones Sociales y la Filosofía del Lenguaje, específicamente la Semántica y la Pragmática. / This work titled Implicit Theories of the Creativity and Teacher Formation: The importance of Creativity in the education of preschool teachers in indigenous communities, 1990, is the result of the research done, from 2004 to 2009, by Unit 071 of the Universidad Pedagógica Nacional, Tuxtla Gutiérrez. Chiapas. México. The research sought to define the meaning that student-teachers and assessors from the program attribute to the concept of Creativity, in order to understand the creativity of these educators, starting from the idea that the term, creativity, may have different meanings for individuals depending on their social group, the social environment where they work and study, and the social position they actually occupy. The specific research objectives were to identify the meanings attributed to the creativity of students, teachers LEPMI’1990, analyze the process of construction of meaning through an exploratory exercise to identify their conceptions about the term, identify and analyze the concept who have these educational actors themselves and their students as creative and value attributed to him, and to identify and analyze factors contributing to the development of self-concept or self-worth positive or negative student-teachers and advisers in relation to be creative. The design of the investigation was Exploratory Phenomenology, using the 'Qualitative method, due to the objectives’ requirements, now that researchers have tried to understand the phenomenon of creativity and its significance in the education of pre-school teachers in indigenous communities, from a subjective perspective of each participant and from the constructed collective perspective; for its objectives, the investigation was basic and not applied. The elaboration of the instruments that allowed the collection, organization and systemization of the information followed the Abric (2001) indications referring to the interrogative and associative methods. As the understanding and explanation of the characteristics of creativity cannot be covered in only one theoretical construct, we carried out the exercise of joining three constructs: The Implicit Theories, Social Representations and Language Philosophy, specifically the semantic and pragmatic

In their struggle for equality in Tamil Nadu, Dalits (ex-untouchables) often challenge prevailing caste norms by appropriating practices and conventions of locally dominant groups. This study examines how the Dalit Pallars of Tamil Nadu engage in various forms of socio-cultural and political assertions to challenge their marginality. It looks at the performative aspects of such struggles by focusing on Guru Pujas; public performances undertaken to pay homage to late social and political icons/leaders. As annual events these pujas have enabled Thevars, the local dominant caste, to showcase their community’s strength and power through the appropriation of public space. However, the same mode of public performance, which was integral to the public production and consolidation of the dominant caste as a political community, has been replicated by historically marginalised castes. This is reflected tangibly through visual aesthetics during commemorations. Following the Thevars and Nadars, a section of the Pallars are engaged in proclaiming the historical past by asserting that they too form the royal lineage and are competing with Thevar iconography to challenge the cultural dominance of Thevars. As quotidian forms of oppression and violence mark the spatial relationship between these castes, these performances provide a micro-lens to understand the dynamics of how local power is generated and made visible through a politics inscribed in space. Recent decades have witnessed increased competition over public symbols and the strategic location of caste-specific cultural signifiers – including competition over style and performance – and a heightened contest over the occupation of public space. Thus, the study maps the Pallar assertion and the challenges posed by Thevar retaliation.

The situation in the U.S. domestic politics has by media been presented that large groups of citizens are divided in the political arena. Today many scholars in the field of international relations tend to describe the political climate in the United States, between democrats and republicans as polarized and towards confrontation. The ongoing situation has heavily escalated due to the fact of the Trump administrations incapability to restore former order in the political system. This makes it easy for radical political groups to follow an agenda which has helped to create a favourable breeding ground for escalating violence, which currently raising large-scale concerns among senior executives, media and citizens. The aim of this thesis is therefore to introduce a perspective that could offer a complementary understanding of some identified elements that affects the current political situation. By using Ty Solomons theoretical framework of emotions this study seeks to identify the fundamental elements of Master signifiers in political contexts. A use of this theory can be a helpful tool for political leaders, when trying to restore balance and unifying people for a common political cause.

