In the history of exegesis 1 Corinthians 14:34-35 and 1 Timothy 2:11-15 have functioned as the heavy artillery against women in the ministries. From the 4th century BC, when the Church really started to develop from a dynamic underground movement of believers to a state Church organised in the image of the Roman Empire and so became the Catholic Church, women were more and more suppressed under the influence of deeply rooted Hellenistic anthropological ideas that were read into these passages. Only in the second half of the Twentieth Century, under the influence of changes in society after the sexual and feminist revolutions, changes set in that sparked the discussion about the role of women in the Church. This discussion is still continuing – in the Reformed tradition at least. These two passages, however, seem to oppose an overwhelming number of biblical themes and data that at least bring a strong nuance to the picture the two passages seem to portray. The creation of man and woman in the image of God and the protection for women against the arbitrariness of men clearly picture an original and principal equality of men and women. In the circle of disciples around Jesus Christ this becomes even more manifest. This attitude is also visible in the earliest churches. Paul expresses this in Galatians 3:28: In Christ there is no … male nor female. The passages that seem to limit the rights of women in the Church do not actually oppose this picture, but show that for the sake of the proclamation of the gospel not everything is (immediately) allowed. This dissertation attempted to interpret these two passages with the help of the grammatical-historic method. In 1 Corinthians 14:34-35 Paul personally intervenes in the apparent chaotic meetings of the cosmopolitan and charismatic congregation. He requires from different categories of participants – among them the married women that have a Christian husband – to not burden the fellowship with – in the case of the aforementioned women – their (otherwise rightful) participation in the discussion of the prophetic message during the worship service. In 1 Timothy 2:11-15 he gives his friend and student Timothy, the young pastor and teacher of the congregation in Ephesus, tools to call upon the members of the congregation not to start a revolution but to conquer the world for Christ by living an exemplary life. The context of this directive is a heresy that was particularly influencing some women that developed a prominent and domineering attitude in the Church. None of these directives or instructions of Paul talk about special ministries in the Church. It is all about attitude. For the sake of the steady progress of the gospel this attitude is to be determined by discipline and humbleness. However, the form this discipline and humbleness have largely depends on the context of the believers. / MTh (New Testament), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

In the history of exegesis 1 Corinthians 14:34-35 and 1 Timothy 2:11-15 have functioned as the heavy artillery against women in the ministries. From the 4th century BC, when the Church really started to develop from a dynamic underground movement of believers to a state Church organised in the image of the Roman Empire and so became the Catholic Church, women were more and more suppressed under the influence of deeply rooted Hellenistic anthropological ideas that were read into these passages. Only in the second half of the Twentieth Century, under the influence of changes in society after the sexual and feminist revolutions, changes set in that sparked the discussion about the role of women in the Church. This discussion is still continuing – in the Reformed tradition at least. These two passages, however, seem to oppose an overwhelming number of biblical themes and data that at least bring a strong nuance to the picture the two passages seem to portray. The creation of man and woman in the image of God and the protection for women against the arbitrariness of men clearly picture an original and principal equality of men and women. In the circle of disciples around Jesus Christ this becomes even more manifest. This attitude is also visible in the earliest churches. Paul expresses this in Galatians 3:28: In Christ there is no … male nor female. The passages that seem to limit the rights of women in the Church do not actually oppose this picture, but show that for the sake of the proclamation of the gospel not everything is (immediately) allowed. This dissertation attempted to interpret these two passages with the help of the grammatical-historic method. In 1 Corinthians 14:34-35 Paul personally intervenes in the apparent chaotic meetings of the cosmopolitan and charismatic congregation. He requires from different categories of participants – among them the married women that have a Christian husband – to not burden the fellowship with – in the case of the aforementioned women – their (otherwise rightful) participation in the discussion of the prophetic message during the worship service. In 1 Timothy 2:11-15 he gives his friend and student Timothy, the young pastor and teacher of the congregation in Ephesus, tools to call upon the members of the congregation