Den ökade tekniska utvecklingen och användandet av obemannade system ställer krav på en förståelse för dess inverkan på krigföringen. Urban miljö är ofta oundviklig vid markstrid och medför utmaningar som korta stridsavstånd, ökad risk för vådabekämpning och snabba stridsförlopp. Ett system som patrullrobot kan bidra till förbandens förmågor genom spaning, verkan och möjlighet till flexibel manövrering. Arbetet besvarar frågeställningen ”Hur kan patrullrobotsystem medföra militär nytta vid ett markförbands anfall i bebyggelse?” med utgångspunkt i den teoretiska referensramen militär nytta. Analysverktygen utgörs av SWOT-analyser och teorins dimensioner för militär effektivitet, militär lämplighet samt överkomlig kostnad. Syftet med arbetet är att utforska hur patrullrobotsystem kan medföra militär nytta vid anfall mot hastigt uppkomna mål. Resultatet visade att patrullrobotsystem kan anses ha flera möjligheter till att medföra militär nytta. Anledningen är främst de karaktäristiska egenskaperna gällande dess sensorer och en inbyggd verkansdel som bidrar till möjlighet för spaning och precisionsbekämpning. Det tekniska systemet har således en god övergripande förmåga att utföra uppdrag i urban miljö genom exempelvis ökad underrättelseinhämtning och reducerad risk för sidoskador. Patrullrobotsystemet tyder även ha en god förmåga att kunna interageras med andra system och bidra till en synergieffekt. Vidare är den ekonomiska faktorn oftast lägre i jämförelse med andra vapensystem som har liknande precision vid långa avstånd. Likt andra militära system är det dock av vikt att användandet övervägs och är i enlighet med de lagar, förordningar och etiska principer som är fastställda. Tydliga målsättningar underlättar ett optimerat användande av systemet. / The increased technological development and the use of unmanned systems are requiring an understanding of their impact on warfare. Urban environments are often unavoidable in ground combat and bring challenges such as short combat distances, increased risk of friendly fire and rapid combat progress. A system such as a loitering munition can contribute to the unit's abilities through reconnaissance, damage and the possibility of flexible maneuvering. This thesis report answers the question "How can loitering munition systems entail military utility in the context of a ground unit's attack in urban warfare?" based on the theoretical frame of military utility. The analysis tools consist of SWOT analysis and the theory's dimensions of military effectiveness, military suitability and affordability. The purpose is to explore how loitering munition systems can entail military utility in attacks against rapidly emerging targets. The result showed that loitering munition systems can be considered to have several opportunities to entail military utility. The reason is mainly the characteristic features regarding its sensors and a built-in warhead that contributes to the possibility of reconnaissance and precision strike. Thus, the technical system has a comprehensive ability to carry out missions in an urban environment through, for instance, increased intelligence and reduced risk of collateral damage. The loitering munition system also indicates a great ability to interact with other systems and contributes to a synergy effect. Furthermore, the economic factor is usually lower in comparison to other weapon systems with equivalent precision throughout long distances. Nonetheless, as for other military systems, it is important that the use is considered and is in accordance with the laws, regulations and ethical principles that have been established. Clear objectives make it easier to optimize the use of the system.

