Objective: Serious morbidity and mortality following snakebite injuries are common in tropical regions of the world. Although antivenom administration is clinically effective, it carries an important risk of early anaphylactic reactions, ranging from relatively benign nausea, vomiting, and urticaria to life-threatening angioedema, bronchospasm and hypotension. Currently, no adequately powered study has demonstrated significant benefit from the use of any prophylactic drug. A high rate of anaphylactic reactions observed during a trial of three different antivenoms in Ecuador prompted adoption of premedication with intravenous (IV) hydrocortisone and diphenhydramine together with dilution and slower administration of antivenom. Design: In a rural mission hospital in Eastern Ecuador, 53 consecutive snakebite victims received a new antivenom regimen in 2004-2006, comprising prophylactic drugs and IV infusion of diluted antivenom over 60 min. They were compared to an historical control cohort of 76 patients treated in 1997-2002 without prophylactic drugs and with IV "push" injection of undiluted antivenom over 10 min. All these patients had incoagulable blood on admission and all were treated with Brazilian Instituto Butantan polyspecific antivenom. Results: Baseline characteristics of the historical control and premedicated groups were broadly similar. In the historical group, early reaction rates were as follows: 51% of patients had no reaction; 35% had mild reactions; 6% moderate; and 6% severe. In the premedicated/slow IV group, 98% of patients had no reaction; 0 mild; 0 moderate; and 2% severe. The difference in reaction rates was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Premedication with intravenous hydrocortisone and diphenhydramine together with dilution of antivenom and its administration by IV infusion over 60 min appeared to reduce both the frequency and severity of anaphylactic reactions. A randomized blinded controlled trial is needed to confirm these encouraging preliminary findings.

Background: Venomous snakebite and its effects are a source of fear for people living in southern Nepal. As a result, people have developed a negative attitude towards snakes, which can lead to human-snake conflicts that result in killing of snakes. Attempting to kill snakes increases the risk of snakebite, and actual killing of snakes contributes to loss of biodiversity. Currently, snake populations in southern Nepal are thought to be declining, but more research is needed to evaluate the conservation status of snakes. Therefore, we assessed attitudes, knowledge, and awareness of snakes and snakebite by Chitwan National Park's (CNP) buffer zone (BZ) inhabitants in an effort to better understand challenges to snake conservation and snakebite management. The results of this study have the potential to promote biodiversity conservation and increase human health in southern Nepal and beyond. Methods: We carried out face-to-face interviews of 150 randomly selected CNP BZ inhabitants, adopting a cross-sectional mixed research design and structured and semi-structured questionnaires from January-February 2013. Results: Results indicated that 43 % of respondents disliked snakes, 49 % would exterminate all venomous snakes, and 86 % feared snakes. Farmers were the most negative and teachers were the most ambivalent towards snakes. Respondents were generally unable to identify different snake species, and were almost completely unaware of the need of conserve snakes and how to prevent snakebites. Belief in a snake god, and the ability of snakes to absorb poisonous gases from the atmosphere were among many superstitions that appeared to predispose negativity towards snakes of BZ residents. Conclusion: People with predisposed negativity towards snakes were not proponents of snake conservation. Fear, negativity, ambivalence towards, and ignorance about, snakes and the need for snake conservation were strong indicators of the propensity to harm or kill snakes. It seems that if wanton killing of snakes continues, local snake populations will decline, and rare and endangered snake species may even become locally extirpated. Moreover, inappropriate perception and knowledge about snakes and snakebites may put BZ people at increased risk of venomous snakebite. Therefore, intensive, pragmatic educational efforts focused on natural history and ecology of snakes and prevention of snakebite should be undertaken in communities and at schools and universities.