Denna studie handlar om social hållbarhet och om hur fyra olika kommuner i den fysiska planeringen hanterar och metodiskt arbetar med detta ämne. Syftet är att undersöka vilken prioritet som frågor kring social hållbarhet har i den kommunala planeringsprocessen och hur man metodiskt arbetar med dessa frågor. Syftet är också att undersöka den sociala hållbarhetens potentiella koppling till blandstaden. Undersökningen har genomförts genom att studera kommunernas översiktsplaner, utvalda detaljplaner och de policydokument som planerna hänvisar till. Innehållet har sedan analyserats i relation till teorier kring social hållbarhet och blandstaden. Intervjuer med tjänstemän på samhällsbyggnadsenheterna på respektive kommun har också genomförts för att få en bild av hur man i planprocessen hanterar detta. Resultatet visar på att man i kommunernas översiktsplaner på liknande sätt avhandlar ämnet social hållbarhet och att man även har liknande målsättningar och visioner kring ämnet. I de studerade detaljplanerna skiljer sig dock i vilken utsträckning och på vilket sätt social hållbarhet behandlas i planbeskrivningarna. Större planer tenderar att ha större inslag av reflektioner kring planens inverkan på sociala hållbarhetsfrågor, medan många mindre planer inte alls avhandlar ämnet. Genom de intervjuer som genomfördes framkom att planering kring dessa frågor anses svårt och man många gånger inte anser sig ha specifika metoder som kan att påverka den fysiska planeringen. Alternativt anser man inte att kommunen som organisation använder de metoder som finns. De konkreta metoder som kommunerna använde var; markanvisning, medborgardialog och socialkonsekvensanalys. En tjänsteman nämnde att hen personligen använde Göteborgsmatrisen och en annan hade kontinuerliga möten med lokala mäklare för att följa flyttrender bland kommunens invånare. Samtliga tjänstemän talade om "blandstad", om än i varierande termer, som tätt sammankopplat med socialt hållbara städer och samhällen. De reflektioner som resultatet av denna undersökning slutligen genererat handlar om socialkonsekvensanalysens potentiella roll som konkret metod för kommuner att tillämpa men också om ett eventuellt behov av en lagstiftning liknande den som finns för upprättande av en miljökonsekvensbeskrivning. Båda dessa verktyg borde kunna användas på ett analyserande sätt för att värdera och bedöma eventuella åtgärders inverkan på sociala och ekologiska värden. / This bachelor thesis is about social sustainability, more specifically it is about how four different municipal areas handles issues about social sustainability in their spatial planning. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the priority of this topic and which methods that are used to deal with this subject. The purpose is also to investigate the possible connection between social sustainability and mixed use-city. The analysis has been made by studying comprehensive plans, detailed development plans and other documents connected to the plans. The content of these document has then been analyzed in relation to theories about social sustainability and mixed use-city. Municipal officials have been interviewed to get at more nuanced view on how social sustainability is incorporated into the process of planning. The result shows that the four comprehensive plans in a similar way talk about the aims of planning for social sustainability. In the detailed development plans the difference however is significant, varying to what extent and in what way social sustainability is described the planning specification. Bigger plans tend to include the subject in a more extensive way, whilst smaller many plans don't incorporate social sustainability at all. During the interviews many of the officials said that planning for social sustainability is difficult matter and called for more concrete methods, and for the municipality to use the methods available, to affect the spatial planning. The methods used were; land allocation, civil dialogue and social impact assessment. One official mentioned that he/she personally used the Gothenburg-matrix and another had regular meetings with local brokers. All officials talked about mixed use in connection to social sustainability. The conclusion that the result of this analysis finally led to is about the social impact assessment as a suitable method for planning for social sustainability, but also about the potential need for a legislation. Perhaps that could be the way to include social sustainability into the process of planning.