<p dir="ltr">The recent and upcoming increase in spaceflight missions to the lunar vicinity necessitates methodologies to enable operations beyond the Earth. In particular, there is a pressing need for a Space Domain Awareness (SDA) and Space Situational Awareness (SSA) architecture that encompasses the realm of space beyond the sub-geosynchronous region to sustain humanity's long-term presence in that region. Naturally, the large distances in the cislunar domain restrict access rapid and economical access from the Earth. In addition, due to the long ranges and inconsistent visibility, the volume contained within the orbit of the Moon is inadequately observed from Earth-based instruments. As such, space-based assets to supplement ground-based infrastructure are required. The need for space-based assets to support a sustained presence is further complicated by the challenging dynamics that manifest in cislunar space. Multi-body dynamical models are necessary to sufficiently model and predict the motion of any objects that operate in the space between the Earth and the Moon. The current work seeks to address these challenges in dynamical modeling and cislunar accessibility via the exploration of resonant orbits. These types of orbits, that are commensurate with the lunar sidereal period, are constructed in the Earth-Moon Circular Restricted Three-Body Problem (CR3BP) and validated in the Higher-Fidelity Ephemeris Model (HFEM). The expansive geometries and energy options supplied by the orbits are favorable for achieving recurring access between the Earth and the lunar vicinity. Sample orbits in prograde resonance are explored to accommodate circumlunar access from underlying cislunar orbit structures via Poincaré mapping techniques. Orbits in retrograde resonance, due to their operational stability, are employed in the design of space-based observer constellations that naturally maintain their relative configuration over successive revolutions. </p><p dir="ltr"> Sidereal resonant orbits that are additionally commensurate with the lunar synodic period are identified. Such orbits, along with possessing geometries inherent to sidereal resonant behavior, exhibit periodic alignments with respect to the Sun in the Earth-Moon rotating frame. This characteristic renders the orbits suitable for hosting space-based sensors that, in addition to naturally avoiding eclipses, maintain visual custody of targets in the cislunar domain. For orbits that are not eclipse-favorable, a penumbra-avoidance path constraint is implemented to compute baseline trajectories that avoid Earth and Moon eclipse events. Constellations of observers in both sidereal and sidereal-synodic resonant orbits are designed for cislunar SSA applications. Sample trajectories are assessed for the visibility of various targets in the cislunar volume, and connectivity relative to zones of interest in Earth-Moon plane. The sample constellations and observer trajectories demonstrate the utility of resonant orbits for various applications to sustain operations in cislunar space. </p>

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / This thesis analyzes the potential impact of incorporating wireless technologies, specifically an 802.11 mesh layer architecture and 802.16 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, in order to effectively and more efficiently transmit data and create a symbiotic operational picture between Coast Guard Cutters, their boarding teams, Coast Guard Operation Centers, and various external agencies. Two distinct collaborative software programs, Groove Virtual Office and the Naval Postgraduate School's Situational Awareness Agent, are utilized over the Tactical Mesh and OFDM network configurations to improve the Common Operating Picture of involved units within a marine environment to evaluate their potential impact for the Coast Guard. This is being done to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of Coast Guard units while they carry out their Law Enforcement and Homeland Security Missions. Through multiple field experiments, including Tactical Network Topology and nuclear component sensing with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, we utilize commercial off the shelf (COTS) equipment and software to evaluate their impact on these missions. / Lieutenant Commander, United States Coast Guard / Lieutenant, United States Coast Guard

Studiens syfte är tvåfaldigt. Dels är syftet att undersöka hur organisationers förståelse (i meningen deras lägesbild och situationsförståelse) och handlande tycks förhålla sig sinsemellan. Dels är syftet att undersöka hur organisatoriska skillnader tycks påverka förståelsen (återigen i meningen deras lägesbild och situationsförståelse). I båda fallen inom sammanhanget av samhällelig krishantering. Studiens forskningsfrågor besvaras genom en kombination av kvalitativa metoder. Det empiriska materialet utgörs av intervjuer med personal inom somliga av de räddningstjänster som inblandades i hanteringen av en omfattande skogsbrand på Gotland, våren 2016.

