No description available.

Den ökade tekniska utvecklingen och användandet av obemannade system ställer krav på en förståelse för dess inverkan på krigföringen. Urban miljö är ofta oundviklig vid markstrid och medför utmaningar som korta stridsavstånd, ökad risk för vådabekämpning och snabba stridsförlopp. Ett system som patrullrobot kan bidra till förbandens förmågor genom spaning, verkan och möjlighet till flexibel manövrering. Arbetet besvarar frågeställningen ”Hur kan patrullrobotsystem medföra militär nytta vid ett markförbands anfall i bebyggelse?” med utgångspunkt i den teoretiska referensramen militär nytta. Analysverktygen utgörs av SWOT-analyser och teorins dimensioner för militär effektivitet, militär lämplighet samt överkomlig kostnad. Syftet med arbetet är att utforska hur patrullrobotsystem kan medföra militär nytta vid anfall mot hastigt uppkomna mål. Resultatet visade att patrullrobotsystem kan anses ha flera möjligheter till att medföra militär nytta. Anledningen är främst de karaktäristiska egenskaperna gällande dess sensorer och en inbyggd verkansdel som bidrar till möjlighet för spaning och precisionsbekämpning. Det tekniska systemet har således en god övergripande förmåga att utföra uppdrag i urban miljö genom exempelvis ökad underrättelseinhämtning och reducerad risk för sidoskador. Patrullrobotsystemet tyder även ha en god förmåga att kunna interageras med andra system och bidra till en synergieffekt. Vidare är den ekonomiska faktorn oftast lägre i jämförelse med andra vapensystem som har liknande precision vid långa avstånd. Likt andra militära system är det dock av vikt att användandet övervägs och är i enlighet med de lagar, förordningar och etiska principer som är fastställda. Tydliga målsättningar underlättar ett optimerat användande av systemet. / The increased technological development and the use of unmanned systems are requiring an understanding of their impact on warfare. Urban environments are often unavoidable in ground combat and bring challenges such as short combat distances, increased risk of friendly fire and rapid combat progress. A system such as a loitering munition can contribute to the unit's abilities through reconnaissance, damage and the possibility of flexible maneuvering. This thesis report answers the question "How can loitering munition systems entail military utility in the context of a ground unit's attack in urban warfare?" based on the theoretical frame of military utility. The analysis tools consist of SWOT analysis and the theory's dimensions of military effectiveness, military suitability and affordability. The purpose is to explore how loitering munition systems can entail military utility in attacks against rapidly emerging targets. The result showed that loitering munition systems can be considered to have several opportunities to entail military utility. The reason is mainly the characteristic features regarding its sensors and a built-in warhead that contributes to the possibility of reconnaissance and precision strike. Thus, the technical system has a comprehensive ability to carry out missions in an urban environment through, for instance, increased intelligence and reduced risk of collateral damage. The loitering munition system also indicates a great ability to interact with other systems and contributes to a synergy effect. Furthermore, the economic factor is usually lower in comparison to other weapon systems with equivalent precision throughout long distances. Nonetheless, as for other military systems, it is important that the use is considered and is in accordance with the laws, regulations and ethical principles that have been established. Clear objectives make it easier to optimize the use of the system.