Begreppet social hållbarhet innebär att människor lever i jämlikhet och rättvisa. För att en stadsmiljö ska anses socialt hållbar ska människorna som lever där ha anständiga boendemiljöer, nära till service och grönområden och det ska finnas tillgång till kollektivtrafik och arbetsmöjligheter. Människor lever och verkar i den urbana miljön och påverkar den precis som den urbana miljöns sammansättning påverkar människor, deras val och levnadsmönster, därmed behövs även ett samspel mellan människa och miljö för att samhället ska fungera. I en studie om social hållbarhet inom fysisk planering och en fallstudie av stadsutvecklingen av Ulleråker i Uppsala, analyserades begreppet social hållbarhet inom fysisk planering. Intervjuer genomfördes med personer insatta i branschen, planeringaktörer inom Ulleråkerprojektet samt medborgare i Ulleråker. Resultatet visade att social hållbarhet är en dynamisk process som tar tid att uppnå och ansträngning att bevara. Social hållbarhet innehåller många olika delar och handlar om delaktighet och inflytande, men även om möjlighet och rättighet till likvärdiga och fullgoda levnadsförutsättningar. För att ett samhälle ska vara socialt hållbart behöver den fysiska planeringen utgå från alla medborgares möjligheter och rättigheter i samhället. Dessa mål kan uppnås genom ett samlat helhetsperspektiv, vilket innebär att planeringen i en kommun eller stad har en övergripande strategi för att undvika att bli uppdelad per bostadsområde eller stadsdel. Övriga aspekter som är nödvändiga för ett socialt hållbart samhälle är medborgardialog och medborgarinflytande under planeringsprocessen, mötesplatser för alla genom fokus på den allmänna platsen, samband mellan stad och stadsdel, varierat bostadsbestånd samt fokus på sociala nätverk. / The concept of social sustainability implies equity and justice. For an urban environment to be considered as socially sustainable local citizens should have decent living environments, easy access to services and green spaces, public transportation and job opportunities. People affect the urban environment as much as the environment affects them and their lifestyle. Therefore an interaction is needed between humans and the environment for the society to function. The concept was analyzed through a study of social sustainability in spatial planning and a case study of the ongoing urban development of Ulleråker in Uppsala. Interviews were conducted with people working in the field of spatial planning, planners associated with the Ulleråker project, and residents of Ulleråker. The results showed that social sustainability is a dynamic process that will take time to achieve and effort to maintain. Social sustainability includes many different issues, and deals with participation and influence, but also the inhabitants’ opportunities and their right to equal and adequate living conditions. In order for a society to be socially sustainable, planning based on all citizens' opportunities and rights in the society is required. This goal can be achieved through a comprehensive perspective, which means that the planning of a municipality or town should be based on a broad integrative strategy rather than a collection of strategies and neighborhood plans. Other aspects that are necessary for a socially sustainable society are public dialogue and participation in the planning process, meeting points for everyone by public places, relations between cities and neighborhoods, varied housing and a focus on social networks.

Šiame magistro darbe, remiantis teoriniais darnaus vystymosi pagrindais, buvo analizuojamas ir vertinamas pastarųjų devynių metų Lietuvos socialinis - ekonominis augimas ir nuosmukis bei aplinkos būklės kitimas pagal darnaus vystymosi koncepciją, aptariant ir išanalizuojant situaciją apibūdinančius darnaus vystymosi rodiklius. Buvo apžvelgti darnaus vystymosi teoriniai aspektai, išanalizuoti bei palyginti pagrindiniai Lietuvos ekonominiai, socialiniai ir aplinkos būklės rodikliai Europos Sąjungos bei Baltijos šalių kontekste. Atlikti metodologiniai darnaus vystymosi rodiklio skaičiavimai, įvertintos Lietuvos ekonominio socialinio ir aplinkos būklės darnumo tendencijos ir šių sričių tarpusavio sąveika, o taip pat patvirtinta iškelta hipotezė, kad tradicinių ekonominės - socialinės plėtros rodiklių nepakanka matuoti šalies ekonominį – socialinį darnumą. / In this master's thesis, based on a theoretical basis for sustainable development, has been analyzed and evaluated last nine years Lithuania’s social economic growth and recession and changes in environmental sustainability, discussing and analyzing the situation characterizing the sustainable development indicators. In this work was reviewed the theoretical aspects of sustainable development, analyzed and compared the main Lithuania's economic, social and environmental indicators in the European Union and the Baltic countries context. By calculating methodological sustainable development indicator’s, evaluated Lithuania’s economic, social and environmental sustainability trends and confirmed the hypothesis of this work – that traditional development indicators is not enough to measure countries economic – social sustainability.