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:53:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ANITA DE MOURA PESSOA.pdf: 1926127 bytes, checksum: 0390ad20d8a270313d55fe8cd8841043 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-22 / Venomous animals accidents are of great importance in any Country especially due to the significant number of people involved and the relevance of these accidents. There is an annual average of 24,000 snakebite accidents in Brasil and from these 1% are related to the genus Micrurus, which represents the true coralsnakes. In this study I evaluated the biological aspects of the accidents caused by coralsnakes in Brasil, including aspects related to municipality, sex and age of the patients, time between the accident and the first medical evaluation and biological and toxinological diversity. I analyzed 787 reports available in the SINAN electronic system, from 2007 to 2010. According to the data, 691 patients were discharged as totally healed, three died, and 93 were reported as no data available. The majority of the accidents were reported from the northeast region (52%). The time between 0 and 3 hours for the first medical evaluation is a general rule for the whole Country which contributes for a satisfactory result of the treatment. The clinical cases available in the literature show that the coralsnake envenomation may or may not present symptoms, however the administration of the anti-coralsnake serum is recommended in all cases as all are considered as grave. From the 27 described species of coralsnakes for Brasil 20 occur in the northern region and, among them, nothing is known about the venom composition of at least 13 species. In a long term this might become a problem as the immunization pool for antivenin production is based only in three species. The study of biology and natural history of this group is important to facilitate the maintenance of these animals in captivity. It is also necessary to evaluate the antigenic pool and verify the efficacy of the antivenin against all species. / Os acidentes por animais peçonhentos têm grande importância médico sanitária no país. No Brasil ocorre uma média anual de 24.000 acidentes com serpentes peçonhentas, desses, 1% com o gênero Micrurus, representado pelas cobras corais verdadeiras. Neste trabalho foram avaliados os aspectos biológicos dos acidentes causados por cobras corais no Brasil, incluindo aspectos relacionados com o município e região brasileira, sexo e faixa etária dos acidentados, tempo decorrido entre o acidente e o atendimento, diversidade biológica e toxinológica. Foram analisadas as informações de 787 notificações disponíveis no sistema eletrônico do SINAN, no período de 2007 a 2010. De acordo com os dados, 691 pacientes foram liberados totalmente curados, três vieram a óbito, e 93 não há informação. A maioria dos acidentes foram registrados na região Nordeste do país (52%). O intervalo de zero a três horas entre acidente e atendimento, prevalece em alta para todas as regiões, o que contribui para um resultado satisfatório do tratamento. Os casos clínicos disponíveis na literatura mostram que o envenenamento elapídico pode apresentar sintomatologia ou não, porém a administração do soro antielapídico é recomendada em todos os casos, pois todos são considerados graves. Das 27 espécies de cobras corais descritas para o Brasil, 20 ocorrem na região norte, dentre elas, não se conhece o veneno de 13 espécies. A longo prazo esse pode ser um problema diante do pool de imunização para a produção de soro, que é composto por somente três espécies. O estudo da biologia e história natural desse grupo é importante para facilitar a manutenção desses animais em cativeiro. É necessário também, a avaliação do pool antigênico para verificar a eficácia do antiveneno para todas as espécies.

Submitted by Biblioteca da Faculdade de Farmácia (bff@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-04-03T16:56:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira, Eduardo Coriolano de [Dissertação, 2011].pdf: 1135569 bytes, checksum: 8920e224ba454e60a5daa5d299a3e9bb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-03T16:56:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira, Eduardo Coriolano de [Dissertação, 2011].pdf: 1135569 bytes, checksum: 8920e224ba454e60a5daa5d299a3e9bb (MD5) / O envenenamento ofídico, dentre os acidentes com animais peçonhentos é o mais importante deles, pela sua frequência e gravidade. No Brasil, as serpentes do gênero Bothrops são responsáveis por 90 % dos acidentes ofídicos. Os extratos vegetais apresentam uma diversidade de moléculas com diversas ações farmacológicas. As espécies de Clusia são de grande interesse paisagístico, porém duas espécies deste gênero, C. torresii Standl. e C. palmana Standl. apresentam propriedades antiofídicas contra o veneno de B. asper. O objetivo do nosso trabalho foi avaliar as propriedades antiofídicas da espécie Clusia fluminensis Planch & Triana, utilizando diferentes partes vegetais e solventes de diferentes polaridades para o preparo dos extratos, assim como uma benzofenona isolada do extrato hexânico da flor, frente atividades biológicas do veneno de B. jararaca. Ensaios in vitro mostraram que os extratos hexânicos e metanólicos das folhas e frutos, na proporção de 1:50 (veneno:extrato) foram capazes de inibir 100 % a atividade proteolítica do veneno de B. jararaca (9 μg/mL), usando-se azocaseína como substrato; com exceção do extrato hexânico do caule e da benzofenona que inibiram cerca de 50 %. Na atividade hemolítica do veneno de B. jararaca (88 μg/mL), a inibição foi de 40 %, nas proporções de 1:10 e 1:20. Por outro lado, os extratos nestas mesmas proporções não foram capazes