Då kunskap ses som företagets viktigaste resurs är förvaltningen av denna avgörande för företagets vinning. Kunskapsdelning blir således vital för att resursen ska spridas inom företaget. Syftet med studien är därmed att studera, your ett medarbetarperspektiv, de organisatoriska faktorerna som anses ha en inverkan på kunskapsdelning. Detta i syfte att öka förståelsen för hur företag kan främja intern kunskapsdelning. Tidigare studier undersöker antingen en stor mängd företag med hjälp av kvantitativa enkäter och bekräftar hypoteser, eller djupintervjuer med ett fåtal företag med sikte att kartlägga någon specifik kunskapsdelningsstrategi. För att studera medarbetares upplevelse av kunskapsdelning och dess påverkansfaktorer, används i denna studie istället en kvalitativ enkät, vilken vänder sig till medarbetare på diverse företag i Sverige. Tematisk analys användes som analysmetod samt social utbytesteori och Swift's modell, som ramverk för att förklara hur medarbetare resonerar när de står inför valet att dela eller hamstra kunskap. Resultatet visar att flera organisatoriska faktorer anses främja kunskapsdelning, såsom företagskultur, kunskapsdelningaktiviteter, omständigheter samt organisatoriska rutiner. Saknas dessa faktorer kan kunskapsdelning komma att hindras. Studien har delvis bekräftat tidigare studier kring organisatoriska faktorer som påverkar kunskapsdelning. Samtidigt har nya fynd gjorts vilket tillför det vetenskapliga forskningsfältet. / Since knowledge is seen as the most important resource a company has, the management of it is vital to the company's profits. Knowledge sharing is therefore crucial so the resource can be spread in the company. The purpose of this study is therefore to study, from an employee perspective, the organizational factors that are considered to have an impact on knowledge sharing. This in order to increase the understanding of how companies can promote internal knowledge sharing. Previous studies either examine a large number of companies with the help of quantitative surveys and confirm hypotheses, or in-depth interviews with a few companies with a view to mapping out a specific knowledge-sharing strategy. In order to study employees’ experience of knowledge sharing and its influencing factors, a qualitative questionnaire is used in this study, which is aimed at employees at various companies in Sweden. Thematic analysis is used as an analysis method as well as social exchange theory,as a framework for explaining how employees reason when faced with the choice to share or hoard knowledge. The results show that several organizational factors are considered to promote knowledge sharing, such as corporate culture, knowledge sharing activities, circumstances and organizational routines. In the absence of these factors, knowledge sharing may be hindered. The study has partially confirmed previous studies on organizational factors that affect knowledge sharing. At the same time, new findings have been made, which adds to the field of scientific research.

Mentoring relationships can have both costs and benefits for mentors and their proteges. The present research examined the degree to which mentors' perceived costs and benefits affect the functional and dysfunctional mentoring they provide to their proteges. Additionally, I investigated whether mentor-perceived costs and benefits were associated with the mentors' own goal orientation and the goal orientation of their proteges. Data were collected from 86 proteges and their current supervisory mentors. Consistent with expectations, when mentors reported greater costs of embarrassment associated with their relationship, the proteges reported receiving greater dysfunctional mentoring. Proteges who reported receiving greater functional mentoring tended to have mentors who perceived greater benefits of mentoring them. Both proteges and mentor goal orientations demonstrated significant correlations with mentor-perceived costs and benefits of their relationships. Implications for training and reinforcing functional mentoring will be discussed.