The purpose of this research is to help increase the capacity of public-sector transportation agencies (such as state Departments of Transportation, Metropolitan Planning Organizations, and transit providers) to preserve and enhance transportation-related quality of life (QOL) outcomes in their jurisdictions. QOL is a multi-dimensional concept that is closely related to the concepts of livability and social sustainability. Public-sector agencies are charged with promoting the well-being (i.e. QOL) of the public, and they often must work within a complex inter-organizational context, with overlapping and intersecting jurisdictions and responsibilities, in order to influence QOL. Because of their responsibility to promote QOL, many public-sector transportation agencies mention QOL, livability, and/or sustainability in their vision statements, mission statements, and strategic planning documents. Furthermore, U.S. Federal guidance and regulations that govern the practice of transportation planning, engineering, and performance management have begun to refer to issues related to livability and sustainability. However, these complex concepts are still ambiguous in meaning and application for many transportation practitioners. In order to effectively preserve and enhance transportation-related QOL outcomes, practitioners need a clear conceptual framework that links concepts of livability and sustainability to practical performance management tools for an inter-jurisdictional context. The primary objective and contributions of this research are the development of such a conceptual framework - the stacked systems framework (SSF) - and a methodology for applying it to enhance transportation performance management in an inter-jurisdictional context. In order to develop the SSF, this research begins with an extensive literature review that clarifies the relationships among sustainability, livability, and transportation-related QOL outcomes; and integrates the concepts of social sustainability, soft systems methodologies, and the field of transportation performance management. To apply the SSF, this research includes a case study of public-sector transportation performance management processes in metropolitan Atlanta. The case study analyzes the influence of the regional inter-organizational system of public-sector transportation agencies on transportation-related QOL outcomes; identifies gaps in the current set of transportation performance measures used for decision making at the regional scale; and demonstrates the value to decision making of incorporating recommended performance measures that can more appropriately link organizational actions to broader QOL and livability outcomes via changes in transportation service quality. The case study methodology can be extended for future development of transportation performance management practices in metro Atlanta, and reproduced for other regions and geographic scales.

This study has aimed to investigate how a growing municipality defines social sustainability and what methodology is used to achieve this. The municipality of Skellefteå has been selected to be analyzed for this essay.  The method applied is a qualitative case study where four documents related to the municipality of Skellefteå and its planning unit have been analyzed. The documents that have been used for the study are the municipality's comprehensive plan, the public health policy program, their development strategy for 2030 and the digital citizen dialogue that formed the basis for the development of the strategy. To gain a deeper understanding of how the work on these documents is carried out and how they relate to social sustainability, two semi-structured interviews were conducted with two professionals who actively worked with the documents. What the study shows is that within recent years the work with social sustainability has been actualized and more visible within the planning unit and the municipality's work around the concept. Skellefteå's municipal growth has meant that the various documents within the municipality had to be updated for them to be adapted to the new conditions within the municipality. How it will be reflected later in the physical planning in the municipality remains to be seen as Skellefteå is still in an initial phase of the social transformation that has begun. Further research is proposed since each municipality is unique and that site-specific conditions need to be analyzed to apply social sustainability in the best possible way. Social sustainability is also a complex and broad concept, which makes it difficult to generalize conclusions based on this study.