Social construction, social constructionism, and social constructivism are widely-discussed topics in the humanities and social sciences, particularly in fields such as gender studies, psychology, and economics. These terms refer to the idea that some objects and phenomena are created or controlled by social and cultural factors, rather than by natural causes. Examples of this include currency and laws, but even seemingly mundane objects such as the Christmas tree and the chair in our homes are dependent on social and cultural norms.The central motivation behind my research is to demonstrate that the objects around us are regulated by social norms, contrary to the belief that they have intrinsic or “natural” functions and meanings. In this thesis, I will examine product and furniture design from the perspective of social constructivism, and explore the designer’s role beyond physical form-giving.

Après avoir présenté le contexte professionnel dans lequel s'est inscrit cette recherche (formateur "Corps et Voix" à l'IUFM puis à la Faculté d'Éducation-ÉSPÉ de Montpellier), j'expliquerai comment s'en sont dégagés les fondements de la problématique et les objets centraux de la recherche : le paradigme de la corporéité et le processus d'actualisation des signifiants. Je m'efforcerai d'en clarifier l'origine, la logique et les processus de structuration dans l'individu, en montrant l'importance de ces phénomènes dans la communication enseignante, sur le plan physiologique et prophylactique, sur le plan relationnel et pédagogique, et sur le plan didactique (comme vecteur et comme objet d'apprentissage). M'appuyant sur la théorie de la praxématique, je m'intéresserai alors à la méthode gestuelle de lecture Borel-Maisonny car cet étrange artefact me permettra de prolonger mes investigations à l'autre extrémité du panorama scolaire français, lorsque les enseignants guident les premiers apprentissages langagiers réflexifs et normés. Je montrerai quelle place est faite à la corporéité dans les textes et dans les pratiques, comment les enseignants gèrent les processus d'actualisation des signifiants, et en quoi leur formation sur ces points apparaît comme déficitaire. Après avoir formulé quelques hypothèses explicatives sur cet état de fait, je proposerai des pistes de remédiation et clarifierai les enjeux pour la formation des enseignants, et pour l'enseignement en France. / After presenting the professional context in which this research registered (trainer "Body and Voice" in IUFM then at the Faculty of Education-ESPE of Montpellier), I will explain how have emerged the foundations of the problematic and the central objects of this study : the paradigm of corporeality and the signifiers actualization process. I will try to clarify the origin, the logic and the structuring process in the individual, showing the importance of these phenomena in the teaching communication, physiologically and prophylactically, relationally and pedagogically, and didactically (as a vehicle and as a learning object). Basing on the theory of praxématique I will then take interest to the Borel-Maisonny gestural reading method because this strange artifact will allow me to extend my investigations at the other end of the French school panorama, when teachers guide the first reflexive and normed language learnings. I will show what place is made for corporeality in the texts and practices, how teachers manage the process of signifiers actualization, and how their training on these issues appears to be lacunary. After making some explanatory hypotheses on this fact, I will intend to propose some ways of remediation and will clarify the issues for teacher training, and for teaching in France.

Human-computer interaction problems have been approached by design practitioners and researchers for a few decades now. Usability is an established quality attribute that is used to assess how easy user interfaces are to use. Websites have been determined to benefit from such assessment, and responsive web design (RWD) is a fairly new approach to web design where usability problems have been recognised, and where usability focused research has been carried out. While usability testing can be used to determine how easy a RWD website is to use, it does not provide a detailed psychological model that tells the designer how to design RWD websites that are easy to use. Discoverability is a psychological model within the field of design in general, that can be implemented by designers who want to achieve a good design. No previous research has been carried out with the purpose of exploring how discoverability can be used to improve the usability of a RWD website, and the author of this thesis suggests that there is value in conducting such research, because it has the potential to provide new insight into how RWD websites can be designed in way that makes them easier to use. This thesis approaches the question by conducting a usability test on a RWD website, and uses the results of the test as a foundation for a suggested discoverability focused approach to improving the usability of the RWD website.