The purpose of this essay has been to compare different constitutions, and their outlook on citizenship, rights, obligations and natural duty. This has been done in the light of the political philosophy, in order to give the answer to four questions. These questions are: Which rights and obligations can be seen in the constitutions, and how can it be interpreted. Can there be signs of any political philosophy in the constitutions?  Are there any differences between the constitutions regarding citizenship, rights, obligations and natural duty? If so, what are the differences? Can the rights be seen in a further extent than the obligations in the constitutions? I have conducted a qualitative comparision study and analyzed the political philosophers and made a classification scheme of their views. Further I made a comparison between the constitutions of the countries, and their view on citizenship, rights, obligations and natural duty. This was later inflicted in to the classification scheme, to see if the countries could fit in to the political philosophers views, and also to find out if there would be any differences in values between the countries constitutions. To bind together the outlook on citizenship, rights, obligations and natural duty between the citizen and the state, I have used a social contract theory, to get better understanding regarding the relationship between the legal system and the citizen. My conclusions of this essay is that the political philosophers views of citizenship, rights, obligations and natural duty was sometimes similar, but the differences were clear in the light of the classification scheme. The countries constitutions were also similar, but I found that the constitutions could fit in different places in the classification scheme, giving the result that citizenship and rights, were important in all of the constitutions, but obligations and natural duty was not.

Mit der steigenden Verbreitung virtueller Unternehmensformen spielen auch verschiedene rechtliche Fragestellungen eine zunehmend wichtigere Rolle. Mit am wichtigsten ist dabei die Frage nach der Gesellschaftsform, da sich daraus einige weitere Punkte, wie z.B. die Haftung, ergeben. Im Rahmen des Projektes OPTIMA (Optimierte Arbeitsorganisation für virtuelle Dienstleistungsorganisationen) konnten das Fraunhofer Institut für Arbeitswirtschaft und Organisation zusammen mit einem Rechtsanwalt und einem Steuerberater zu diesem Themenkomplex Lösungsansätze erarbeiten. Dieser Beitrag schildert die typischen Problemstellungen bei Netzwerken insbes. kleiner Dienstleistungsunternehmen und zeigt an dem erarbeiteten Muster-Gesellschaftsvertrag mögliche Lösungen auf.

The Abstract The meaning of this dissertation thesis is to find out whether we can regard Francisco Suárez as a representative of the social-contracting theories developing in the period from 16th until 18th century. Suárez, who is more likely known for his metaphysical disputations, gives a really sophisticated formulation about the origin of the common society and the political power, where the key point is the word of the social consent. At the first time it seems that Suárez can be without difficulty considered as a modern period humanist like Thomas Hobbes, John Locke or lately Jean-Jacques Rousseau. As well as they, Suárez thinks that the independent human will has its unsubstitutable part in the origin of the political society. Nevertheless there is a large difference. While according to the mentioned humanists, the independent will is the only principle of the political power, Suárez thinks that this will is just the necessary condition meeting the human nature created by the God, that it is the true principle of the whole political power. Suarez's meaning of the social consent is then situated in the theological framework and is closely associated with the words of the nature and the transcendence. The result is that Suárez understands the state as a natural and moral organization and not as a...