Psykisk ohälsa är i dagsläget otroligt vanligt där det ökar i alla åldrar. Sociala relationer har visats vara en nyckel för majoriteten för att motverka detta problem. I takt med att samhället blivit både mer avancerat och krävande rent mentalt så har detta gjort att den psykiska ohälsan också blivit mer utsträckt. Detta är en följd av att det samhälle vi lever i idag i större grad accepterar problem med den psykiska hälsan där allt fler vågar söka vård och vara öppna kring sina problem. Men många förstår fortfarande inte riktigt vad det innebär eller vad de som lider av psykisk ohälsa faktiskt behöver. Sociala relationer har visat sig spela en viktig roll för dessa individer men varför är de egentligen så viktiga? Denna studie ämnade att beskriva relationers roll vid psykisk ohälsa. Studien består av 6 intervjuer och med hänsyn till studiens karaktär antogs en socialpsykologisk ansats genom teoretiska utgångspunkter såsom den sociala utbytesteorin, rättviseteorin och symbolisk interaktionism. Resultaten från studien visade bland annat på att en förståelse för de som lider av psykiska ohälsa och dess problem var viktigt. Det var lätt att de som led av psykisk ohälsa kände sig oförstådda vilket ofta förvärrade deras mående och gjorde att de drog sig tillbaks socialt. Men resultatet visade också att stödet från nära familj och vänner var det som betytt mest under perioden av psykisk ohälsa. Väldigt ofta i form av ett emotionellt stöd där de bara behövde någon att prata med eller att människor bara fanns där för dem. Speciellt viktigt var stödet från de som är eller varit i samma situation eftersom de hade en bättre förståelse för deras mående och för vad de behövde. Förhoppningen är att studiens resultat ska ge de som har människor runt omkring sig som lider av psykisk ohälsa en bättre förståelse för dessa personers situation. Samt visa på att det räcker en lång väg med att lyssna eller prata med de personer som lider av psykisk ohälsa. / Mental illness is currently incredibly common, where it both increases in all ages. Social relationships have proven to be a key for the majority to help counter this problem. With society becoming more advanced and mentally demanding, the increase in mental illness has also become more common. This is a consequence of that today’s society in a larger degree accepts mental health problems, with a lot more people seeking help and being more open about their problems. But manypeople still don't really understand what it means to suffer from mental illness or what those that suffers from it actually needs. The importance of social relationships has proven to play an important role in working against mental illness, but why is it so important? This study aimed to describe the role of relationships in mental illness. The study consists of 6 interviews and regarding the nature of the study, a social psychological approach was adopted through theories such as the social exchange theory, the justice theory and symbolic interactionism. The results from the study showed that understanding those who suffer from mental illness and its problems was important for them. Those suffering from mental illness often felt misunderstood, which aggravated their condition and caused them to withdraw socially. But the results also showed that close family and friends support was what had mattered the most during their mental illness. This usually came through people offeringemotional support in form of talking or spending time with them. The support from those who’d been in the same situation proved to be especially important, since their understanding of what they needed and of their condition was better. The hope with this study is that the results will help to increase the understanding for those who suffers from mental illness and what they need from people around them. As well as showing that listening or talking to the people who suffer from mental illness goes a long way.

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The current research examines the use of social media and its security settings using the Social Exchange Theory (SET) within a Saudi student environment. This research includes an introduction, literature review, methodology, results, and conclusion with the results section presenting the findings from the three essays. The first essay employs the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) methodology of SET. PRISMA's systematic and exhaustive approach to literature evaluation increases the likelihood of obtaining high-quality, reproducible findings. In the second essay, which focuses on awareness of X's (Twitter) security settings, a quantitative research approach was utilized. A sample of former and current Saudi students (graduate and undergraduate) at the University of North Texas participated in the investigation. This research provides an empirical examination of the use of X (Twitter) and its security features within this community by employing statistical analysis of the data from respondents. Likewise, the same sample of Saudi students from the University of North Texas was used for the third essay in which the use of Facebook's security settings was examined. Having a consistent sample across both studies enables a comparison and a greater understanding of the security awareness and practices of this group across various social media platforms. The findings across the different studies extend our understanding of the role of culture in privacy and security concerns related to social media.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Psychological Sciences / Gary Brase / Brand Equity is a common phrase in consumer research, but there is still a lot of ambiguity surrounding the measurement of this concept (Keller, 2008). Several methods of measurement have been proposed over the years, but no one method has been adopted as the ideal way to predict purchase intent and measure brand equity. The current research tested three theories—Social Exchange Theory (SET), Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), and the Yoo and Donthu model—to see which is the best predictor of purchase intent and brand equity. SET assumes consumers weigh the costs and rewards of purchasing the product. TPB uses consumers’ attitudes over purchasing the product, subjective norms of what others would do, and the perceived behavioral control consumers have in actually purchasing the product. The Yoo and Donthu model has been used most often of the three theories in measuring brand equity and includes measures of brand loyalty, perceived quality, brand awareness/associations, and overall brand equity. Study 1 assessed consumer durable products (TV and athletic shoes) and Study 2 assessed consumer non-durable products (soap and toothpaste). Consumers evaluated these products online based on a picture of the product, the brand name, price, customer reviews, quality ratings, and an advertisement and then indicated their likelihood to purchase the product. Theory of Planned Behavior was the best predictor of purchase intent across all four products assessed indicating that consumers look at external factors such as what others would do as well as how much control they have over purchasing the product as much as they consider their own attitudes.