The goal of this thesis is to understand how the Biomimicry Toolbox (BT), a practical tool for applying biomimicry, currently supports strategic thinking in order to create sustainable solutions. A pragmatic qualitative research approach was used, in which the BT was analysed through the lens of the Five Level Framework (5LF), a tool for planning and analysing in complex systems and the Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development, the application of the 5LF for sustainability endeavours. Interviews were conducted with people experienced with the BT. Results show that the BT has several aspects of strategic thinking. It supports the application of a systems perspective, provides a success goal to move towards and offers tools for a strategic process to follow. The authors conclude that the BT could benefit from including understanding of the patterns and structures of the social system in relation with the earth system. Also, it can benefit from including a section on upstream thinking helping users of the BT consider root causes. Lastly, it could benefit from a strategic approach for evaluating how sustainable solutions are and include a simple and clear prioritisation process. The improvements can make the BT more impactful in supporting societies transition towards sustainability.

Segregationen i Sverige har ökat de senaste åren vilket skapat ett allt större samhällsproblem. Det är därför viktigt att kommunerna i ett tidigt stadie aktivt börjar arbeta mot segregation och för social hållbarhet. Med denna studie och dess metodutveckling vill vi främja arbetet för mindre svenska tätorter genom att ta fram och testa en metod som kommuner kan använda vid en kartläggning av segregation. För att kunna hantera segregationens mångsidiga problemställning har flera metodsteg använts. En litteraturgenomgång resulterade i sex variabler som alla har betydande påverkan på segregationen. Dessa var fastighetsbestånd, förvärvsfrekvens, inrikes- och utrikesfödda, trångboddhet, utbildning och ålder. En enkätundersökning genomfördes sedan med 14 samhällsplanerare för att rangordna de variabler som litteraturgenomgången påvisade. Rangordningen användes sedan i metoden rank sum weights, som sedermera ledde fram till en multikriterieanalys (MKA) baserad på en linjär additiv metod. Målet med studien är att kunna presentera en kartläggning för segregationen i Bollnäs tätort utifrån den metod vi har utvecklat. Resultatet från studien visar att Bollnäs tätort har fyra områden som klassas som “mest segregerade” och tre områden som klassas som “minst segregerade”. Dessa resultat har testats med tre validitets- och reliabilitetsmetoder vilka var Index of Dissimilarity, intervju, samt känslighetsanalys. Resultatet från de tre testerna påvisar tydliga tendenser och snarlika resultat från vår metod, vilket indikerar att vår metod är robust och trovärdig. Behovet av ordentliga kartläggningar likt vår studie framkommer bland annat i intervjun där en planerare från Bollnäs kommun fick peka ut de fem områden personen ansåg vara mest segregerade. För dessa fem områden pekade planeraren ut ett område som enligt vår studie var minst segregerat, vilket påvisar svårigheten kring segregationsfrågan. Vår förhoppning med denna studie är att skapa en metod som främjar kommuners arbete med social hållbarhet. / Segregation in Sweden has been rising in recent years, which has lead to an increase in social problems. It is therefore important that municipalities, in an early stage, actively begin to work against segregation and towards social sustainability. With this study and its methodology we want to encourage smaller Swedish cities by developing and testing a method that municipalities can use in mapping of segregation. To handle segregation's complex problems, several of method steps have been applied. A literature review resulted in six variables, all of which have a significant impact on segregation. The variables were: housing tenure, employment rates, domestic/foreign-born, overcrowding, education and age. A survey was then conducted with 14 experts in the urban planning sector. The planners were asked to rank the variables that the literature review highlighted. The rankings were then used to create rank sum weights, which later led to a multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) based on a linear additive method. The aim of the study is to present a mapping of the segregation in Bollnäs urban area based on the method we have developed. The result of the study shows that out of 15 areas in Bollnäs urban area, four were classified as "most segregated" and three areas classified as "least segregated". These results have been tested using three validity and reliability methods: The Index of Dissimilarity, interview and sensitivity analysis. The results of the three tests demonstrate clear trends and similar results compared with our method, which indicates that our method is robust and trustworthy. The necessity for proper mapping of segregation is demonstrated by the interview where a planner from Bollnäs municipality was given the chance to pinpoint five areas the person considered to be most segregated. For these five areas, the planner pointed out one area that according to our study was least segregated, which proves the difficulty of identifying segregation. Our hope with this study is to create a method that support municipalities work with social sustainability.