Bakgrund: Utifrån det förändrade och förvärrade säkerhetsläget i Europa har frågan om livsmedelsberedskap aktualiserats i den svenska politiska diskussionen. Ansvar och utformande av en sådan beredskap saknar idag tydlig organisation. Livsmedelverket, Jordbruksverket och Statens veterinärmedicinska anstalt nämner i en utredning avseende underlag för beredskap att bland annat de regionala livsmedelsstrategierna bör adressera livsmedelsberedskap. Den aktuella studien fokuserar på hur de regionala livsmedelsstrategierna förhåller sig till livmedelsberedskap i nuläget, samt hur de beskriver ansvarsfördelning av teman i relation till detta.Metod: Genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys av regionernas livsmedelsstrategier undersöks hur strategierna ser på livsmedelsproduktion i relation till livsmedelsberedskap och lokalisering av ansvar för detta. Analysen har ett deduktivt förhållningssätt där teman från tidigare forskning som relaterar till livmedelsberedskap ligger till grund för vilka fynd som eftersöks vid analysen.Slutsats: Hälften av strategierna nämner livsmedelsberedskap, vilket kan tyda på att det varken ses som självklart att det hör ihop med de regional livsmedelsstrategierna eller ej. Strategierna visar på en splittrad bild av livsmedelsproduktionen som dels en samhällsviktig verksamhet och dels en näringsgren med ekonomisk tillväxt som incitament. Uppfattningen om ansvar för livsmedelsproduktionen som samhällsviktig verksamhet kan tolkas som en fråga om altruism där frivilligt deltagande utifrån solidaritet ses som eftersträvansvärt. / Background: The growing political insecurity in Europe has made food preparedness a current discussion in the political discussion is Sweden. Accountability for and shaping such preparedness is today not clearly organized. The Swedish Food Agency, The Swedish Agency for Agriculture and The Swedish Veterinary Medical Institute has mentioned in an investigation regarding prerequisites for food preparedness that the regional food production strategies (among other instances) should address the achieving of food preparedness. The aim of this study is to describe how the current regional food strategies relates to food preparedness and how they describe division and location of responsibility for themas related to this.Method: The regional food production strategies is analyzed by qualitative content analysis. The study has a deductive approach where previous research structured into themes related to food preparedness has formed a base for which findings to search for in the analysis.Conclusion: Half of the strategies mentions food preparedness, which could be a sign of food preparedness not being seen as an obvious theme to address in the food production strategies but also not an obviously irrelevant one. The strategies display a shattered attitude toward food production as both a vital societal function and an industry with economical growth as primary incentive. Responsibility for food production as a vital societal function can be viewed as altruistic with solidarity and voluntary participation as aspirational ideals.

This study examines present beliefs and expectations amongst university students which define the higher educational setting in Sweden. These beliefs and expectations can be understood as a Teaching Contract, which refers to a Social Contract between students, instructors, and higher education in general. The Teaching Contract is a part of a larger Educational Contract, that occurs between higher education and society. Furthermore, the study examines how beliefs and expectations concerning special treatment amongst Swedish students can be understood as a manifestation of Academic Entitlement. The current study indicates that Swedish university students give expression to an individualistic paradox. The individualistic paradox consists of an intrinsic conflict, due to a wish that higher education should be available for a large and diverse student population while at the same time, a broadened student population limits the possibility for individual preferences to be met. The intrinsic conflict is assumed to exist within a given group of students, while consequently affecting the Teaching Contract in general. Accordingly, the current study suggests a development of the existing definition of the Teaching Contract by including a Student Contract. Additionally, Academic Entitlement is suggested to be understood as an interpersonal phenomenon that is situationally bound withing a given interaction at a given moment. / Föreliggande studie behandlar hur den svenska högskolans konkreta undervisningsverksamhet villkoras av högskolestudenters föreställningar och förväntningar. Föreställningarna och förväntningarna antas lägga grund för ett undervisningskontrakt; ett socialt kontrakt mellan studenter, lärare och utbildning som utgör en del av ett större utbildningskontrakt, vilket omfattar förhållandet mellan samhället och den högre utbildningen. Vidare behandlas hur samtida studenters föreställningar och förväntningar om individanpassning kan förstås som ett generellt problematiskt beteende i termer av akademiskt berättigande. Studiens huvudsakliga fynd tolkas vara att studenter ger uttryck för en individualistisk paradox, där studenter vill att högskolan ska vara tillgänglig för en heterogen sammansättning samtidigt som ökad tillgänglighet står i konflikt med möjligheter för tillgodoseende av individuella behov. Konflikten antas utspela sig inom studentgruppen, samtidigt som den får konsekvenser för det sammantagna undervisningskontraktet. Därmed föreslås en begreppsutveckling genom att inkludera ett studentkontrakt som en självständig komponent inom undervisningskontraktet. Vidare föreslås akademiskt berättigande vara en relationell företeelse, vars definition är bunden till en given interaktion vid en given tidpunkt mellan student och lärare.

No description available.