<p dir="ltr">The recent and upcoming increase in spaceflight missions to the lunar vicinity necessitates methodologies to enable operations beyond the Earth. In particular, there is a pressing need for a Space Domain Awareness (SDA) and Space Situational Awareness (SSA) architecture that encompasses the realm of space beyond the sub-geosynchronous region to sustain humanity's long-term presence in that region. Naturally, the large distances in the cislunar domain restrict access rapid and economical access from the Earth. In addition, due to the long ranges and inconsistent visibility, the volume contained within the orbit of the Moon is inadequately observed from Earth-based instruments. As such, space-based assets to supplement ground-based infrastructure are required. The need for space-based assets to support a sustained presence is further complicated by the challenging dynamics that manifest in cislunar space. Multi-body dynamical models are necessary to sufficiently model and predict the motion of any objects that operate in the space between the Earth and the Moon. The current work seeks to address these challenges in dynamical modeling and cislunar accessibility via the exploration of resonant orbits. These types of orbits, that are commensurate with the lunar sidereal period, are constructed in the Earth-Moon Circular Restricted Three-Body Problem (CR3BP) and validated in the Higher-Fidelity Ephemeris Model (HFEM). The expansive geometries and energy options supplied by the orbits are favorable for achieving recurring access between the Earth and the lunar vicinity. Sample orbits in prograde resonance are explored to accommodate circumlunar access from underlying cislunar orbit structures via Poincaré mapping techniques. Orbits in retrograde resonance, due to their operational stability, are employed in the design of space-based observer constellations that naturally maintain their relative configuration over successive revolutions. </p><p dir="ltr"> Sidereal resonant orbits that are additionally commensurate with the lunar synodic period are identified. Such orbits, along with possessing geometries inherent to sidereal resonant behavior, exhibit periodic alignments with respect to the Sun in the Earth-Moon rotating frame. This characteristic renders the orbits suitable for hosting space-based sensors that, in addition to naturally avoiding eclipses, maintain visual custody of targets in the cislunar domain. For orbits that are not eclipse-favorable, a penumbra-avoidance path constraint is implemented to compute baseline trajectories that avoid Earth and Moon eclipse events. Constellations of observers in both sidereal and sidereal-synodic resonant orbits are designed for cislunar SSA applications. Sample trajectories are assessed for the visibility of various targets in the cislunar volume, and connectivity relative to zones of interest in Earth-Moon plane. The sample constellations and observer trajectories demonstrate the utility of resonant orbits for various applications to sustain operations in cislunar space. </p>

Trust is important for the adoption of autonomous vehicles. Providing voiced explanations explaining a vehicle’s behavior has been found to improve trust, but it is unclear how explanations should be presented. In this experimental study, it was investigated whether manipulating the temporal sequence of “How” explanations, that describe what the vehicle does, and “Why” explanations, that describe why the vehicle does something, influence users’ trust, mental workload, situational awareness, and preferences. The research questions are: 1. What is the optimal sequence of presenting explanations, measured by the least amount of mental workload, increased trust, and increased situational awareness? 2. Which explanation type do people prefer the most? 3. Does explanation type affect attentional task performance? These questions were assessed by using questionnaires and qualitative data in a within group design. The sample consisted of 42 participants between the ages of 21 and 37. The data was analyzed with a repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a binomial test. The study found no effect of different explanation types on trust and mental workload. However, the scenarios had a significant effect on the results. Presenting the “How + Why” explanation before an event caused the best situational awareness. Although no significant difference in preferences was found, the “Why” explanation had the highest mean preference. This study shows that when evaluating different explanation types, it is important to consider situational factors that can affect measured variables such as vehicle’s behavior and surrounding environment. Future studies should focus on exploring situational factors further. / Förtroende är viktigt för införandet av autonoma fordon. Att ge auditiva förklaringar om bilens handlingar har setts förbättra förtroendet, men det är oklart hur förklaringar bör presenteras. I denna experimentella studie undersöktes det om manipulering av den tidsmässiga sekvensen av "Hur"-förklaringar, som beskriver vad fordonet gör, och "Varför"-förklaringar, som beskriver varför fordonet gör något, påverkade användarens förtroende, mentala arbetsbelastning, situationsmedvetenhet, och preferenser. Forskningsfrågorna var: 1. Vilken är den optimala sekvensen för att presentera förklaringar, mätt med minsta möjliga mentala arbetsbelastning, ökat förtroende och ökad situationsmedvetenhet? 