de neutralizar a coagulação do plasma induzida pelo veneno de B. jararaca (22 μg/mL), de forma significativa. Em ensaios in vivo (atividade hemorrágica) apenas o extrato acetônico do fruto, na proporção de 1:20, foi capaz de reverter totalmente a hemorragia causada pelo veneno de B. jararaca (16,7 μg/g). Sendo assim, nossos resultados mostram que a planta C. fluminensis pode ser uma fonte de moléculas com propriedades antiofídicas, especificamente contra o veneno de B. jararaca, e que este efeito neutralizante está diretamente relacionado a parte do vegetal e a polaridade do solvente utilizado na extração, Além disso podemos concluir que a benzofenona não é responsável, isoladamente, pelos resultados obtidos / Snake venom poisoning, among accidents with venomous animals is the most important of them, by their frequency and severity. In Brazil, Bothrops are responsible for 90 % of snake bites. The plant extracts have a variety of molecules with several pharmacological actions. Clusia species are of great landscape interest, but two species of this genus, C. torresii Standl. and C. palmana Standl. have properties against snake venom B. asper. The aim of our study was to evaluate the antivenom properties the species Clusia fluminensis Triana & Planch, using different plant parts and solvents of different polarities for the preparation of extracts, as well as a benzophenone isolated from the hexane extract of the flower, against biological activity of the venom of B. jararaca. In vitro assays showed that the hexane and methanolic extracts of leaves and fruits at a ratio of 1:50 (venom: extract) were able to inhibit 100 % proteolytic activity of the venom of B.jararaca (9μg/mL), using azocaseíne as substrate, with the exception of hexanic extract from stem and benzophenone which inhibited about 50 %. In the hemolytic activity of the venom of B. jararaca (88 μg/mL), inhibition was 40 %, the proportions of 1:10 and 1:20. On the other hand, the same proportions in these extracts were not able to neutralize the plasma coagulation induced by the venom of B. jararaca (22 μg/mL) significantly. In vivo assays (hemorrhagic activity) only the acetone extract of the fruit was able to totally reverse bleeding caused by the venom of B. jararaca (16,7 μg/g). Thus, our results show that the plant C. fluminensis can be a source of molecules with neutralizing properties of snake venom, specifically against the venom of B. jararaca, and that the neutralizing effect is directly related to part of the plant and the polarity of the solvent used in extraction, we can also conclude that benzophenone is not responsible alone for the results

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:53:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HERNANI.pdf: 682841 bytes, checksum: 123b8897c9af4f77d7e652384fa3483c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-24 / Introduction: Snakebites in some countries are among the 10 leading causes of death and heterologous antivenom is the only effective treatment for over 100 years. However, problems in its production and control until now have not been fully resolved and early and late adverse reactions are common serotherapy. In most case reports, clinical and laboratory findings are related to the subject that had been chopped and received antivenom, so there is the question whether the changes are related only to the action of the venom and also the action of the serum. Studies report evidence that excessive amounts of antivenom are in use, resulting in a high incidence of reactions. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of different antivenoms on liver function in Wistar rats. One hundred and fifty animals were distributed in five groups as follows: group 1 (G1) - received anticrotalic serum for human use; group 2 (G2) - antivenom for human use; group 3 (G3) - serum antibothropic-crotalic for human use; group 4 (G4) - serum antibothropic-crotalic for veterinary use; group 5 (G5 control) - received saline. Serum dosage of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gammaglutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase and liver histopathology with 2, 8 and 24 hours was performed. The statistical analyzes were performed using analysis of variance with contrasts using the Tukey method, ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis. The level of significance was 5%. Results: In the groups treated with antivenom, we observed increased alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase, no change in aspartate aminotransferase and gammaglutamyltransferase, and congestion, decreased glycogen, vacuolar degeneration, Kupffer cell hyperplasia and centrilobular necrosis in the histopathological analysis. Conclusions: The antivenom used in this assay when administered intraperitoneally, caused hepatic changes in Wistar rats, suggesting new studies related to adequacy in conduct as the dose of serum to be used in snakebite, need to produce higher quality sera and greater safety for patients. / Os acidentes ofídicos em alguns países estão entre as 10 principais causas de morte