Advanced home care (ASIH) enables the patient to stay at home rather than to stay hospitalized in connection with severe medical conditions, while simultaneously this Thesis demonstrates that this is in fact not completely unproblematic and without risk. This partly because ASIH proves to be a complex form of care with many different kind of collaterally ongoing care contacts and efforts of care and concern, partly since ASIH concurrently can assume an overview over the treatment process and collaboration or cooperation between several treatment agents from different kinds of organizations and/or operations during all hours. This composes a relatively new heterogenetic and multifaceted context of care which to the professional practice means both new and less known problems within patient safety, which substantially can obstruct and rule out both the completion and the implementation of a safe home care. The Thesis is based upon an exploratory case study of problems within patient safety in correlation with an advanced home care, and where the research study has had its starting position in the professional practice with an interactive and qualitative research approach. The case study houses two part studies which show that the patient safety problems can be related to an intermediary and multi-organizational form of care, rather than an single operation. A command and control view upon the problems of patient safety, which the professional practice faces, show that missions within the frame of the care form ASIH can be regarded as either a complicated and not rarely a complex operation consistent with Alberts &amp; Hayes (2007) and Brehmers (2008a; 2009c) terminology and where the assignments includes dynamic decision tasks. The case study reveals that the patient safety problems which concretely can obstruct and rule out the completion or implementation of the assignments in a safe way, can be considered related to the layout of the description of the assignments and also a lack of operative and tactical command and control level (of the handling and care of patients) in correlation with the different sorts of assignments that prevails – coincidentally as there is no suitable organization (forums of cooperation) and no appropriate IT-resources for the liaisons which effectively manages to promote and support the forms of cooperation that the character of the assignments also needs. The implicit system of conduct which comes forth through the analysis indicates that there is a need of improvement in order to enable effective command and control for a safer care, since the form of the system of conduct according to Brehmer´s (2006a,b; 2007a,b; 2008a,b; 2009c, 2010, 2011) model fails to satisfy the needs set by the function of command and control. The conclusion of the case study is that advanced home care should be regarded as an intermediary and multi-organizational care form which includes dynamic decision tasks and character wise complex operations contemplated per patient, thus demanding substantial command and control resources, a new point of view upon management and new auxiliary means of management in order to maintain a safe care during the implementation. The hypothesis which has been crystallized during the conclusions of the case study is that a more effective control and command and appropriate auxiliary means of command and control in real time, concerning primarily the handling of patients at the time of a change in care form, can improve the conditions of work in the professional practice and also result in more patient time, which consequently can be expected to contribute to concept of “Good care” i.g. cost effective, patient safe and dignified care. / <p>QC 20120525</p>

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Medication administration error remains a leading cause of preventable death. A gap exists in understanding attentional dynamics, such as nurse situation awareness (SA) while managing interruptions during medication administration. The aim was to describe SA during medication administration and interruption handling strategies. A crosssectional, descriptive design was used. Cognitive task analysis (CTA) methods informed analysis of 230 interruptions. Themes were analyzed by SA level. The nature of the stimuli noticed emerged as a Level 1 theme, in contrast to themes of uncertainty, relevance, and expectations (Level 2 themes). Projected or anticipated interventions (Level 3 themes) reflected workload balance between team and patient foregrounds. The prevalence of cognitive time-sharing during the medication administration process was significant or may be remarkable. Findings substantiated the importance of the concept of SA within nursing as well as the contribution of CTA in understanding the cognitive work of nursing during medication administration.