Purpose: Mixed gender groups perform better, this makes the construction business more effective. Statistically speaking, there is no gender equality in the construction industry. A lot of different changes have been made, for example in plans for work environment, but despite this the development has stopped and the division in gender is 8,6% women in the whole construction industry. There is an existing macho culture in the construction industry and the culture is one of the reasons for accidents on the construction site. The purpose of this study is to investigate the social sustainability on the construction site from a gender perspective. This to be able to distinguish the gender equality that is sought on the construction site. Method: The study has been performed qualitatively by doing interviews. Six people, with different professions, were interviewed and their companies were medium sized to large size. A literature study was performed to receive information to create a foundation for the study and to phrase questions for the interviews. Document analysis was executed on policy documents from some of the companies that were interviewed. Findings: The main result is that there are several different approaches of working with social sustainability and there are legislations to further help with the subject. One common denominator are the staff appraisals and that the companies are working for a strong solidarity between all co-workers. Management systems help companies regulate the social sustainability. These regulatory systems are OHSAS 18 001, Povel and Navet which are specific for handling the social sustainability in the companies. The macho culture is predicted to fade out in the future due to, for example the work different actors in the business perform. Implications: The existing macho culture in the construction industry has started to fade out during the last couple of years and will probably continue to fade in the future. This due to the companies work in the matter and that younger generations contribute with a fresh approach. Social sustainability in this study, in this case gender equality, can be achieved by team buildings and internal networks. There are several management systems to modulate the social sustainability. Limitations: The study is limited to being performed as a case study and only investigate gender equality within the concept of social sustainability on a construction site. An exclusively small part of the active companies in the construction industry market have been interviewed. The participated companies are active in and around the county of Småland. This makes the study focus on and map the problems on a smaller scale. The answers from the interviews are the main material that will be analysed and will therefor lead to results in the study. The study is only focusing on the production phase which therefore makes the results invalid for generalization of the whole construction process. / Syfte: Könsblandade grupper presterar bättre, detta gör branschen mer effektiv. Statistiskt sett är byggbranschen inte jämställd. Många förändringar har gjorts, bland annat i arbetsmiljöplaner men trots detta har utvecklingen inte kommit längre och fördelningen är 8,6% kvinnor i byggbranschen. Det finns en machokultur i byggbranschen och kulturen är en av anledningarna till olyckor på jobbet. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att utreda den sociala hållbarheten på byggarbetsplatsen ur ett genusperspektiv. Detta för att särskilja den jämställdhet som eftersträvas på arbetsplatsen. Metod: Studien har genomförts kvalitativt i form av intervjuer med sex personer. Dessa personer har olika roller på medelstora till stora företag inom byggbranschen. Litteraturstudie genomfördes för att få information till grunden för studien samt för att formulera intervjufrågor. Dokumentanalys genomfördes på policydokument från några av de berörda företagen. Resultat: Det huvudsakliga resultatet från analyserna är att det finns flera sätt att arbeta med social hållbarhet och att det även finns lagkrav som är menade till att främja utvecklingen. En tydlig nämnare är de medarbetarsamtal som hålls med alla medarbetare och att det är viktigt att skapa gemenskap inom företagen. Ledningssystemen som finns på företagen hjälper till att reglera den sociala hållbarheten. Dessa ledningssystem är OHSAS 18 001 samt Povel och Navet och dessa används för att reglera den sociala hållbarheten på företagen. Machokulturen anses avta i framtiden, bland annat tack vare arbetet från olika parter i byggbranschen. Konsekvenser: Machokulturen som finns i