em seres humanos e a soroterapia heteróloga é o único tratamento eficaz há mais de 100 anos. No entanto, problemas na sua produção e controle até hoje não foram totalmente resolvidos e reações adversas precoces e tardias à soroterapia são comuns. Na maioria dos relatos de caso, os achados clínicos e laboratoriais estão relacionados ao sujeito que já havia sido picado e recebido a soroterapia, assim fica a dúvida se as alterações só estão relacionadas à ação do veneno ou também a ação do soro. Estudos relatam evidências que quantidades excessivas de antiveneno estão sendo utilizadas, resultando em uma elevada incidência de reações. Desta forma, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a ação de diferentes antivenenos sobre a função hepática em ratos Wistar. Cento e cinqüenta animais foram distribuídos em cinco grupos como se segue: grupo 1 que receberam soro anticrotálico para uso humano; grupo 2 que receberam soro antibotrópico para uso humano; grupo 3 que receberam soro antibotrópico-crotálico para uso humano; grupo 4 que receberam soro antibotrópico-crotálico para uso veterinário; grupo 5 que receberam solução fisiológica. Foi realizado dosagem sérica de alaninoaminotransferase, aspartato aminotransferase, gama glutamiltransferase , fosfatase alcalina e histopatologia do fígado com 2, 8 e 24 horas. Os testes estatisticos utilizados foram de análise de variância com contrastes pelo método de Tukey, Anova e Kruskal-Wallis. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Nos grupos tratados com antiveneno, observou-se aumentou de alanino aminotransferase e da fosfatase alcalina, ausência de alteração de aspartato aminotransferase e gama glutamiltransferase , além de congestão, diminuição de glicogênio, degeneração vacuolar, hiperplasia das células de Kupffer e necrose centrolobular na análise hitopatológica. Os antivenenos utilizados neste ensaio, quando administrados por via intraperitoneal, na dose de 2 mL, causaram alterações hepáticas em ratos Wistar, sugerindo assim novos estudos relacionados a adequação da conduta quanto a dose de soro a ser usada no acidente ofídico, necessidade de produção de soros de maior qualidade e de maior segurança aos pacientes.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:55:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiane de Pauli Pereira.pdf: 1503472 bytes, checksum: 59921819ab10ff8a49c25d968609430f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-20 / This study evaluated the effects of the venom from Crotalus durissus terrificus and snakebite serum on the clinical signs and liver function in 120 Wistar rats by performing physical examinations, laboratory and histopathology tests. The animals were divided into four experimental groups of thirty animals in each group. The control group (C) - received only solution of sodium chloride 0.9%; Group venom (V) - received 1mg/kg venom; Group snakebite serum (S) - received the indicated dose snakebite serum to neutralize the poison; Poison and serum group (VS) - received venom and the snakebite serum six hours later. The clinical evaluation and specimen obtained for laboratory and histological examinations were performed at time 2 hours, 8 hours and 24 hours in all groups. It was observed for the S Group elevation of serum enzyme alkaline phosphatase (FA), inflammatory reaction, changes in Kupffer cells, necrosis and hyaline degeneration; Group V heart rate decrease over time, increase in rectal temperature (TR), increased FA, increase of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), inflammatory infiltrate, changes in Kupffer cells, necrosis and hyaline degeneration; Group VS increased TR and also respiratory rate, elevated serum FA, AST and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), inflammatory reaction, changes in Kupffer cells, necrosis and hyaline degeneration. The results indicate that the venom and snakebite serum alter the clinical parameters and cause liver damage at the doses and times studied. However, further studies with the venom and antivenom to be able to understand the effect of time and changes in the percentage contribution of hepatotoxicity in serum isolated. In addition, to investigate the need for additional treatments to protect the liver. / Este estudo avaliou os efeitos hepatotóxicos do veneno de Crotalus durissus terrificus e soro antiofídico em 120 ratos Wistar, através da realização de exames físico, laboratorial e histopatológico. Os animais foram divididos em quatro grupos experimentais, com trinta animais em cada grupo, sendo: grupo controle (C) - recebeu solução de cloreto de sódio 0,9%; grupo veneno (V) - recebeu veneno crotálico 1mg/Kg; grupo soro antiofídico (S) - recebeu soro antiofídico na dose indicada para neutralizar o veneno; grupo veneno e soro (VS) - recebeu veneno crotálico e após 6 horas o soro antiofídico. A avaliação clínica e a colheita de material para exames laboratorial e histopatológico do fígado foram realizadas nos momentos 2 horas (n=10), 8 horas (n=10) e 24 horas (n=10) para todos os grupos. Observou-se para o grupo S elevação sérica da enzima fosfatase