The increasing reliance on space infrastructure and its rapid expansion necessitate the development and enhancement of tools for space debris and fragmentation research. Accurate prediction of the risks associated with satellite fragmentation requires comprehensive understanding of the dynamics involved. To address this need, the widely used NASA Standard Breakup Model (SBM) is employed in this thesis to predict fragment characteristics resulting from breakup events. Additionally, a novel method is introduced to determine the direction of these fragments, something not directly covered by the SBM. Furthermore, the principle of kinetic gas theory is applied to calculate the overall, long-term collision risk between debris and a predetermined satellite population. The results from this reveal the limitations of the SBM in accurately simulating fragmentations for certain satellite types. However, the newly implemented fragment directionality method aligns well with observed data, suggesting its potential for further research. Similarly, the risk model exhibits strong correspondence with ESA's MASTER, a model used for assessing collision risks with debris, with the deviations likely due to different impact velocity models used. Finally, the validated fragmentation and risk models are combined, and the combined model is used to analyse a real-world fragmentation event. / Det ökande beroendet av rymdinfrastruktur, samt dess snabba expansion kräver utveckling och förbättring av verktyg för forskning och analys kring rymdskräp och fragmentering. För att förstå risken förknippad med satellitfragmentationer så krävs förståelse för den involverade dynamiken. För att tillgodose detta används NASA:s Standard Breakup Model (SBM) i denna avhandling för att bestämma fragmentegenskaper som bildas från olika sorters fragmentationshändelser. Dessutom introduceras en ny metod för att bestämma riktningen för dessa fragment, något som inte direkt täcks av SBM. Dessutom tillämpas principen för kinetisk gasteori för att beräkna den totala, långsiktiga kollisionsrisken mellan rymdskrot och en förutbestämd satellitpopulation. Resultaten från detta avslöjar SBM:s begränsningar när det gäller att simulera fragmenten för vissa satellittyper. Hursomhelst så kan man se att den nyligen implementerade fragmentriktningsmetoden stämmer väl överens med den observerade datan, vilket tyder på dess potential för ytterligare forskning. På samma sätt uppvisar riskmodellen överensstämmelse med ESA:s MASTER, en modell som används för att bedöma kollisionsrisker med rymdskrot, där avvikelser sannolikt beror på att olika kollisionshastighetmodeller används. Slutligen kombineras de validerade fragmenterings- och riskmodellerna, som sedan används för att bidra med analyser till en riktig fragmentationshändelse.

Space debris and space situational awareness (SSA) have become growing concerns for national security and the sustainability of space operations, where timely detection and tracking of space objects is critical in preventing collision events. Traditional computer-vision algorithms have been used extensively to solve detection and tracking problems in flight, but recently deep learning approaches have seen widespread adoption in non-space related applications for their high accuracy. The performanceper-watt and flexibility of reconfigurable Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) make them a good candidate for deep learning model deployment in space, supporting in-flight updates and maintenance. However, the FPGA design costs of custom accelerators for complex algorithms remains high. The research focus of the thesis relies on novel high-level synthesis (HLS) workflows that allow the developer to raise the level of abstraction and lower design costs for deep learning accelerators, particularly for space-representative applications. To this end, four different hardware accelerators of convolutional neural network models for spacebased debris detection are implemented (ResNet, SqueezeNet, DenseNet, TinyCNN), using the open-source HLS tool NNgen. The obtained hardware accelerators are deployed to a reconfigurable module of the Zynq Ultrascale+ MPSoC programmable logic, and compared in terms of inference performance, resource utilization and latency. The tests on the target hardware show a detection accuracy over 95% for ResNet, DenseNet and SqueezeNet, and a localization intersection-over-union over 0.5 for the deep models, and over 0.7 for TinyCNN, for space debris objects at a range between 1km and 100km for a diameter of 1cm, or between 100km and 1000km for a diameter of 10cm. The obtained speed-ups with respect to software-only implementations lay between 3x and 32x for the different hardware accelerators. / Rymdskrot och rymdsituationstänksamhet (SSA) har blivit växande oro för nationell säkerhet och hållbarheten för rymdoperationer, där snabb upptäckt och spårning av rymdobjekt är avgörande för att förhindra kollisioner. Traditionella datorseendealgoritmer har använts omfattande för att lösa problem med upptäckt och spårning i flygning, men på senare tid har djupinlärningsmetoder fått stor användning inom icke rymdrelaterade applikationer på grund av sin höga noggrannhet. Prestandaper-watt och flexibiliteten hos omkonfigurerbara Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) gör dem till en bra kandidat för distribution av djupinlärningsmodeller i rymden, med stöd för uppdateringar och underhåll under flygning. Men FPGAdesignkostnaderna för anpassade acceleratorer för komplexa algoritmer är fortfarande höga. Forskningsfokus för avhandlingen ligger på nya högnivåsyntes (HLS) arbetsflöden som gör det möjligt för utvecklaren att höja abstraktionsnivån och sänka designkostnaderna för acceleratorer för djupinlärning, särskilt för tillämpningar i rymden. För detta har fyra olika hårdvaruacceleratorer för modeller av konvolutionsnätverk för upptäckt av rymdbaserat skrot implementerats (ResNet, SqueezeNet, DenseNet, TinyCNN), med hjälp av öppen källkod HLS-verktyget NNgen. De erhållna hårdvaruacceleratorerna distribueras till en omkonfigurerbar modul av Zynq Ultrascale+ MPSoC-programmerbar logik och jämförs med avseende på inferensprestanda, resursutnyttjande och latens. Testerna på målhardwaren visar en upptäktnoggrannhet på över 95% för ResNet, DenseNet och SqueezeNet, och en lokaliserings-intersektion-över-union på över 0,5 för de djupa modellerna och över 0,7 för TinyCNN för rymdskrotobjekt på en avstånd mellan 1 km och 100 km för en diameter på 1 cm eller mellan 100 km och 1000 km för en diameter på 10 cm. De erhållna hastighetsökningarna i förhållande till endast programvara ligger mellan 3x och 32x för de olika hårdvaruacceleratorerna.