2. Vilken typ av förklaring föredrar folk mest? 3. Påverkar typ av förklaring uppmärksamhetsuppgift? Dessa frågeställningar undersöktes med hjälp av frågeformulär och kvalitativa data i en inomgruppsdesign. Urvalet bestod av 42 deltagare mellan 21–37 år. Data analyserades med en variansanalys med upprepade mått (ANOVA) och ett binomialtest. Studien fann ingen effekt av olika förklaringstyper på förtroende och mental arbetsbelastning. Scenarierna hade dock signifikant effekt på resultaten. Att presentera "Hur + Varför"-förklaringen innan en händelse gav den bästa situationsmedvetenheten. Även om ingen signifikant skillnad i preferens hittades, hade "Varför"-förklaringen det högsta medelvärdet. Denna studie visade att när man utvärderar olika förklaringstyper är det viktigt att ta hänsyn till situationsfaktorer som kan påverka uppmätta variabler som fordonets beteende och omgivande miljö. Framtida studier bör fokusera på att utforska situationsfaktorer ytterligare.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / This thesis analyzes the potential impact of incorporating wireless technologies, specifically an 802.11 mesh layer architecture and 802.16 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, in order to effectively and more efficiently transmit data and create a symbiotic operational picture between Coast Guard Cutters, their boarding teams, Coast Guard Operation Centers, and various external agencies. Two distinct collaborative software programs, Groove Virtual Office and the Naval Postgraduate School's Situational Awareness Agent, are utilized over the Tactical Mesh and OFDM network configurations to improve the Common Operating Picture of involved units within a marine environment to evaluate their potential impact for the Coast Guard. This is being done to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of Coast Guard units while they carry out their Law Enforcement and Homeland Security Missions. Through multiple field experiments, including Tactical Network Topology and nuclear component sensing with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, we utilize commercial off the shelf (COTS) equipment and software to evaluate their impact on these missions. / Lieutenant Commander, United States Coast Guard / Lieutenant, United States Coast Guard

Studiens syfte är tvåfaldigt. Dels är syftet att undersöka hur organisationers förståelse (i meningen deras lägesbild och situationsförståelse) och handlande tycks förhålla sig sinsemellan. Dels är syftet att undersöka hur organisatoriska skillnader tycks påverka förståelsen (återigen i meningen deras lägesbild och situationsförståelse). I båda fallen inom sammanhanget av samhällelig krishantering. Studiens forskningsfrågor besvaras genom en kombination av kvalitativa metoder. Det empiriska materialet utgörs av intervjuer med personal inom somliga av de räddningstjänster som inblandades i hanteringen av en omfattande skogsbrand på Gotland, våren 2016.

Advanced home care (ASIH) enables the patient to stay at home rather than to stay hospitalized in connection with severe medical conditions, while simultaneously this Thesis demonstrates that this is in fact not completely unproblematic and without risk. This partly because ASIH proves to be a complex form of care with many different kind of collaterally ongoing care contacts and efforts of care and concern, partly since ASIH concurrently can assume an overview over the treatment process and collaboration or cooperation between several treatment agents from different kinds of organizations and/or operations during all hours. This composes a relatively new heterogenetic and multifaceted context of care which to the professional practice means both new and less known problems within patient safety, which substantially can obstruct and rule out both the completion and the implementation of a safe home care. The Thesis is based upon an exploratory case study of problems within patient safety in correlation with an advanced home care, and where the research study has had its starting position in the professional practice with an interactive and qualitative research approach. The case study houses two part studies which show that the patient safety problems can be related to an intermediary and multi-organizational form of care, rather than an single operation. A command and control view upon the problems of patient safety, which the professional practice faces, show that missions within the frame of the care form ASIH can be regarded as either a complicated and not rarely a complex operation consistent with Alberts &amp; Hayes (2007) and Brehmers (2008a; 2009c) terminology and where the assignments includes dynamic decision tasks. The case study reveals that the patient safety problems which concretely can obstruct and rule out the completion or implementation of the assignments in a safe way, can be considered related to the layout of the description of the assignments and also a lack of operative and tactical command and control level (of the handling and care of patients) in correlation with the different sorts of assignments that prevails – coincidentally as there is no suitable organization (forums of cooperation) and no appropriate IT-resources for the liaisons