alcalina (FA), infiltrado inflamatório, alterações nas células de Kupffer, necrose e degeneração de hialina; Grupo V diminuição da frequência cardíaca no decorrer do tempo, aumento na temperatura retal (TR), elevação da FA, elevação sérica da aspartato aminotransferase (AST), infiltrado inflamatório, alterações nas células de Kupffer, necrose e degeneração de hialina; Grupo VS aumento da TR e na frequência respiratória, elevação sérica da FA, elevação sérica da AST, elevação sérica da alanina aminotransferase (ALT), infiltrado inflamatório, alterações nas células de Kupffer, necrose e degeneração de hialina. Os resultados encontrados indicam que o veneno crotálico e o soro antiofídico, associados ou não, alteram os parâmetros clínicos e provocam danos hepáticos nas doses e momentos estudados. No entanto, são necessários novos estudos com o veneno crotálico e a soroterapia para que se possa entender o efeito do tempo nas alterações e a porcentagem de contribuição do soro isolado na hepatotoxicidade. Além disso, investigar a necessidade de tratamentos complementares para a proteção hepática.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:53:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiane de Pauli Pereira.pdf: 1503472 bytes, checksum: 59921819ab10ff8a49c25d968609430f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-20 / This study evaluated the effects of the venom from Crotalus durissus terrificus and snakebite serum on the clinical signs and liver function in 120 Wistar rats by performing physical examinations, laboratory and histopathology tests. The animals were divided into four experimental groups of thirty animals in each group. The control group (C) - received only solution of sodium chloride 0.9%; Group venom (V) - received 1mg/kg venom; Group snakebite serum (S) - received the indicated dose snakebite serum to neutralize the poison; Poison and serum group (VS) - received venom and the snakebite serum six hours later. The clinical evaluation and specimen obtained for laboratory and histological examinations were performed at time 2 hours, 8 hours and 24 hours in all groups. It was observed for the S Group elevation of serum enzyme alkaline phosphatase (FA), inflammatory reaction, changes in Kupffer cells, necrosis and hyaline degeneration; Group V heart rate decrease over time, increase in rectal temperature (TR), increased FA, increase of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), inflammatory infiltrate, changes in Kupffer cells, necrosis and hyaline degeneration; Group VS increased TR and also respiratory rate, elevated serum FA, AST and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), inflammatory reaction, changes in Kupffer cells, necrosis and hyaline degeneration. The results indicate that the venom and snakebite serum alter the clinical parameters and cause liver damage at the doses and times studied. However, further studies with the venom and antivenom to be able to understand the effect of time and changes in the percentage contribution of hepatotoxicity in serum isolated. In addition, to investigate the need for additional treatments to protect the liver. / Este estudo avaliou os efeitos hepatotóxicos do veneno de Crotalus durissus terrificus e soro antiofídico em 120 ratos Wistar, através da realização de exames físico, laboratorial e histopatológico. Os animais foram divididos em quatro grupos experimentais, com trinta animais em cada grupo, sendo: grupo controle (C) - recebeu solução de cloreto de sódio 0,9%; grupo veneno (V) - recebeu veneno crotálico 1mg/Kg; grupo soro antiofídico (S) - recebeu soro antiofídico na dose indicada para neutralizar o veneno; grupo veneno e soro (VS) - recebeu veneno crotálico e após 6 horas o soro antiofídico. A avaliação clínica e a colheita de material para exames laboratorial e histopatológico do fígado foram realizadas nos momentos 2 horas (n=10), 8 horas (n=10) e 24 horas (n=10) para todos os grupos. Observou-se para o grupo S elevação sérica da enzima fosfatase alcalina (FA), infiltrado inflamatório, alterações nas células de Kupffer, necrose e degeneração de hialina; Grupo V diminuição da frequência cardíaca no decorrer do tempo, aumento na temperatura retal (TR), elevação da FA, elevação sérica da aspartato aminotransferase (AST), infiltrado inflamatório, alterações nas células de Kupffer, necrose e degeneração de hialina; Grupo VS aumento da TR e na frequência respiratória, elevação sérica da FA, elevação sérica da AST, elevação sérica da alanina aminotransferase (ALT), infiltrado inflamatório, alterações nas células de Kupffer, necrose e degeneração de hialina. Os resultados encontrados indicam que o veneno crotálico e o soro antiofídico, associados ou não, alteram os parâmetros clínicos e provocam danos hepáticos nas doses e momentos estudados. No entanto, são necessários novos estudos com o veneno crotálico e a soroterapia para que se possa entender o efeito do tempo nas alterações e a porcentagem de contribuição do soro isolado na hepatotoxicidade. Além disso, investigar a necessidade de tratamentos complementares para a proteção hepática.