The rights that govern a person's workplace relationship, worker rights, are an important part of everyday lifefor many people on earth. As these rights are violated, the safety of the workers livelihood is threatened and as such the lack of security undermines the social contract in society. The social contract approach to corruption, as championed by Bo Rothstein, holds that as the social contract is rejected, corruption ensues. This study examines the relationship between worker rights violations and corruption using OLS regressionwith a range of control variables. The essay finds that there is a relationship between the degree of worker right violations and corruption, but only in higher welfare countries. In the studied countries with the lowest welfare, the relationship does not manifest itself. The essay also finds that in comparison to other factors of rule of law worker right violations is perhaps not the most important one when finding determinants of corruption.

This thesis addresses the paradigm shift required for an MBA qualification in a world order of inclusive globalisation (WOIG) – where humankind‟s security is assured, and where global poverty has been eradicated. A new research methodology, termed critical metasynthesis, which is the enrichment of critical management research with metasynthesis and Socrates‟ dialectic method of systematic inquiry has been used. The critical metasynthesis derives its outcome from the insights of global leaders from the developed and developing world, refuted by Nobel Laureates from the past decade. From the Socratic dialogue an end-purpose Statement of Visions for a new world order, society, business, business leadership, and the postmodern MBA emerged, namely: to deliver a WOIG; requiring a society that finds its greatness in protecting both its humanity and its economy as a whole; requiring world-class businesses – financially robust across business cycles, with global stewardship as the dominant business logic; requiring global business leaders with an ability to envision the WOIG, and then to lead thereto in an entrepreneurial and path-breaking manner exerting leadership qualities associated with the golden Rule of Humanity; requiring an MBA that educates and inspires the business leader to lead (and, to co-lead with societal and political leaders) the planetary turn-around to a WOIG. For this, a fundamental change of paradigm for the MBA emerged as a prerequisite. The first prerequisite is a Social Contract with Business as a trichotomy of global business responsibility towards society, politics and the Earth. This, becomes the raison d‟être of the postmodern MBA. The second prerequisite is an educational context aligned with the values and aspirations of a WOIG society. The outcome of the postmodern MBA is a fundamental personal re-orientation as thé kairos moment - through holistic critical reasoning excellence and achieving a WOIG mindset. Flowing from this to craft, build and to manage enterprises for the turn-around from today‟s world order of destructive globalisation to a WOIG. The thesis contributes a new educational context, vocabulary, and guidelines for a new canon of MBA knowledge. The thesis concludes by describing new vistas of follow-up research in four interlocking priorities for the professoriate, namely: discovering, integrating, applying and teaching a postmodern MBA in a WOIG – to deliver MBA graduates who can lead any business in any industry sector in any country towards positive sustained results for all stakeholders. / Business Leadership / D.B.L.

This thesis provides a critical examination of John Rawls’s political philosophy as it relates to international justice and human rights, Rawls’s theory of justice as fairness has made an enormous impact on contemporary political and ethical theory, yet it has been criticized by some for failing to address the extra-domestic aspects of social justice, including universal human rights. In Chapter One I describe the theoryof.rights, developed in the social contract tradition and how this theory has influenced the modern discourse of human rights. In Chapter Two I discuss Rawls’s theory of justice as fairness, the basic rights and liberties, and the idea of political liberalism. In Chapter Three 1 analyze Rawls’s account of international justice and argue that it fails to uphold the same rigorous principles of justice as found in his account of domestic justice. Finally, in Chapter Four l discuss Rawls’s more recent attempts to theorize international justice and human rights, I conclude that Rawls is not justified in limiting the set of human rights available to persons in different societies, and that this limitation is an unnecessary feature of his theory of justice. In contrast 1 argue for a more cosmopolitan system of social justice that is strongly normative and grounded in Rawlsian ideal theory. / Philosophy, Practical & Systematic Theology / D.Litt. et Phil. (Philosophy)

Feministische Staatstheorie analysiert den Staat in seinen vergeschlechtlichten und vergeschlechtlichenden Dimensionen. Konzepte des Kanons der Politikwissenschaft (wie Gesellschaftsvertrag, Staatsbürgerschaft, Recht, Gewalt) werden erweitert, indem deren Vergeschlechtlichung sichtbar gemacht wird. Ebenso werden neue Konzepte wie bspw. Maskulinismus, Privatheit, Reproduktions- und Verwandtschaftspolitiken in die Staatstheorie aufgenommen, um staatliche Machtausübung umfassend theoretisieren zu können.