Sjöräddning i Sverige sker genom samverkan mellan statliga verksamheter, kommuner och frivilligorganisationer för ett gemensamt mål att rädda personer som råkat i sjönöd. Tid är ofta en kritisk faktor i räddningsuppdragen men ett snabbt och oplanerat utryck riskerar samtidigt att sätta räddningsaktörerna själva i farozonen. Utvecklingen av obemannade autonoma farkoster för SAR (eng. Search And Rescue) ses som en lösning på behovet att kunna snabbt skicka hjälp till samt få ögon på incidentplatsen utan att försätta räddningsaktörerna för onödig risk. Nuvarande kommunikationssystem inom svensk sjöräddning kan dock inte hantera annan typ av information än muntlig varav räddningsaktörer endast känner till riktlinjer för hantering av muntlig information. Med ett framtida införande av autonoma farkoster kommer dock fler informationstyper att behöva hanteras i sjöräddningar varav oklarheten om vilka informationstyper autonoma farkoster samlar in och vilka datahanteringskrav som finns är problematiskt. Oklarhet om informationstyperna och deras datahanteringskrav är vidare problematiskt för utvecklingen och implementeringen av autonoma farkoster då risken finns att farkoster och tekniker utvecklas men inte får användas för att de inte är anpassade efter lagkraven på hantering av olika datatyper. I denna studie undersöks därför vilka informationstyper som autonoma farkoster kan samla in vid sjöräddning. Detta för att komma fram till vilka riktlinjer för datahantering som gäller vid sjöräddning med autonoma farkoster. Studien undersöker också vilka informationstyper som är kritiska för en SAR-sjöräddningssamverkan samt vilka informationsdelningsutmaningar som finns i dagens sjöräddning. Studien genomfördes i form av en kvalitativ fallstudie och har tillämpat ett socio-tekniskt systemperspektiv för att bättre se till helheten och besvara frågeställningarna. Resultatet av denna studie visar att autonoma farkoster kan samla in information om sin omgivning, vilket utgör grunden för att skapa en medvetenhet om situationen som är kritiskt för SAR-operationer, och kan även samla in information om sitt eget tillstånd. De lagverk som identifierats utgöra de huvudsakliga restriktionerna är kamerabevakningslagen, lagen för skydd av geografisk information, offentlighets- och sekretesslagen, GDPR och dataskyddslagen. Dessa lagverk innehåller riktlinjer för delning av information och personuppgiftsbehandling i SAR-sjöräddning. Kunskapsbidrag studien har genererat inkluderar bland annat identifiering av datatyper som kan samlas in av autonoma farkoster i en SAR-sjöräddning, och sannolikt andra typer av räddningsinsatser, och delning och hanteringskraven på de datatyperna i räddningsinsatser och därmed kunskap om vilka datatyper som är mest reglerade. Vidare kunskapsbidrag är kunskap om vilka informationstyper som är mest kritiska för SAR-sjöräddningar, och därför bör prioriteras att samlas in och delas, och identifieringen av utmaningar för informationsdelning mellan statliga verksamheter och frivilligorganisationer. / Maritime rescue in Sweden is performed through a cooperation between government agencies, municipalities and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) with the common goal of saving people in distress. Time is often a critical factor in the rescue missions but a fast and unplanned response may at the same time put the rescue workers in danger. The development of unmanned autonomous vehicles for SAR is seen as a solution to the need of being able to quickly sendhelp as well as get eyes on the scene of the incident without exposing the rescue workers for unnecessary risks. However, the current communications systems in Swedish maritime rescue are unable to handle any other type of information except verbal, meaning that rescue workers only know guidelines for handling verbal information. However, with a future implementation of autonomous vehicles, there will be a need to handle more information types in maritime rescue whereas the uncertainty regarding what kind of information autonomous vehicles collect and which data management requirements exist is problematic. The uncertainty about the information types and their data management requirements is also problematic for the development and