not to start a revolution but to conquer the world for Christ by living an exemplary life. The context of this directive is a heresy that was particularly influencing some women that developed a prominent and domineering attitude in the Church. None of these directives or instructions of Paul talk about special ministries in the Church. It is all about attitude. For the sake of the steady progress of the gospel this attitude is to be determined by discipline and humbleness. However, the form this discipline and humbleness have largely depends on the context of the believers. / MTh (New Testament), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Text in Afrikaans / Die sogenaamde vermoede van onskuld is via die Engelse Reg in ons reg oorgeneem en tot konstitusionele status verhoog met die daarstelling van artikel 25(3)(c) van die Grondwet, No. 200 van 1993. Hierdie reg om onskuldig geag te word en die gepaardgaande swygreg, wat hier kortliks aangeraak word, kan egter aan beperking onderhewig wees soos bepaal deur artikel 33 van die Grondwet. Die beginsels soos ontwikkel in Kanada en Amerika word ondersoek. Die slotsom waartoe geraak word is dat, alhoewel historiese en ander verskille deurgaans voor oe gehou sal moet word, die regspraak in genoemde jurisdiksies, en meer spesifiek Kanada, 'n groat rol sal speel by die inhoud wat die SuidA: frik:aanse howe, in die konteks van statutere vermoedens, aan die konstitusionele reg om onskuldig geag te word, sal gee. / The so-called presumption of innocence has been inherited from the English common law and awarded constitutional status by the introduction of section 25(3)(c) ofthe Constitution, Act 200 ofl993. This right to be presumed innocent and the accompanying right to remain silent, which is briefly touched upon, are however not absolute and can be subject to limitation as provided for by section 33 ofthe Constitution. The principles, as they have been developed in Canada and America, are investigated. The conclusion which is drawn is that, despite historical and other differences, it can be expected that foreign jurisprudence, particularly that of Canada, will play a major role in the content that will be given by the South African courts to the right to be presumed innocent in the context of statutory presumptions. / Criminal & Procedural Law / LL. M.

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The purpose of this project is to develop a resource of techniques using children's literature which will increase interest in reading for students who have met the minimum standards of reading for their grade level. The completed curriculum is to be used in grades kindergarten through six, with a flexible time limit of thirty to forty-five minutes per day, for fifteen school days.

Le pouvoir de détenir une personne à des fins d'enquête n'est pas une technique d'investigation nouvelle et tire son origine du droit anglais. Mais cette méthode d'enquête, qui consiste à restreindre temporairement la liberté de mouvement d'une personne que l'on soupçonne pour des motifs raisonnables d'être impliquée dans une activité criminelle, ne fut reconnue officiellement au Canada qu'en juillet 2004 suite au jugement rendu par la Cour suprême dans l'affaire R. c. Mann. Au moment d'écrire ces lignes, cette stratégie d'enquête policière ne fait toujours pas l'objet d'une réglementation spécifique au Code criminel. L'approbation de cette technique d'enquête, en l'absence de toute forme de législation, ne s'est pas faite sans critiques de la part des auteurs et des commentateurs judiciaires qui y voient une intrusion dans un champ de compétences normalement réservé au Parlement. L'arrêt Mann laisse également en suspens une question cruciale qui se rapporte directement aux droits constitutionnels des citoyens faisant l'objet d'une détention semblable: il s'agit du droit d'avoir recours sans délai à l'assistance d'un avocat. Le présent travail se veut donc une étude approfondie du concept de la détention à des fins d'enquête en droit criminel canadien et de son impact sur les droits constitutionnels dont bénéficient les citoyens de notre pays. Pour accomplir cette tâche, l'auteur propose une analyse de la question en trois chapitres distincts. Dans le premier chapitre, l'auteur se penche sur le rôle et les fonctions dévolus aux agents de la paix qui exécutent leur mission à l'intérieur d'une société libre et démocratique comme celle qui prévaut au Canada. Cette étude permettra au lecteur de mieux connaître les principaux acteurs qui assurent le maintien de l'ordre sur le territoire québécois, les crimes qu'ils sont le plus souvent appelés à combattre ainsi que les méthodes d'enquête qu'ils emploient pour les réprimer. Le deuxième chapitre est entièrement dédié au concept de la détention à des fins d'enquête en droit criminel canadien. En plus de l'arrêt R. c. Mann qui fera l'objet d'une étude détaillée, plusieurs autres sujets en lien avec cette notion seront abordés. Des thèmes tels que la notion de «détention» au sens des articles 9 et 10b) de la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés, la différence entre la détention à des fins d'enquête et l'arrestation, les motifs pouvant légalement justifier une