The snakebite is a public health problem worldwide, especially in tropical countries. The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanisms involved in the effect of hydroethanolic extract of the stem bark Abarema cochliacarpos (EAc) in muscle injury induced by Bothrops leucurus. Male swiss mice were used (28-32g ; n= 6 groups), where they received perimuscular injection Bothrops leucurus venom (BlV 1 mg/Kg/paw Volume 50 ìl) the right hind limb, treated orally (po), with vehicle (saline) or EAc (100, 200 or 400 mg / kg). In the mechanical hypernociception animals were evaluated in time 2, 4 and 6 hours using digital analgesymeter (von Frey). Edema activity in the animals were evaluated at 15, 30, 60 and 90 minutes, using a digital caliper. Have motor activity was assessed by the rota -rod test and the animals were evaluated at 1, 3 and 7 days. Histological evaluation extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) was isolated, removed, fixed, paraffin emblocado (Optical Microscopy) and resin (Electron Microscopy) and cut. Tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and observed under optical and electron microscopy and subsequently photographed. The experimental protocols were approved by the ethical committee for animal research at UFS (CEPA: 61/12). The results were analyzed using followed by Student.s t-test. The treatment orally with EAc (400 mg / kg ) inhibited mechanical hypernociception (2h 5.1 ± 0.76, 5.70 ± 0.65 4h, 6h 5.93 ± 0.49, (p < 0, 05) compared with the BlV venom group (2h 2.08 ± 0.33; 4h 2.28 ± 0.18; 6h 2.52 ± 0.24). The inhibition of edema was also seen in activity with EAc (400 mg / kg) (15 min 15.35 ± 0.27; 30 min 12.63 ± 0.69; 60 min 9.38 ± 0,29 and 90 min 6.83 ± 0.66, p < 0.05) compared with the BlV venom group (15 min 29.7 ± 0.17; 30 min 25.8 ± 0.26; 60 min 20.15 ± 0.24 and 90 min 14.76 ± 0.21). Regarding motor activity, the EAc (400 mg / kg) preserved motor ability (1day 83.22 ± 0.46; 3 days 98.02 ± 0.20 and 7 days 119.24 ± 0.48, p < 0.05) compared to the BlV venom group (1 day 20.03 ± 0.26, 3 days 35.22 ± 0.36 and 7 days 111.21 ± 0.18). Histological analysis showed an protection of muscle injury after administration of EAc (400 mg / kg), maintaining muscle fibers. Our results demonstrated that EAc inhibited the harmful effects of the venom, suggesting that this compound has biotechnological potential in adjuvant treatment of snakebite. / O ofidismo e um problema de saude publica em todo o mundo, especialmente nos paises tropicais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi de investigar os mecanismos envolvidos no efeito do extrato hidroetanolico da entrecasca da Abarema cochliacarpos (EAc) (popularmente conhecida como gbarbatimao h) na lesao muscular induzida pelo veneno de Bothrops leucurus (BlV). Foram utilizados camundongos Swiss machos (28-32 g; n=6 por grupo), que receberam injecao perimuscular do veneno Bothrops leucurus (BlV . 1 mg/Kg/pata . Volume 50 Êl) no membro posterior direito, tratados por via oral (v.o.), com veiculo (solucao salina) ou EAc (100, 200 ou 400 mg/kg). Na hipernocicepcao mecanica os animais foram avaliados nos tempos 2, 4 e 6 horas, utilizando o analgesimetro digital (Von Frey). Na atividade edematogenica os animais foram avaliados nos tempos 15, 30, 60 e 90 minutos, utilizando o paquimetro digital. Ja atividade motora foi avaliada pelo teste de rota-rod e os animais foram avaliados em 1, 3 e 7 dias. Na avaliacao histologica o musculo Extensor digitorum longus (EDL) foi isolado, retirado, fixado, emblocado com parafina (Microscopia optica) e resina (Microscopia eletronica) e cortados. Os tecidos foram corados com hematoxilina- eosina e observados ao microscopio optico e eletronico e posteriormente fotografados. Os protocolos experimentais foram aprovados pelo comite de etica em pesquisa com animais da UFS (CEPA: 61/12). Os resultados foram analisados utilizando o teste Student.S t-test. O tratamento, por v.o, com EAc (400 mg/Kg) inibiu a hipernocicepcao mecanica, (2h 5,1 }0,76; 4h 5,70 }0,65; 6h 5,93 }0,49; p<0,05) quando comparados aos animais do grupo BlV (veneno) (2h 2,08 }0,33; 4h 2,28 }0,18; 6h 2,52 }0,24). A inibicao tambem foi verificada na atividade edematogenica, com EAc (400 mg/kg), (15 min. 15,35 }0,27; 30 min. 12,63 }0,69; 60 min. 9,38 }0,29 e 90 min. 6,83 }0,66; p<0,05), quando comparados aos animais do grupo BlV (veneno) (15 min. 29,7 }0,17; 30 min. 25,8 }0,26; 60 min. 20,15 }0,24 e 90 min. 14,76 }0,21). Quanto a atividade motora, o EAc (400 mg/Kg) preservou a capacidade motora (1 dia 83,22 }0,46; 3 dias 98,02 }0,20 e 7 dias 119,24 }0,48; p<0,05), comparados ao grupo BlV (veneno) (1 dia 20,03 }0,26; 3 dias 35,22 }0,36 e 7 dias 111,21 }0,18). Na analise histologica verificou-se uma protecao da lesao muscular apos administracao do EAc (400 mg/Kg), preservando as fibras musculares. Nossos resultados demonstraram que o EAc inibiu os efeitos nocivos do veneno, sugerindo que este composto apresenta potencial biotecnologico no tratamento coadjuvante do ofidismo.