which effectively manages to promote and support the forms of cooperation that the character of the assignments also needs. The implicit system of conduct which comes forth through the analysis indicates that there is a need of improvement in order to enable effective command and control for a safer care, since the form of the system of conduct according to Brehmer´s (2006a,b; 2007a,b; 2008a,b; 2009c, 2010, 2011) model fails to satisfy the needs set by the function of command and control. The conclusion of the case study is that advanced home care should be regarded as an intermediary and multi-organizational care form which includes dynamic decision tasks and character wise complex operations contemplated per patient, thus demanding substantial command and control resources, a new point of view upon management and new auxiliary means of management in order to maintain a safe care during the implementation. The hypothesis which has been crystallized during the conclusions of the case study is that a more effective control and command and appropriate auxiliary means of command and control in real time, concerning primarily the handling of patients at the time of a change in care form, can improve the conditions of work in the professional practice and also result in more patient time, which consequently can be expected to contribute to concept of “Good care” i.g. cost effective, patient safe and dignified care. / <p>QC 20120525</p>

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Medication administration error remains a leading cause of preventable death. A gap exists in understanding attentional dynamics, such as nurse situation awareness (SA) while managing interruptions during medication administration. The aim was to describe SA during medication administration and interruption handling strategies. A crosssectional, descriptive design was used. Cognitive task analysis (CTA) methods informed analysis of 230 interruptions. Themes were analyzed by SA level. The nature of the stimuli noticed emerged as a Level 1 theme, in contrast to themes of uncertainty, relevance, and expectations (Level 2 themes). Projected or anticipated interventions (Level 3 themes) reflected workload balance between team and patient foregrounds. The prevalence of cognitive time-sharing during the medication administration process was significant or may be remarkable. Findings substantiated the importance of the concept of SA within nursing as well as the contribution of CTA in understanding the cognitive work of nursing during medication administration.

The increasing reliance on space infrastructure and its rapid expansion necessitate the development and enhancement of tools for space debris and fragmentation research. Accurate prediction of the risks associated with satellite fragmentation requires comprehensive understanding of the dynamics involved. To address this need, the widely used NASA Standard Breakup Model (SBM) is employed in this thesis to predict fragment characteristics resulting from breakup events. Additionally, a novel method is introduced to determine the direction of these fragments, something not directly covered by the SBM. Furthermore, the principle of kinetic gas theory is applied to calculate the overall, long-term collision risk between debris and a predetermined satellite population. The results from this reveal the limitations of the SBM in accurately simulating fragmentations for certain satellite types. However, the newly implemented fragment directionality method aligns well with observed data, suggesting its potential for further research. Similarly, the risk model exhibits strong correspondence with ESA's MASTER, a model used for assessing collision risks with debris, with the deviations likely due to different impact velocity models used. Finally, the validated fragmentation and risk models are combined, and the combined model is used to analyse a real-world fragmentation event. / Det ökande beroendet av rymdinfrastruktur, samt dess snabba expansion kräver utveckling och förbättring av verktyg för forskning och analys kring rymdskräp och fragmentering. För att förstå risken förknippad med satellitfragmentationer så krävs förståelse för den involverade dynamiken. För att tillgodose detta används NASA:s Standard Breakup Model (SBM) i denna avhandling för att bestämma fragmentegenskaper som bildas från olika sorters fragmentationshändelser. Dessutom introduceras en ny metod för att bestämma riktningen för dessa fragment, något som inte direkt täcks av SBM. Dessutom tillämpas principen för kinetisk gasteori för att beräkna den totala, långsiktiga kollisionsrisken mellan rymdskrot och en förutbestämd satellitpopulation. Resultaten från detta avslöjar SBM:s begränsningar när det gäller att simulera fragmenten för vissa satellittyper. Hursomhelst så kan man se att den nyligen implementerade fragmentriktningsmetoden stämmer väl överens med den observerade datan, vilket tyder på dess potential för ytterligare forskning. På samma sätt uppvisar riskmodellen överensstämmelse med ESA:s MASTER, en modell som används för att bedöma kollisionsrisker med rymdskrot, där avvikelser sannolikt beror på att olika kollisionshastighetmodeller används. Slutligen kombineras de validerade fragmenterings- och riskmodellerna, som sedan används för att bidra med analyser till en riktig fragmentationshändelse.