intervention policière de même que les limites et l'entendue de la détention d'une personne pour fins d'enquête, seront aussi analysés. Au troisième chapitre, l'auteur se consacre à la question du droit d'avoir recours sans délai à l'assistance d'un avocat (et d'être informé de ce droit) ainsi que du droit de garder le silence dans des circonstances permettant aux agents de la paix de détenir une personne à des fins d'enquête. Faisant l'analogie avec d'autres jugements rendus par nos tribunaux, l'auteur suggère quelques pistes de solutions susceptibles de combler les lacunes qui auront été préalablement identifiées dans les arrêts Mann et Clayton. / The power to detain a person for investigative purposes is not a new technique of investigation and has its origin in English law. But this method of investigation, which is to temporarily restrict freedom of movement of a person suspected on reasonable grounds to be involved in criminal activity, was officially recognized in Canada in July 2004, following the judgement by the Supreme Court in the case of R. c. Mann. At the time of this writing, this strategy of investigation is not subject to specific regulations to the Criminal Code. The approval of this investigative technique, in the absence of any form of legislation, has not been without criticism from writers and commentators who see it as judicial intrusion into a field of expertise normally reserved for Parliament. The judgement of Mann also leaves open a critical issue that relates directly to the constitutional rights of citizens subjected to a similar kind of detention, namely the right to obtain immediately the assistance of a lawyer. This work is a thorough study of the concept of investigative detention in Canadian criminal law and its impact on the constitutional rights enjoyed by all citizens of our country. To accomplish this task, the author suggests studying this issue in three separate chapters. In the first chapter, the author focuses on the role and functions vested in the peace officers who carry out their mission within a free and democratic society such as the one which prevails in Canada. This study will allow the reader to better understand the main actors responsible for maintaining law and order in Quebec, the crimes they are most often called upon to fight and investigative methods they use to repress those crimes. The second chapter is dedicated to the concept of investigative detention in the context of Canadian criminal law. In addition to the case of R. c. Mann, which will be a study in detail, several other topics related to this concept will he discussed. Themes such as the notion of «detention» within the meaning of Sections 9 and 10b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the difference between the investigative detention and the arrest, the motives which can legally justify a police intervention as well as the limits of the detention of a person for purposes of investigation, will also he analyzed.. The third chapter is devoted to the question of the right to communicate immediately with a lawyer (and to he informed of that right) and the right to remain silent in circumstances enabling peace officers to detain a person for investigative purposes. In making a comparison with other judgments rendered by our courts, the author suggest some possible solutions that could fill gaps that have been previously identified by the Supreme Court in the cases R. c. Mann and R. c. Clayton.

This report concerns the research, design, implementation and application of an airfoil trailing-edge noise prediction tool in the development of new, quieter airfoil for large-size wind turbine application. The tool is aimed at enabling comparative acoustic performance assessment of airfoils during the early development cycle of new blades and rotors for wind turbine applications. The ultimate goal is to enable the development of quieter wind turbines by the Wind Energy Industry. The task was accomplished by developing software that is simultaneously suitable for comparative design, computationally efficient and user-friendly. The tool was integrated into a state-of-the-art wind turbine design and analysis code that may be downloaded from the web, in compiled or source code form, under general public licensing, at no charge. During the development, an extensive review of the existing airfoil trailing-edge noise prediction models was accomplished, and the semi-empirical BPM model was selected and modified to cope with generic airfoil geometry. The intrinsic accuracy of the original noise prediction model was evaluated as well as its sensitivity to the turbulence length scale parameter, with restrictions imposed accordingly. The criterion allowed comparison of performance of both CFD-RANS and a hybrid solver (XFLR5) on the calculation of the turbulent boundary layer data, with the eventual adjustment and selection of the latter. After all the elements for assembling the method had been selected and the code specified, a collaboration project was made effective between Poli-USP and TU-Berlin, which allowed the seamless coupling of the new airfoil TE noise module, \"PNoise\", to the popular wind turbine design/analysis integrated