Both flow and flourishing are highly favourable human states and have been described as optimal experience phenomena in the well-being literature. This being said, more research is required to gauge how these states can be more readily achieved – in general, but specifically in sport – and athletic contexts; where it has remained largely unexplored. The objective of this research was to ascertain whether specific contexts can influence the experience of flow and flourishing amongst athletes. It further investigated the state-like properties of these experiences, by evaluating whether certain resources in the environment of the athlete can promote flow and flourishing and assessing whether athlete flow is dynamic over time, i.e. whether it fluctuates over the course of a particular athletic cycle. The research comprised three separate studies, reported in article format. Manuscript 1 evaluated a structural model of athlete flow by investigating the role of both job (sport) – and personal resources in the experience of athlete flow among student athletes. The resources under investigation were teammate relationships and communication (job resources) as well as self-efficacy (a personal resource). Using structural equation modelling direct paths were revealed between teammate relationships, self-efficacy and athlete flow. The findings provide some evidence that athlete flow are associated with contextual factors that relate to the team environment as well as the personal resources of the athlete. Manuscript 2 focused on the flourishing of athletes. An exploratory study was conducted to evaluate relationships between athlete flourishing, team and individual strength use, team embeddedness and withdrawal behaviour. Results suggested that flourishing is related to team strength use. It also revealed positive paths from both the strength use dimensions to team embeddedness. Flourishing related positively to team embeddedness. Withdrawal behaviour was negatively associated with team embeddedness. The results revealed important information from the perspective of antecedents and outcomes of athlete flourishing. Manuscript 3 explored the state-like properties of athlete flow by conducting ecological momentary assessment of the experience amongst under-21 Currie Cup rugby players during a competitive stage of their athletic cycle. The objective of this study was twofold. Firstly, it sought to ascertain whether athlete flow will vary over time and during/ after specific key events during an athletic cycle. Secondly, it investigated whether the introduction of specific interventions during such cycle could influence athlete flow experience. The study, which adopted a longitudinal design, revealed that athlete flow was dynamic over time. Positive relationships were also established between challenging athletic activities, as well as strength-based team and individual interventions; and flow. This provides sport coaches and management teams with information that may assist them in assisting athletes to achieve more readily the favourable and optimum human state that is flow.

Both flow and flourishing are highly favourable human states and have been described as optimal experience phenomena in the well-being literature. This being said, more research is required to gauge how these states can be more readily achieved – in general, but specifically in sport – and athletic contexts; where it has remained largely unexplored. The objective of this research was to ascertain whether specific contexts can influence the experience of flow and flourishing amongst athletes. It further investigated the state-like properties of these experiences, by evaluating whether certain resources in the environment of the athlete can promote flow and flourishing and assessing whether athlete flow is dynamic over time, i.e. whether it fluctuates over the course of a particular athletic cycle. The research comprised three separate studies, reported in article format. Manuscript 1 evaluated a structural model of athlete flow by investigating the role of both job (sport) – and personal resources in the experience of athlete flow among student athletes. The resources under investigation were teammate relationships and communication (job resources) as well as self-efficacy (a personal resource). Using structural equation modelling direct paths were revealed between teammate relationships, self-efficacy and athlete flow. The findings provide some evidence that athlete flow are associated with contextual factors that relate to the team environment as well as the personal resources of the athlete. Manuscript 2 focused on the flourishing of athletes. An exploratory study was conducted to evaluate relationships between athlete flourishing, team and individual strength use, team embeddedness and withdrawal behaviour. Results suggested that flourishing is related to team strength use. It also revealed positive paths from both the strength use dimensions to team embeddedness. Flourishing related positively to team embeddedness. Withdrawal behaviour was negatively associated with team embeddedness. The results revealed important information from the perspective of antecedents and outcomes of athlete flourishing. Manuscript 3 explored the state-like properties of athlete flow by conducting ecological momentary assessment of the experience amongst under-21 Currie Cup rugby players during a competitive stage of their athletic cycle. The objective of this study was twofold. Firstly, it sought to ascertain whether athlete flow will vary over time and during/ after specific key events during an athletic cycle. Secondly, it investigated whether the introduction of specific interventions during such cycle could influence athlete flow experience. The study, which adopted a longitudinal design, revealed that athlete flow was dynamic over time. Positive relationships were also established between challenging athletic activities, as well as strength-based team and individual interventions; and flow. This provides sport coaches and management teams with information that may assist them in assisting athletes to achieve more readily the favourable and optimum human state that is flow.