Space debris and space situational awareness (SSA) have become growing concerns for national security and the sustainability of space operations, where timely detection and tracking of space objects is critical in preventing collision events. Traditional computer-vision algorithms have been used extensively to solve detection and tracking problems in flight, but recently deep learning approaches have seen widespread adoption in non-space related applications for their high accuracy. The performanceper-watt and flexibility of reconfigurable Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) make them a good candidate for deep learning model deployment in space, supporting in-flight updates and maintenance. However, the FPGA design costs of custom accelerators for complex algorithms remains high. The research focus of the thesis relies on novel high-level synthesis (HLS) workflows that allow the developer to raise the level of abstraction and lower design costs for deep learning accelerators, particularly for space-representative applications. To this end, four different hardware accelerators of convolutional neural network models for spacebased debris detection are implemented (ResNet, SqueezeNet, DenseNet, TinyCNN), using the open-source HLS tool NNgen. The obtained hardware accelerators are deployed to a reconfigurable module of the Zynq Ultrascale+ MPSoC programmable logic, and compared in terms of inference performance, resource utilization and latency. The tests on the target hardware show a detection accuracy over 95% for ResNet, DenseNet and SqueezeNet, and a localization intersection-over-union over 0.5 for the deep models, and over 0.7 for TinyCNN, for space debris objects at a range between 1km and 100km for a diameter of 1cm, or between 100km and 1000km for a diameter of 10cm. The obtained speed-ups with respect to software-only implementations lay between 3x and 32x for the different hardware accelerators. / Rymdskrot och rymdsituationstänksamhet (SSA) har blivit växande oro för nationell säkerhet och hållbarheten för rymdoperationer, där snabb upptäckt och spårning av rymdobjekt är avgörande för att förhindra kollisioner. Traditionella datorseendealgoritmer har använts omfattande för att lösa problem med upptäckt och spårning i flygning, men på senare tid har djupinlärningsmetoder fått stor användning inom icke rymdrelaterade applikationer på grund av sin höga noggrannhet. Prestandaper-watt och flexibiliteten hos omkonfigurerbara Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) gör dem till en bra kandidat för distribution av djupinlärningsmodeller i rymden, med stöd för uppdateringar och underhåll under flygning. Men FPGAdesignkostnaderna för anpassade acceleratorer för komplexa algoritmer är fortfarande höga. Forskningsfokus för avhandlingen ligger på nya högnivåsyntes (HLS) arbetsflöden som gör det möjligt för utvecklaren att höja abstraktionsnivån och sänka designkostnaderna för acceleratorer för djupinlärning, särskilt för tillämpningar i rymden. För detta har fyra olika hårdvaruacceleratorer för modeller av konvolutionsnätverk för upptäckt av rymdbaserat skrot implementerats (ResNet, SqueezeNet, DenseNet, TinyCNN), med hjälp av öppen källkod HLS-verktyget NNgen. De erhållna hårdvaruacceleratorerna distribueras till en omkonfigurerbar modul av Zynq Ultrascale+ MPSoC-programmerbar logik och jämförs med avseende på inferensprestanda, resursutnyttjande och latens. Testerna på målhardwaren visar en upptäktnoggrannhet på över 95% för ResNet, DenseNet och SqueezeNet, och en lokaliserings-intersektion-över-union på över 0,5 för de djupa modellerna och över 0,7 för TinyCNN för rymdskrotobjekt på en avstånd mellan 1 km och 100 km för en diameter på 1 cm eller mellan 100 km och 1000 km för en diameter på 10 cm. De erhållna hastighetsökningarna i förhållande till endast programvara ligger mellan 3x och 32x för de olika hårdvaruacceleratorerna.