implementation of autonomous vehicles as there is a risk that vehicles and technologies are developed but not allowed to be used because they are not adapted to the legal requirements on management of the different types of data. Therefore, in this study I examine what information types that autonomous vehicles can collect in a maritime rescue to find out what guidelines for data management that applies during a maritime rescue with autonomous vehicles. The study also examines what kind of information’s are critical for a SAR maritime rescue cooperation as well as what information sharing challenges exist in current maritime rescue. The study was performed as a qualitative case study and has used a socio-technical systems perspective so as to better see the overall picture and answer the research questions. The result shows that autonomous vehicles can collect information about their surroundings, which is the foundation for establishing situation awareness that is critical for SAR-operations, and that they can collect information about their own status. The main laws and regulations that have been identified as constituting the main restrictions are (translated from Swedish) the law of camera surveillance, the law for protection of geographical information, the public access to information and secrecy act, the GDPR and the data protection act. These contains guidelines for sharing information and the processing of personal data in SAR maritime rescue. The knowledge contributions of this study includes among others the identification of datatypes that can be collected by autonomous vehicles in SAR maritime rescue, and probably other types of rescue operations, and the sharing and management requirements on those datatypes in rescue operations and thus knowledge of what datatypes that are the most restricted. Further knowledge contributions is knowledge about which information types that are the most critical for SAR maritime rescue and thus should be prioritised for collection and sharing as well as the identification of challenges for information sharing between government agencies and NGOs.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This qualitative study was successful in utilization of grounded theory methodology to ascertain nurses’ decision-making processes following their awareness of having made a medical error, as well as how and/or if they corrected and reported the error. Significant literature documents the existence of medical errors; however, this unique study interviewed thirty nurses from adult intensive care units seeking to discover through a detailed interview process their individual stories and experiences, which were then analyzed for common themes. Common themes led to the development of a theoretical model of thought processes regarding error reporting when nurses made an error. Within this theoretical model are multiple processes that outline a shared, time-orientated sequence of events nurses encounter before, during, and after an error. One common theme was the error occurred during a busy day when they had been doing something unfamiliar. Each nurse expressed personal anguish at the realization she had made an error, she sought to understand why the error happened and what corrective action was needed. Whether the error was reported on or told about depended on each unit’s expectation and what needed to be done to protect the patient. If there was no perceived patient harm, errors were not reported. Even for reported errors, no one followed-up with the nurses in this study. Nurses were left on their own to reflect on what had happened and to consider what could be done to prevent error recurrence. The overall impact of the process of and the recovery from the error led to learning from the error that persisted throughout her nursing career. Findings from this study illuminate the unique viewpoint of licensed nurses’ experiences with errors and have the potential to influence how the prevention of, notification about and resolution of errors are dealt with in the clinical setting. Further research is needed to answer multiple questions that will contribute to nursing knowledge about error reporting activities and the means to continue to improve error-reporting rates