本研究定位為探索性(exploratory)研究，所欲探討的問題為「組織中人際信任之形成」。其中包含組織中人際信任如何形成？組織中人際信任在何種系絡(context)下形成？以及組織中人際信任在其所處的系絡中形成之後，呈現出什麼風貌？研究目的在於理解人際信任形成之過程，組織系絡對於形成組織成員之間的信任之影響，以及有助於組織建立適當的人際信任。 本研究從個人與系絡的層次上探討組織中人際信任的形成，理論基礎為社會交換理論與交易成本理論。首先，由人際信任的形成開始探究，討論人際信任形成的過程，而後導出一個人際信任形成的概念架構；其次，將人際信任的形成置於組織成員的人際系絡下探討，藉由理論基礎以發掘出人際信任的型式，並透過探討組織中人際系絡的影響，以說明組織中人際信任所形成的各種型式；最後，於結論中提出本研究的發現：組織中人際信任的形成過程分為預設、預測、及評估三階段，組織中人際信任的形成受到權威系絡與關係系絡的影響，不同的行動值預測導致相異的信任程度，組織中人際信任具有移轉性，且據此提示管理者、一般組織成員、以及人力資源實務工作者，有關組織中人際信任形成所帶來的啟示。 / Designed as an exploratory study, this study attempted exploring the formation of interpersonal trust within organizations, including how and which context is interpersonal trust within organizations formed, and what is it after being formed. The purposes of the study were to realize the process of forming interpersonal trust within organizations, the influence of forming trust within organizational members in organizational contexts, and to wish to be useful to built appropriate interpersonal trust within organizations. The study based on social exchange theory and transaction costs theory explored the formation of interpersonal trust within organizations at individual and contextual level. At first, the study discussed the formation of interpersonal trust , which put emphasis on the process of forming interpersonal trust, and thereby evolve into a conceptual framework of forming interpersonal trust. Moreover, the formation of interpersonal trust were discussed in interpersonal contexts within organizational members, found four types of interpersonal trust through literature review, and then examine types of interpersonal trust within organizations with discussing the influence of interpersonal contexts within organizations. In conclusion, the findings of the study were that (1) presumption , prediction, and evaluation consist of the forming process of interpersonal trust within organizations, (2) guanxi and authority contexts affect the forming process of interpersonal trust within organizations, (3) different action predictions lead to different levels of trust, and (4) interpersonal trust within organizations can be transferred to another specific organizational member. Besides, it had implications for supervisors, usual organizational members, and HR workers.

The study focuses on social interaction networks in Vacation Village Estates mobile home community. Analysis involves relevant data from an eleven-item questionnaire obtaining demographic variables and results of fifty-seven participating families' mutual ratings on an Acquaintance Volume Scale, ranging from 5, "very close friend," to 1, "do not know." Specifically examined were two social interaction constellations, reciprocal choices, high-scoring families and isolates. Three hypotheses tested measured greater length of residence, greater similarity of occupations, and greater similarity of religious activity, as relevant to "the greater amount of social interaction." Hypothesis 1, "greater length of residence," tested with correlation coefficient and F score was retained at .05 level of significance. Remaining hypotheses were rejected not achieving significance.