environment, \"QBlade\". After implementation, the code calculation routines were thoroughly verified and then used in the development of a family of \"silent profiles\" with good relative acoustic and aerodynamic performance. The sample airfoil development study closed the initial design cycle of the new tool and illustrated its ability to fulfill the originally intended purpose of enabling the design of new, quieter blades and rotors for the advancement of the Wind Energy Industry with limited environmental footprint. / Este trabalho descreve a pesquisa de elementos iniciais, o projeto, a implantação e a aplicação de uma ferramenta de predição de ruído de bordo de fuga, no desenvolvimento de aerofólios mais silenciosos para turbinas eólicas de grande porte. O objetivo imediato da ferramenta é permitir a comparação de desempenho acústico relativo entre aerofólios no início do ciclo de projeto de novas pás e rotores de turbinas eólicas. O objetivo mais amplo é possibilitar o projeto de turbinas eólicas mais silenciosas, mas de desempenho aerodinâmico preservado, pela indústria da Energia Eólica. A consecução desses objetivos demandou o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta que reunisse, simultaneamente, resolução comparativa, eficiência computacional e interface amigável, devido à natureza iterativa do projeto preliminar de um novo rotor. A ferramenta foi integrada a um ambiente avançado de projeto e análise de turbinas eólicas, de código aberto, que pode ser livremente baixado na Web. Durante a pesquisa foi realizada uma ampla revisão dos modelos existentes para predição de ruído de bordo de fuga, com a seleção do modelo semi-empírico BPM, que foi modificado para lidar com geometrias genéricas. A precisão intrínseca do modelo original foi avaliada, assim como sua sensibilidade ao parâmetro de escala de turbulência transversal, com restrições sendo impostas a esse parâmetro em decorrência da análise. Esse critério permitiu a comparação de resultados de cálculo provenientes de método CFD-RANS e de método híbrido (XFLR5) de solução da camada limite turbulenta, com a escolha do último. Após a seleção de todos os elementos do método e especificação do código, uma parceria foi estabelecida entre a Poli-USP e a TU-Berlin, que permitiu a adição de um novo módulo de ruído de bordo de fuga, denominado \"PNoise\", ao ambiente de projeto e análise integrado de turbinas eólicas \"QBlade\". Após a adição, as rotinas de cálculo foram criteriosamente verificadas e, em seguida, aplicadas ao desenvolvimento de aerofólios mais silenciosos, com bons resultados acústicos e aerodinâmicos relativos a uma geometria de referência. Esse desenvolvimento ilustrou a capacidade da ferramenta de cumprir a missão para a qual foi inicialmente projetada, qual seja, permitir à Indústria desenvolver pás mais silenciosas que irão colaborar com o avanço da energia eólica através da limitação do seu impacto ambiental.

O direito fundamental à não-autoincriminação encontra seu fundamento jurídicoconstitucional na conexão dos princípios constitucionais da dignidade humana, do procedimento correto, da ampla defesa e da presunção de inocência. Todas as condutas passivas cuja adoção diga respeito a uma opção tomada pelo acusado na condição de sujeito processual – dentre as quais o exercício passivo da autodefesa no interrogatório judicial – estão prima facie protegidas pelo direito de não se autoincriminar. O problema da influência do silêncio do acusado no interrogatório judicial apresenta uma colisão do direito à nãoautoincriminação com o bem coletivo da eficiência da justiça penal e exige, consequentemente, soluções de acordo com os critérios da teoria dos princípios e da argumentação jusfundamental. A busca da concordância prática dos princípios colidentes exige a consideração de que, embora o comportamento processual do acusado não esteja sujeito a valorações, a omissão do acusado em responder ao interrogatório pode privar a defesa de uma oportunidade para contribuir à refutação ou ao enfraquecimento do grau de confirmação da hipótese acusatória. / The fundamental right against self-incrimination has its legal-constitutional basis in the connection of the constitutional principles of human dignity, fair trial, ample defense against criminal charges and presumption of innocence. All the passive conducts of which adoption refers to a choice of the accused in the condition of subject of the process – such as the passive exercise of self-defense at the examination – are prima facie protected by the right against self incrimination. The issue of the charged’s silence influence in the judicial examination presents a collision of the right against self incrimination with the collective good of the criminal justice efficiency and demands, therefore, solutions according to the criteria of principles theory and fundamental-legal arguing. The search for practical compliance of the colliding principles requires considering that although the processual behavior of the charged is not submitted to judgments of value, the omission of the accused in answering the examination may deprive defense the opportunity to contribute in denying or minimizing the confirmation degree of the accusatory hypothesis.