Im Fokus dieser Dissertation steht die Zerstörung des Lebensraumes von Schlangen durch anthropogene Einflüsse im Zusammenhang mit dem Auftreten von Schlangenbissen bei Menschen. Zum Schutz der Schlangen und dem Problem der Schlangenbisse wurden vier wesentliche Anforderungen erarbeitet. Mit Hilfe eines Artenverteilungsmodells wurden die ökologischen Nischen von 29 Giftschlangenarten aus Bangladesch und von zehn Kobraarten (Naja) aus Asien ermittelt. Auf lokaler Ebene wurde festgestellt, dass Überschwemmungen, Waldtypen, Ökosysteme und klimatische Parameter das Verbreitungsgebiet der Schlangenarten in Bangladesch beeinflussen. Auf regionaler Ebene sind anthropogene Faktoren wie die Zerstörung von Schlangenlebensräumen, Handel, Ausbeutung und Tötung von Schlangen wahrscheinlich die Hauptursachen für den Rückgang der Populationen der asiatischen Naja. Auf beiden Ebenen führt der Klimawandel zu einer Verkleinerung der ökologischen Nischen von Schlangenarten in Bangladesch und Asien. In Bangladesch könnten die untersuchten Arten innerhalb der nächsten 50 Jahre mehr als 90 % ihren derzeitigen Lebensraum verlieren (Asiatische Naja durchschnittlich 56 % (12 bis 100 %)). Wenn günstige Nischen nicht erhalten werden können, könnten viele Schlangenarten in einigen Ländern Asiens, darunter Bangladesch, in wenigen Jahrzehnten aussterben. Darüber hinaus wurde in der vorliegenden Studie geschätzt, dass die Zahl der jährlichen Schlangenbisse in Bangladesch mehr als doppelt so hoch sein könnte wie bisher angenommen. Da der Klimawandel zu einer geografischen Verschiebung günstiger Nischen führen kann, kann sich diese Veränderung auch auf die Häufigkeit von Schlangenbissen auswirken. Bei der Analyse von Giftvariationen und der Wirksamkeit von Antivenomen wurde festgestellt, dass isolierte Populationen deutliche intraspezifischere Giftvariationen zeigen. / Snakes are threatened by habitat degradation and anthropogenic impacts, while accidental encounters between humans and snakes may result in snakebite incidents. Thus, the conservation of snakes snakebite problem, a global public health emergency, are interconnected. I found four primary needs for a combined solution to satisfy both above causes. A species distribution model was employed to identify the ecological niches of 29 venomous snake species from Bangladesh and of ten cobra species (Naja) from Asia. At the local scale, flood events, forest types, ecosystems, and climatic parameters were found to shape the range of snake species in Bangladesh. At the regional scale, anthropogenic factors, like snake habitat destruction, trade, exploitation, and snake killings are likely to be the main causes for the decrease in populations of Asian Naja. At both levels, climate change causes shrinking and fragmenting the ecological niches of snake species in Bangladesh and Asia. In Bangladesh, the studied species may lose more than 90% of their current climatic niche within the next 50 years. In the same timeframe, Asiatic Naja may lose an average of 56% (12- 100%) of the area of suitable climatic niches. If favourable niches cannot be preserved, many snake species might go extinct from several countries in Asia in a few decades, including Bangladesh. In addition, the present study estimated that there might be more than double the amount of annual snakebite incidents in Bangladesh than previously estimated. As climate change may cause geographical shifting of favourable niches, this change may also have consequences for the frequency of snakebites, so snakebite should be considered a climate driven dynamic public health problem. While analysing venom variations and the efficacy of antivenom, I found that venom should be sampled from geographically or ecologically isolated populations of each venomous snake, because isolated populations have shown distinct intraspecific venom variations.