branschen har avtagit under de senaste åren och kommer förmodligen fortsätta fasas ut i framtiden med hjälp av arbete från företag. Intervjusvaren visar även att yngre generationer kommer in med ett nytt synsätt. Social hållbarhet i denna studie, främst jämställdhet, kan uppnås med hjälp av bland annat "team-building", även interna nätverk på företaget kan främja den sociala hållbarheten. Ledningssystem finns för att hjälpa till att reglera social hållbarhet. Begränsningar: Arbetet är begränsat till att genomföras i form av en fallstudie och enbart utreda jämställdhet ur ett socialt hållbart perspektiv på byggarbetsplatsen. Endast en liten del av de aktiva företagen på marknaden intervjuas. Företagen som har medverkat har kontor i närheten av och i Småland vilket gör att analysen fokuserar på problemen inom ett kartlagt område och i en mindre skala. Intervjusvaren är det huvudsakliga materialet som analyseras för att få fram resultaten i studien. Arbetet riktar sig till produktionsfasen och resultaten är därför inte generaliserbara för hela byggprocessen.

There are several aspects which need to be considered while planning a building to achieve sustainable environment for people's well-being. One of the significant aspects is social sustainability which is largely about promoting everyone regardless of the circumstances. In a socially sustainable city, there should be access to meeting places to improve social life. The Park Paradiset and the Broparken in Vallastaden were designed to improve socializing between people. The parks in this work are examined based on social aspects; interaction and identity. In addition, a park should be designed based on different aspects to suit different people. This work considers aspects such as recreation/ leisure, cultural identity, accessibility and safety. Beyond these aspects, the stormwater management in the parks is also studied. These studies were conducted with systematic literature studies, site visits, survey and qualitative interviews. A site visit was in Vallastaden, where the authors explored the district and handed out survey to the resident. The interview for the Park Paradise was conducted with Ulrika Gunnman from White Arkitekter and the interview for the Broparken was conducted with Lina Moström from 02landskap. The result shows that the architects worked differently to achieve the social aspects. It can be concluded that Park Paradiset fulfills the aspects better than the Broparken based on survey results, site visits and the interviews. The results further show that the stormwater management for the parks consists of open systems. Open systems have even been current in the Park Paradiset. The open ditches in the park leads the water in the transverse dikes to a longitudinal dike. It can be concluded that the architects utilized stormwater management better in Broparken compared to the Park Paradiset, when the architects transformed the ordinary ditch into something attractive and gave the park a character.

The aim of this study is to investigate how densification can be used to increase social and ecological sustainability in an urban area. This study focuses on the visions of the municipality of Sundsvall, a city located on the east coast of central Sweden, from a social and ecological sustainable development perspective and whether these visions are achievable for the densification of its urban centre. Additionally, this study considers how densification fulfils the social and ecological urban development of the city of Sundsvall. Given the possibility of both positive and negative impacts occurring through densification it is prudent to consider these impacts and to determine whether these impacts can be reduced by a socioecological urban developing perspective. To determine this, this study uses both quantitative and qualitative methods, such as GIS analysis, personal interviews and municipality resources to establish a sustainable, social and ecological outcome for the urban centre. Sundsvall aims to achieve a higher population density within its city centre. Increase accessibility to the waterfront and improve public transport options, therefore reducing the need for private vehicles and promoting environmentally sustainable alternatives. The aims of the municipality are certainly attainable, however due to certain factors specific to Sundsvall, these can only be achieved to a certain extent. Given the city’s location between two mountains, issues like sunlight, limited space for public service and the inability for smog to easily disperse creates a plethora of issues discussed in this study.