This report concerns the research, design, implementation and application of an airfoil trailing-edge noise prediction tool in the development of new, quieter airfoil for large-size wind turbine application. The tool is aimed at enabling comparative acoustic performance assessment of airfoils during the early development cycle of new blades and rotors for wind turbine applications. The ultimate goal is to enable the development of quieter wind turbines by the Wind Energy Industry. The task was accomplished by developing software that is simultaneously suitable for comparative design, computationally efficient and user-friendly. The tool was integrated into a state-of-the-art wind turbine design and analysis code that may be downloaded from the web, in compiled or source code form, under general public licensing, at no charge. During the development, an extensive review of the existing airfoil trailing-edge noise prediction models was accomplished, and the semi-empirical BPM model was selected and modified to cope with generic airfoil geometry. The intrinsic accuracy of the original noise prediction model was evaluated as well as its sensitivity to the turbulence length scale parameter, with restrictions imposed accordingly. The criterion allowed comparison of performance of both CFD-RANS and a hybrid solver (XFLR5) on the calculation of the turbulent boundary layer data, with the eventual adjustment and selection of the latter. After all the elements for assembling the method had been selected and the code specified, a collaboration project was made effective between Poli-USP and TU-Berlin, which allowed the seamless coupling of the new airfoil TE noise module, \"PNoise\", to the popular wind turbine design/analysis integrated environment, \"QBlade\". After implementation, the code calculation routines were thoroughly verified and then used in the development of a family of \"silent profiles\" with good relative acoustic and aerodynamic performance. The sample airfoil development study closed the initial design cycle of the new tool and illustrated its ability to fulfill the originally intended purpose of enabling the design of new, quieter blades and rotors for the advancement of the Wind Energy Industry with limited environmental footprint. / Este trabalho descreve a pesquisa de elementos iniciais, o projeto, a implantação e a aplicação de uma ferramenta de predição de ruído de bordo de fuga, no desenvolvimento de aerofólios mais silenciosos para turbinas eólicas de grande porte. O objetivo imediato da ferramenta é permitir a comparação de desempenho acústico relativo entre aerofólios no início do ciclo de projeto de novas pás e rotores de turbinas eólicas. O objetivo mais amplo é possibilitar o projeto de turbinas eólicas mais silenciosas, mas de desempenho aerodinâmico preservado, pela indústria da Energia Eólica. A consecução desses objetivos demandou o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta que reunisse, simultaneamente, resolução comparativa, eficiência computacional e interface amigável, devido à natureza iterativa do projeto preliminar de um novo rotor. A ferramenta foi integrada a um ambiente avançado de projeto e análise de turbinas eólicas, de código aberto, que pode ser livremente baixado na Web. Durante a pesquisa foi realizada uma ampla revisão dos modelos existentes para predição de ruído de bordo de fuga, com a seleção do modelo semi-empírico BPM, que foi modificado para lidar com geometrias genéricas. A precisão intrínseca do modelo original foi avaliada, assim como sua sensibilidade ao parâmetro de escala de turbulência transversal, com restrições sendo impostas a esse parâmetro em decorrência da análise. Esse critério permitiu a comparação de resultados de cálculo provenientes de método CFD-RANS e de método híbrido (XFLR5) de solução da camada limite turbulenta, com a escolha do último. Após a seleção de todos os elementos do método e especificação do código, uma parceria foi estabelecida entre a Poli-USP e a TU-Berlin, que permitiu a adição de um novo módulo de ruído de bordo de fuga, denominado \"PNoise\", ao ambiente de projeto e análise integrado de turbinas eólicas \"QBlade\". Após a adição, as rotinas de cálculo foram criteriosamente verificadas e, em seguida, aplicadas ao desenvolvimento de aerofólios mais silenciosos, com bons resultados acústicos e aerodinâmicos relativos a uma geometria de referência. Esse desenvolvimento ilustrou a capacidade da ferramenta de cumprir a missão para a qual foi inicialmente projetada, qual seja, permitir à Indústria desenvolver pás mais silenciosas que irão colaborar com o avanço da energia eólica através da limitação do seu impacto ambiental.

The influence of new media on theatrical practice over the past fifty years has spurred a movement towards theatrical forms which are increasingly organized around the sensory elements of performance. This change is most noticeable in the visual approaches to theatre, and it has produced what I have labeled a theatre of visuality. This thesis argues that the tendencies for visualization found in visual media have extensively marked the performance strategies of contemporary theatre practice, resulting in a shift away from the logocentric dramatic text and towards theatre performance organized around the visual. Looking at four contemporary productions of Georg Buchner’s Woyzeck –Thomas Ostermeier’s Woyzeck (2005), Vesturport’s Woyzeck (2005), Robert Wilson’s Woyzeck (2000), and Josef Nadj’s Woyzeck ou l’Ébauche du Vertige (1994)– this thesis produces a preliminary typology of four distinct visualities/theatrical forms which make up the theatre of visuality: hyperrealism, synesthesia, superficiality, and visual narration. This thesis contributes to the conceptualization and understanding of postdramatic theatre by linking the theatre’s rejection of the text to the increased centrality of the visual in performance, and by tracing these shifts to the influence of visual media.