Bakgrund: Coronapandemin präglade under lång tid människors vardag såväl som de finansiella marknaderna. Den kraftiga nedgången i februari - mars år 2020 och den rekordsnabba återhämtningen påverkade privatinvesterare. Dessa investerare stod inför tuffa beslut, och präglades av stress och oro. Under volatila tider sker inte alltid rationella beslut, och denna typ av beslutsmiljö kan påverka investerare att vara mer mottagliga av psykologiska bias. För att undvika att gå i samma fällor, är det av intresse att kartlägga börspsykologiska faktorers påverkan på privatinvesterares agerande och vilken effekt det har på deras diversifiering i aktieportföljen. Eventuella skillnader i agerande under börsnedgångarna visar även om investerarna själva lärde sig någonting från den första börsnedgången och ändrade sitt beteende till den andra börsnedgången. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att kartlägga privatinvesterares agerande på aktiemarknaden under Coronapandemin. Detta för att kunna uttala sig om, privatinvesterares beteende under börsnedgången i februari - mars 2020, samt den andra börsnedgången i oktober samma år. Genom att undersöka två tidsperioder går det att observera skillnader i beteende. Metod: Studien använde sig av en enkätstudie med tvärsnittsdesign för att på generell nivå ha möjlighet till att uttala sig om privatinvesterares agerande under börsnedgångarna. Slutsats: Studien har visat att samtliga undersökta börspsykologiska bias har påverkat privatinvesterare under båda börsnedgångarna men det finns dock skillnader mellan perioderna. Om respondenterna själva får beskriva deras agerande har många angett att de har agerat rationellt under krisen, något som tidigare forskning också konstaterat. Diversifieringen har ökat i aktieportföljen efter börsnedgångarna, jämfört med hur det såg ut vid slutet av 2019. Det är dock inte säkerställt att detta är en effekt av nedgångarna. Slutligen finns det även skillnader i börspsykologiska faktorer och diversifiering mellan demografiska faktorer och erfarenhet från tidigare kriser. / Background: The Corona pandemic has affected people’s everyday life as well as the financial markets. The big decline in the stock market that happened in February-March 2020 and the record fast recovery impacted private investors in a big way. Investors had difficult decisions to make during times of stress and worry, which does not always lead to optimal decisions. The investors could be more affected by biases during times of crisis. To avoid walking into the same traps again it is of investor’s interest to map psychological biases and how they affect the diversification in their stock portfolios. Eventual differences in behavior between the stock market decline in February-Mars and the one in October could be spotted by comparing the two periods. This would show if the respondents themselves learned from the first stock market decline to the second one, hence changing their behavior. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to map private investors’ behavior in the stock market during the Corona pandemic. This will make it possible to discuss private investors’ behavior during the stock market declines in February-March 2020 as well as the one in October the same year. This will make it possible to see differences in behavior. Method: The study used a survey study with cross-sectional design to be able to discuss private investors’ behavior at a general level. Conclusion: The study has shown that all studied psychological biases to affect private investors during the stock market declines, showing there are differences between these periods. If the respondents describe their own actions, then many of say themselves that they acted rational during the crisis, something that previous studies have shown. The diversification has also increased after the stock market declines compared to how it was at the end of 2019, but it is not certain that it is an effect of the stock market declines. There are also differences between demographic factors and experience from previous crises with regards to psychological biases and diversification.